Millennium

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Millennium Page 50

by Ian Mortimer


  medicine see health and medicine

  Melanchthon, Philip, 140

  mementi mori, 91

  Memling, Hans, 124

  mental illness, 234, 250, 277

  Mentelin, Johannes, 133

  mercantilism, 205

  mercenaries, 97, 108–9, 145

  merchants see commerce

  meteorology see climate

  Michael, bishop of Tarazona, 45

  Michelangelo, 124, 158

  microchips, 283

  microscopes, 167

  migration, 235, 298

  Milan, 13, 28, 70, 109, 117, 162

  Minnesingers, 103

  Minot, Laurence, 100

  Minsky, Hyman, 298

  Minucchio da Siena, 106

  Mirabeau, comte de, 207, 218

  mirrors, glass, 120–1, 130

  Mississippi Company, 205–6

  mistresses, 203

  Molière, 160, 185

  monarchy: in 13th century, 69–73; in 14th century, 99–100, 101–2, 106–7; in 17th century, 181–2; in 20th century, 275; constitutional, 181–2, 215; and military leadership, 146–7

  Mondino de Luzzi, 135

  money: in 11th century, 9–10, 14; in 13th century, 64–5; in 18th century, 205–6; paper money, 205; wealth distribution in the future, 333–9; wealth in hierarchy of human needs, 299–302; wealth overview and significance, 314–17; see also banking; economic theory

  Mongols, 58, 79–80, 82

  monks and monasticism: in 11th century, 18, 27, 28; in 12th century, 37, 38–42, 48; in 14th century, 100; in 16th century, 142, 158

  Monroe, Marilyn, 291

  Montecorvino, Giovanni de, 80

  Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Scondat, baron de la Brède et de, 199, 200

  Montfort, Simon de (Crusader), 58

  Montfort, Simon de (statesman; son of the above), 73

  Montgolfier, Jacques-Étienne, 193

  Montgolfier, Joseph-Michel, 193

  Montpelier, 75

  Moon, 165, 166, 168

  Moon landings, 289, 291

  morals see sexual mores

  Moretonhampstead: in 11th century, 9–11, 30–1; in 13th century, 81–2; in 16th century, 157; in 17th century, 173, 191; in 18th century, 191, 197, 209; in 19th century, 193, 225, 233–4; local building materials, 233

  Morris, William, 287

  Morse, Samuel, 238

  Mortimer, John, 196–7

  Mortimer, John Frank, 234, 261

  motorcycles, 264–5

  Moulins, Guyart des, 132

  Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 6

  Mozoni, Anna Maria, 255

  Müntzer, Thomas, 140, 142

  murder, 148–54, 308

  Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban, 160

  music, 5–6, 156, 189

  Nagasaki, 273

  Nantes, Edict of (1598), 202

  Naples, 89, 109, 162

  nationalism: origins, 97–102, 107; and vernacular languages, 103, 105

  Native Americans, 177, 248

  natural gas, 225, 289, 320, 322, 329

  natural resources: future of, 289–90, 291, 320–4, 328–31, 338, 340–1, 342; in space, 323

  Navarre, 12, 58, 72, 88

  navigation, 54, 110, 112, 164; see also exploration and discovery

  Neapolitan Revolution (1647–8), 180

  Neckham, Alexander, 54

  needs: and change, 302–19; scale of, 299–302

  Netherlands see Holland

  Neuss, 58–9

  New Mexico, 178

  New York, 248, 270; Empire State Building, 269

  New Zealand, 178, 252, 256, 278

  Newcomen, Thomas, 213, 223

  Newfoundland, 115, 176, 177, 178

  newspapers, 192–3, 279–80

  Newton, Isaac, 165, 167–8, 170, 171, 186–7

  Il Niccolini, 182–3

  Nicholas II, pope, 16

  Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore, 246

  Norbert of Xanten, 39

  Norfolk, 17, 18

  Normandy, 21, 28, 30, 70, 71

  Normans, 5, 13, 20, 22, 29–30

  North, Lord, 208

  Norton, Caroline, 253–4, 255

  Norton, Hon. George, 254

  Norway: in 11th century, 12; in 14th century, 88, 101; in 16th century, 133; in 17th century, 162; in 18th century, 198; in 19th century, 252; in 20th century, 278; Norwegian language, 103

  Norwich, 18, 28, 88

  Nostradamus, 158

  nuclear weapons, 263, 272, 273–4, 291, 292, 293

  numerals, Arabic and Roman, 46

  Nuñez de Balboa, Vasco, 154

  Oberlin College, 255

  O’Connell, Daniel, 250

  office equipment, 284

  Ogedai, Mongol khan, 79

  oil, 271–2, 289, 322–3, 329

  opera, 182–3

  Ordericus, 41

  Orient Express, 232

  Orkneys, 99, 101

  Ortelius, Abraham, 135, 154–5

  Orwell, George, 288

  Oslo, 162

  Ottoman Empire, 108, 109, 185, 275

  Oxford, 149, 153

  Oxford, Earl of, 31

  Oxford University, 68, 69, 75, 256

  Pacific Ocean, 154

  Paderborn, 17

  Padua, 109, 117

  Paine, Thomas, 220

  Pakistan, 265

  Palencia, 75

  Palestine, 63

  Palladio, Andreas, 135

  Palmerston, Lord, 254

  papacy: in 11th century, 15–17, 18–19, 32; in 13th century, 58, 82–3; in 14th century, 88, 99, 100; and canon law, 52–3; elections to, 16; schisms, 100

  paper, 224

  Paracelsus, 158, 174

  parachutes, 194–5

  Paraclete, 42

  Paris: in 12th century, 42; in 14th century, 91; in 16th century, 143; in 17th century, 161, 165; in 18th century, 194, 218, 219; in 19th century, 232, 240, 243, 270; in 20th century, 270; La Défense, 270; Eiffel Tower, 269

  Paris University, 68, 75, 98, 257

  parish registers, 136, 157

  Parker, Geoffrey, 35–6

  parliaments, 72–3, 182

  Pasteur, Louis, 242, 243–4, 259

  Paston letters, 122

  patents, 215, 224–5

  Paul, Lewis, 214

  Pavia, 13

  Pavia, battle of (1525), 145

  Peace of God movement, 22, 26

  Peasants’ Revolt (1381), 92

  Peasants’ War (1524–5), 142

  Peking, 80

  penicillin, 277

  Pennsylvania, 217, 251

  Pepys, Samuel, 184

  Perpignan, 88

  Perry, Commodore Matthew, 5

  Petrarch, 105

  Petty, Sir William, 206

  pharmacy, 50–1

  Philaretus, 49

  Philip IV, king of France, 99, 100

  Philip Augustus, king of France, 66, 70, 71

  Philip of Hesse, 140

  Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, 118

  Philippines, 155

  philosophy, 168–9

  photography, 245–9, 279

  Physiocrats, 207–8

  Pian del Carpine, Giovanni, 80

  pig iron, 215

  Piketty, Thomas, 334–5

  Pilgrim Fathers, 177

  Pilgrimage of Grace (1536), 142–3

  pilgrimages, 78, 141

  Pinhoe, 11

  Pinker, Steven, 150–2

  pipe rolls, 65–6

  pirates, 188

  Pisa, 13, 28, 87, 109

  Pisa, Council of (1409), 99

  Pitt the Younger, William, 208

  plague, 162, 206; see also Black Death

  Plato, 46

  Plato of Tivoli, 45

  Play of Daniel, 57

  Pleadings, Statute of (1362), 103

  ploughing, 35, 236

  Plumpton letters, 122

  Plymouth, 280

  Plymouth Colony, 177
/>   poetry see literature

  Poland: in 10th century, 12; in 13th century, 79; in 15th century, 109; in 16th century, 133; in 17th century, 163; in 19th century, 232, 256; in 20th century, 265, 274; Polish language, 105

  Polo, Marco, 80–1, 104, 111

  Pomposa Abbey, 28

  Poor Clares, 75

  population: 12th-century growth, 35–8, 54–5; in 13th century, 59–60; in 14th century, 86–92; in 16th century, 130, 179–80; in 18th century, 198–9; in 19th century, 227–31; in 20th century, 263, 267–8; change patterns, 298; and colonialism, 179–80; in the future, 289–90, 331–2, 337–8, 339, 342; Malthus on, 209–11; overview and significance, 226–7, 302–3, 347–53

  porcelain, 156, 183

  Portugal: in 11th century, 12; in 13th century, 58, 72, 102; in 14th century, 97, 101; in 15th century, 111–13, 115–16, 128; in 16th century, 136; in 17th century, 163, 179; in 18th century, 133, 198; in 19th century, 228, 251, 257; Portuguese Empire, 111–13, 115–16, 128, 148, 154–6, 178, 179; Portuguese language, 104

  postal systems, 191, 192, 236–7

  potatoes, 197–8

  potteries, 214–15

  Pounds, Norman, 349–50

  Poussin, Nicolas, 160

  Pratt, James, 313

  Prayerbook Rebellion (1549), 142–3, 157

  prejudice, 309–12; see also class; racism; religion: religious intolerance; women

  Premonstratensian order, 39

  priests, 17

  Principe, 112

  printing, 102, 108, 126–7, 132–9, 157

  prisons, 204

  privacy, 123

  progress concept, 199–200, 209–11, 288

  prostitutes, 202, 203, 338

  Protestantism: in 17th century, 180, 202; in 18th century, 202; Reformation, 139–44, 157, 158–9; see also Puritans

  Prouille, 74, 75

  Prussia, 220, 257; see also Germany

  Ptolemy, 45, 46, 111, 113, 116

  public health and sanitation, 240–4

  Puffing Billy (steam engine), 231

  Purcell, Henry, 182

  Purgatory doctrine, 39–40, 140, 142

  Puritans, 186

  Quesnay, Dr François, 207

  rabies, 244

  racism, 263, 282, 310

  radio, 240, 280–1

  railways, 212, 231–5, 263, 270, 314

  Ranulph de Glanvill, 54

  rationalism, 169

  Raymond, bishop of Toledo, 45

  realism, 123–6

  rebellions, revolutions and uprisings: in 14th century, 91–2; in 16th century, 142–3; in 17th century, 180, 181, 215; in 18th century, 215–21; in 19th century, 249–50

  Reconquista, 12, 27–8, 32, 45, 58, 83, 109

  record-keeping, 65–8, 136–7, 157

  redemption, 40

  Reformation, 139–44, 157, 158–9

  religion: in 11th century, 9, 12, 14–19, 21–3, 30–1, 32, 52; in 12th century, 37, 38–44, 47, 55–6; in 13th century, 73–7, 82–3, 84; in 14th century, 90–1, 98–9, 100, 102, 104; in 15th century, 122; in 16th century, 132–3, 139–44, 157, 158–9; in 17th century, 169–70, 175–6, 180, 181, 182, 186, 202; in 18th century, 202, 221–2; in 19th century, 234, 259–60; in the future, 343–4; in hierarchy of human needs, 301; and medicine, 175–6; overview, 325; religious art, 123–4; religious tolerance, 142, 182, 202, 310; see also Christianity; Islam; monks and monasticism; Protestantism; Roman Catholic Church

  Rély, Jean de, 133

  Rembrandt, 160

  Renaissance, 110, 123–6, 158

  republicanism, 217

  revolutions see rebellions, revolutions and uprisings

  Rhazes, 48–9, 50

  Ricci, Marco, 182–3

  Ricciardi banking company, 65

  Richard I the Lionheart, king of England, 70

  Richard II, king of England, 101

  Richard III, king of England, 147

  Richard of Wallingford, 117

  Richardson, Samuel, 203

  Richelieu, cardinal, 144

  Richer, Jean, 167

  rights: equality, 215–21, 333–41; Magna Carta, 70–2; natural, 180–2, 200–1

  Riis, Jacob, 248

  roads, 190–1, 192, 236

  Roanoke, 176

  Robert I Bruce, king of Scotland, 93–4

  Robert, Jacques Charles, 194

  Robert, Nicolas-Louis, 194

  Robert de Courçon, 68

  Robert of Chester, 45

  Robert of Ketton, 45

  Rocket (steam engine), 231

  Roe, Sir Thomas, 179

  Roger II, king of Sicily, 46

  Roger de Weyden, 123

  Roger of Hoveden, 34

  Rogers, John, 133

  Roman Catholic Church: in 11th century, 9, 12, 14–19, 21–3, 24–6, 27–9, 30–1, 32; in 12th century, 37, 38–44, 47, 55–6; in 13th century, 73–7, 82–3; in 14th century, 90–1, 98–9, 100, 102; in 15th century, 122; in 16th century, 139–44, 155, 157, 158–9; in 17th century, 169–70, 180, 202; in 18th century, 202; in 19th century, 250; and architecture, 27–9, 30–1; canon law, 52–3, 79; ecclesiastical nationalism, 98–9; and education, 67, 69; friars, 73–7, 83; and medicine, 47, 135; and peace, 21–3; as power for good, 84; record-keeping, 67; Reformation, 139–44, 157, 158–9; and science, 169–70; and slavery, 24–6; and time, 119; vernacular Bibles, 132–3

  Roman Empire, 23, 51, 52

  Romanos Diogenes, Byzantine emperor, 13

  Rome, 13, 63, 64, 109

  Romney Marshes, 197

  Ronalds, Francis, 237–8

  Roome, Charles, 349–50

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 292

  Roses, Wars of the (1455–87), 109

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 6, 199, 200–2, 223, 295

  Royal Society of London, 168

  Rozier, Pilatre de, 194

  rubber, 156

  Rudolf of Bruges, 45

  Ruiz, Juan, 104

  Russell, J. C., 347, 349

  Russia: in 11th century, 12; in 13th century, 79; in 17th century, 180; in 18th century, 133, 203; in 19th century, 228, 232, 233; in 20th century, 276, 281; in 21st century, 334, 335; Russian Empire, 275; see also Soviet Union

  Saddam Hussein, 296

  St Albans, 28

  St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572), 143

  St George’s, 177

  saints’ lives, 122

  Saladin, 34, 54

  Salamanca (steam engine), 231

  Salem witch trials, 186

  Salerno, 49, 50, 51, 68, 69

  Salisbury (formerly Old Sarum), 17–18

  Sampford Courtenay, 157

  Sancho II, king of Portugal, 102

  sanitation see public health and sanitation

  Santiago de Compostela, 27, 63

  São Tomé, 112

  Saragossa, 45

  satellites, 289

  Saturn, 166, 169

  Savery, Thomas, 213

  Scandinavia: in 11th century, 12; in 13th century, 60; in 14th century, 101; homicide rates, 149; see also individual countries by name

  Scarperia, Giacomo de, 111

  schiltroms, 93–4

  scholarship, 41–7, 76, 77

  schools see education

  science: in 13th century, 76–7; in 16th century, 134–6; in 17th century, 164–72, 186–7; in 18th century, 222; scientific organisations, 168

  science fiction, 287, 288

  Scotland: in 11th century, 12; in 13th century, 60; in 14th century, 93–5, 96; in 17th century, 162, 163, 171

  Sebastian, king of Portugal, 147

  Second World War (1939–45): aviation, 266; effect on civilians, 273; and health, 277; Hitler’s role, 293; Holocaust, 293, 310; and homicide rates, 153; mortality rate, 86; and technological advance, 272–3, 293; and women’s rights, 275

  security see violence; warfare

  self-esteem and self-actualisation, 300–2

  Seljuk Turks, 14, 18, 20

  Selsey, 17

&n
bsp; Semmelweis, Ignaz, 241–2

  Serbia, 108

  servants, 275

  Seville, 58, 89, 162

  sexual mores: in 12th century, 44, 53; in 18th century, 202–3, 221; Puritan, 186; women’s experience through the ages, 311

  Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, seventh earl of, 250

  Shakespeare, William, 31, 117, 153, 158

  shale gas, 329

  Sharp, James, 225

  Sherborne, 17–18

  Shetlands, 101

  ships: caravels, 112; steamships, 235

  Sicily, 45–6

  siege warfare, 96–7, 144–5

  Siena, 63, 87

  silk trade, 63, 64, 178, 179

  simony, 16

  Singapore, 278

  slavery: 17th-century resurgence, 5; 19th-century abolition, 251–2; in America, 177, 217; etymology, 25; history to 11th century, 23–6; origins of African slave trade, 112, 156, 157

  Slavs, 12, 20, 25

  Slovakia, 213

  smallpox, 162, 241

  Smeaton, John, 213–14

  Smith, Adam, 208, 209

  Smith, John, 313

  Smith, Joshua, 173

  Snow, John, 243

  social contract, 180–2, 200–1

  social hierarchy: in 17th century, 180–5; Black Death’s effects, 90; in the future, 333–41

  social reform, 248, 249–57, 258

  social relationships see community life

  socialism, 260, 287, 322

  Sorokin, Pitirim, 304–7

  sound recordings, 224

  Souslova, Nadejda, 256

  South Africa, 178

  South America: in 19th century, 241; Spanish and Portuguese conquest and occupation, 148, 154–6, 178

  South Sea Company, 206

  Soviet Union, 292; see also Russia

  space travel, 272, 289, 291, 323–4

  Spain: in 8th century, 29; in 11th century, 12, 20, 26, 27–8, 32; in 12th century, 45, 72; in 13th century, 58, 69, 83; in 14th century, 88, 89, 101; in 15th century, 109, 113–16, 147; in 16th century, 133, 143, 147, 148; in 17th century, 147, 162, 163, 180, 192, 310; in 18th century, 198, 217; in 19th century, 228, 233, 241, 251, 252, 257; in 20th century, 278; life expectancy overview, 278, 309; Spanish Empire, 113–16, 148, 154–6, 178, 179; Spanish language, 104; wealth overview, 316

  Spanish Civil War (1936–9), 307

  Spanish Golden Age, 160

  Spanish Inquisition, 143

  Spanish Succession, War of the (1475–9), 109

  spectacles, 120

  Speyer, 28, 33

  Spice Islands, 178

  spice trade, 63, 64, 115, 156, 178, 179

  sport and games, 258

  Springs of Cressen, battle of (1187), 34

  stagecoaches, 191–2

  Stalin, Joseph, 292

  Stampa, Gaspara, 138

  stamps, postage, 237

  Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 255

  Starley, John Kemp, 236

  state, increasing power, 150–2

  statistics, government, 206; see also record-keeping

 

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