by Ian Mortimer
steam power, 211, 213–14, 223, 231–5, 235–6
steel, 322
Stephen I, king of England, 53
Stephen I, king of Hungary, 12
Stephenson, George, 231
Stonehenge, 78
structural engineering see architecture and building
submarines, 225
Suez Canal, 235
Suffolk, 17
suffrage see electoral representation
Sun, 165, 168, 169
superstition, 170–2
surgery, 49–50
Sussex, 17, 173, 233
Suter, Henry, 82
Sutri, Council of (1046), 16
Sweden: in 14th century, 96, 101; in 16th century, 133, 146; in 17th century, 162; in 18th century, 198, 213; in 19th century, 233, 252, 256; in 20th century, 278; life expectancy overview, 309; Swedish language, 103
Swift, Jonathan, 200, 206
Switzerland, 96, 149, 160–1, 237, 252, 278
Sylvester III, pope, 16
Symington, William, 235
Syria, 19
Talbot, Henry Fox, 246–7, 259
Tamar, queen of Georgia, 35
Tasmania, 178
Taunton, 60
Tavistock, 11
taxation: in 11th century, 25; in 13th century, 60, 66, 72, 73; in 14th century, 99–100, 101; in 16th century, 137, 141, 143, 147–8, 316; in 17th century, 182; in 18th century, 207, 208, 216, 217; in 20th century, 317
tea, 183, 184
Teach, Edward (Blackbeard), 188
telegraphs, 237–9, 286
telephones, 239–40
telescopes, 165–6
television, 281–2
Terry, Catherine, 234
Teutonic Knights, 39, 109
Texas, 178
textile industry, 63, 211–12, 214–15
Theodosius, 45
theology: in 12th century, 39–40, 42–4, 56; in 16th century, 139–42; and friars, 76, 77
Theophilus, 49
Thetford, 18
Third Lateran Council (1179), 67
The Third Man (film), 160–1
Thirty Years War (1618–48), 160, 305
Thomson, John, 247, 248
Thynne, Maria, 175
Thynne, Sir Thomas, 175
timber see wood
time measurement, 116–19, 166–7, 224
time standardisation, 233
The Times, 279
Titian, 124
titles, personal, 185
tobacco, 156, 177
Toledo, 45
Tonga, 178
Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494), 115, 154
torture, 204
Totnes, 10
Toulouse, 28, 74–5
tournaments, 58–9
Tournus, 27
Tours, 28
towns and cities: in 11th century, 10, 11, 13, 25; in 13th century, 60–3; in 15th century, 110; in 19th century, 229–31, 234, 240–1, 242–3; in 20th century, 269, 270–1; community dependence, 313–14
Townshend, Lord, 195, 196, 197
trace italienne, 144–5
trade see commerce
Trafalgar, battle of (1805), 191, 193
transportation, 204
travel and transport: in 11th century, 10, 12; in 13th century, 77–81; in 16th century, 130; in 17th century, 184; in 18th century, 189–95; in 19th century, 224, 231–6; in 20th century, 263–71, 291–2; in the future, 338; see also exploration and discovery; space travel
Trent, Council of (1563), 136, 143
Trésaguet, Pierre-Marie-Jérôme, 192
Trevithick, Richard, 231
Tristao, Nuno, 111–12
troubadors, 103, 104
Truce of God movement, 22
tuberculosis, 244
Tull, Jethro, 195, 196
Tunis, 87
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 192, 199–200, 209
Turks see Ottoman Empire; Seljuk Turks
turnpikes, 190–1
Turpin, Dick, 189
Tyndale, William, 133
typewriters, 224
Tytler, James, 194
UK see Britain
Ulrich von Lichtenstein, 57, 59
Unam Sanctam bull, 99
UNESCO, 290
United Nations, 276
universities: in America, 177; in Europe, 68–9, 98, 125, 134, 185; and women, 255–6
University College London, 256
uprisings see rebellions, revolutions and uprisings
uranium, 330
Urban II, pope, 18–19, 22, 32
Urban VIII, pope, 169
urbanisation see towns and cities
Urlanis, B. T., 347
USA: in 19th century, 228, 229, 230, 232, 235, 239, 248, 251, 252, 254–5, 257; in 20th century, 153, 265, 271, 274, 276, 278–9, 281, 292, 293; in 21st century, 335; creation, 215–17; renewable energy, 340
usury, 119
Vacarius, 53
vaccination, 241
Vail, Alfred, 238
Valencia, 63, 72
Varna, battle of (1444), 109
Vega, Lope de, 160
Velázquez, 160
Venerabilem decree, 82–3
Venice: in 11th century, 13, 28; in 13th century, 58, 63, 64, 78; in 14th century, 87; in 15th century, 108, 109, 113; in 16th century, 89; in 17th century, 162, 168; in 18th century, 203
Venice, Treaty of (1177), 70
Verdun, 25
Vermeer, Jan, 160
Verne, Jules, 235
Versailles, 160
Vesalius, Andreas, 135
Vespucci, Amerigo, 154
Victorines (Order of the Canons of St Victor), 39
Vienna, 162, 241–2
Vienne, Council of (1311–12), 98
Vikings, 11, 12, 20, 30
Villani, Giovanni, 88, 105
violence: in 11th century, 11, 12, 14, 20–3; in 13th century, 58–9; in 16th century, 148–54; see also warfare
Virginia, 176–7
Voltaire, 6, 199, 200, 201–2, 204
Vonnegut, Kurt, 328
wages, 90, 312
Waldo, Peter, 132
Wales: in 11th century, 12; in 12th century, 39; in 13th century, 60; in 14th century, 93; in 15th century, 351; in 16th century, 133, 170; in 19th century, 257; slavery, 25
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 259
warfare: in 11th century, 20–3; in 15th century, 108–10; in 16th century, 142–3, 144–8; in 17th century, 160; in 20th century, 271–6; chemical, 293; civil wars, 307; in hierarchy of human needs, 299–302; and the homicide rate, 153–4; impact on civilians, 272–3; overview and significance, 110, 303–7; projectile, 92–7; siege, 96–7, 144–5
Warkworth Castle, 96
Washington, George, 217
watches, 224
waterways, 193
Watkins, John Elfreth, Jr, 287–8
Watson, Thomas, 239
Watt, James, 214, 223
wealth see money
weapons: artillery and firearms, 96–7, 108, 144–8, 158, 225; bows, 94–7, 145; overview and significance, 305–6
weather see climate
Wedgwood, Josiah, 214–15
welfare state, 278, 317, 337
Welles, Orson, 160–1
Wellington boots, 262
Wells, H. G., 288
the West, as defined in this book, 4
Westphalia, 61
Wheatstone, Charles, 238
Whitefriars see Carmelites
Whitney, Isabella, 138
Wilberforce, Samuel, 254
Wilberforce, William, 251
Wilkinson, John, 214
William, count of Aquitaine, 59
William, prince of Orange (16th century), 145
William I the Conqueror, king of England, 13, 22–3, 26, 28, 29–30, 32
William I, king of Sicily, 46
William III, king of Great Britain and Ireland, 176
William and Mary College, 177
William of Champeau
x, 39, 42
William of Ockham, 76
William of Poitiers, 21
William of Rubruck, 80
William the Lion, king of Scotland, 34
Williamsburg, 176
Winchester, 11, 28
windows, 130–1, 157
wine, 184
witchcraft, 170–2, 186, 311
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 220, 327
women: 12th-century queens, 35; in 18th century, 220; in 19th century, 252–7; in 20th century, 274; as agents of change, 327; education, 41, 255–6; future status, 338; printing’s effect on their situation, 137–9; status overview, 310–11
wood, 212
wool trade, 63
Worcestershire, 88
work: pre-19th century, 285; in 19th century, 229, 230–1, 250; in 20th century, 277, 284, 285–6; and Marx, 260; see also agriculture; factories; feudal system; wages
Wright brothers, 265, 292
Wyatt, John, 214
Wycliffe, John, 102, 104, 132
York, 30
Yugoslavia, former, 272
Zengi, 33
Zeppelins, 266, 273
zero concept, 46–7
Zurich, 142
Zurich, University of, 256
Zwingli, Ulrich, 140
MILLENNIUM
Pegasus Books
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New York, NY 10018
Copyright © 2016 by Ian Mortimer
First Pegasus Books hardcover edition November 2016
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in whole or in part
without written permission from the publisher, except by reviewers who may quote
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