by Bill Shore
9 Stephen Hoffman, Presidential Address to American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, December 2001, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 67, no. 1 (2002): 1-7.
10 Karen Hopkin, quoting Dr. Joseph DiRisi, in “SARS, Malaria, and the MicroArray,” The Scientist, November 21, 2005, http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/15887/.
CHAPTER 6
1 Philip Bejon, John Lusingo, Ally Olotu, Amanda Leach, Marc Lievens, Johan Vekemans, Salum Mshamu, et al., “Efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E Vaccine Against Malaria in Children 5 to 17 Months of Age,” New England Journal of Medicine 359, no. 24 (2008): 2521-2532, http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/359/24/2521.
2 Patrick Adams, “The Sanaria PfSPZ Malaria Vaccine, Until Recently Considered Impossible, Is Entering Phase II Trials,” TropIKA.net, http://www.tropika.net/svc/interview/Adams-20091216-Interview-Hoffman.
3 Brian W. Simpson, with photos by Mark Lee, “Putting the Bite on Malaria,” Johns Hopkins Public Health, Fall 2001, http://www.jhsph.edu/magazineFall01/Feature1.htm. The authors were summarizing a more in-depth description that is supplied in the classic work by Andrew Spielman and Michael D’Antonio, Mosquito: A Natural History of Our Most Persistent and Deadly Foe (New York: Hyperion, 2001).
4 Ethne Barnes, Diseases and Human Evolution (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005), 77. I relied on Barnes for much of the description of how the parasite attacks malaria victims.
5 Carole Long graciously allowed me to sit in on a class she teaches at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, near the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. The quotation is from that class.
6 A. Ghosh, M. J. Edwards, and M. Jacobs-Lorena, “The Journey of the Malaria Parasite in the Mosquito: Hopes for the New Century,” Parasitology Today 16, no. 5 (2000): 196-201.
7 U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Pharmaceutical R&D, Costs, Risk and Rewards, OTA-H-522 (Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993).
CHAPTER 7
1 Lynn Yarris, “Synthetic Biology Can Help Extend Anti-Malaria Drug Effectiveness,” News Center, Berkeley Lab, March 3, 2009, http://newscenter.lbl.gov/feature-stories/2009/03/03/synthetic-biology-can-help-extend-anti-malaria-drug-effectiveness/.
2 Barry Gardner, “Developing Artemisinin,” Wellcome Trust website, January 10, 2002, http://malaria.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD023861.html.
3 Donald G. McNeil, “Millions of Lives on the Line in Malaria Battle,” New York Times, January 25, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/25/health/policy/25mala.html; Donald G. McNeil, “Deal Seeks to Offer Drug for Malaria at Low Price,” New York Times, July 18, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/18/health/18malaria.html.
4 Michael Specter, “A Life of Its Own: Where Will Synthetic Biology Lead Us?” New Yorker, September 28, 2009, http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/28/090928fa_fact_specter.
5 Andrew Jack, “Novartis Chief in Warning on Cheap Drugs,” Financial Times, September 30, 2006, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6cfd37e8-5020-11db-9d85-0000779e2340.html.
6 Keasling has said the same thing in other interviews. For example, see Michael Specter, “A Life of Its Own,” New Yorker, September 28, 2009.
7 Elizabeth Corcoran, “Stalking a Killer,” California magazine,” November/December 2006, http://alumni.berkeley.edu/news/california-magazine/november-december-2006-life-after-bush/stalking-killer.
8 Robert Sanders, “Keasling and Cal: A Perfect Fit,” UCBerkeleyNews, December 13, 2004, http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/12/13_keasling.shtml.
9 Erica Check Hayden, “In the Field,” Nature.com, February 13, 2009, http://blogs.nature.com/news/blog/2009/02/aaas_synthetic_biology_races_t.html.
10 Kimberlee Roth, “A Love of Science and a Vision to Save Millions of Lives Make Her Day,” Chronicle of Philanthropy, April 6, 2006.
11 “Victoria G. Hale,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 4 (November 2005).
12 Ibid.
13 Hale later left OneWorld Health and founded Medicines 360, a non-profit pharmaceutical aiming to address unmet needs of women and children.
14 Peter Hotez, interview with the author, September 13, 2007, and World Health Organization, Institute for Vaccine Research, http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/soa_parasitic/en/index2.html.
15 “Ending Disease, Ending Poverty: An Interview with Lee Hall and Peter Hotez,” America.gov, U.S. Department of State, March 5, 2007, http://www.america.gov/st/scitech-english/2009/April/20090430123720wrybakcuh0.3490214.html.
16 Lecture at UGA Global Diseases Series, University of Georgia at Athens, February 28, 2006.
17 Merrill Goozner, “Stopping Hookworm,” The Scientist 21, no. 7 (2007): 52.
18 Peter J. Hotez, David H. Molyneux, Alan Fenwick, Jacob Kumaresan, Sonia Ehrlich Sachs, Jeffrey D. Sachs, and Lorenzo Savioli, “Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases,” New England Journal of Medicine 357, no. 10 (2007): 1010-1027, http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/10/1018.
19 Melinda French Gates, “Malaria Forum Keynote Address,” transcript at Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation website, October 17, 2007, http://www.gatesfoundation.org/speeches-commentary/Pages/melinda-french-gates-2007-malaria-forum.aspx.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 “Remarks of Mr. Bill Gates, cofounder of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, at the World Health Assembly,” 58th World Health Assembly, Geneva, Switzerland, May 16, 2005, transcript at World Health Organization website, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/2005/wha58/gates/en/index.html.
23 Malaria R&D Alliance, Malaria Research and Development, “An Assessment of Global Investment,” November 2005.
24 Ibid.
25 Robert W. Snow, Carlos A. Guerra, Juliette J. Mutheu, and Simon I. Hay, “International Funding for Malaria Control in Relation to Populations at Risk of Stable Plasmodium falciparum Transmission,” PLoS Medicine 5, no. 7 (2008).
26 Marcel Hommel, “Towards a Research Agenda for Global Malaria Elimination,” Malaria Journal 7, suppl. 1 (2008).
27 President’s Malaria Initiative, “Malaria Operational Plan,” November 13, 2009, http://www.fightingmalaria.gov/countries/mops/fy10/tanzania_mop-fy10.pdf.
28 Mark Grabowski, “The Billion Dollar Malaria Moment,” Nature, February 27, 2008, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7182/full/4511051a.html.
29 “Program: Bill Gates III, Keynote Address from Bill Gates III, CoFounder of Microsoft Corporation and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,” Come Together Washington, University of Washington Foundation, October 2004, http://uwfoundation.org/events_pubs/ctw_program_BillGatesIII.asp.
CHAPTER 8
1 Sholto Byrnes, “The One to Watch in 2008,” New Statesman, January 3, 2008, http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2008/01/malaria-alonso-centre.
2 Ian Sample, “Malaria: GM Mosquitoes Offer New Hope for Millions,” The Guardian, March 20, 2007; Mauro T. Marrelli, Chaoyang Li, Jason L. Rasgon, and Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena, “Transgenic Malaria-Resistant Mosquitoes Have a Fitness Advantage When Feeding on Plasmodium-Infected Blood,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, March 19, 2007, http://www.pnas.org/content/104/13/5580.full.
3 Judith Epstein, “What Will a Partly Protective Malaria Vaccine Mean to Mothers in Africa?” The Lancet 370, no. 9598 (2007): 1523-1524.
4 Ibid.
5 Gooznews on Health, “The Dr. Ruth of Malaria Research,” October 27, 2007, http://www.gooznews.com/archives/00844.html?page=300.
6 Russell had a career in the Army Medical Corps from 1959 through 1990, rising to commandant of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, and was founding president of the Sabin Vaccine Institute.
7 Nicholas A.V. Beare, Simon P. Harding, Terrie E. Taylor, Susan Lewallen, and Malcolm E. Molyneux, “Perfusion Abnormalities in Children with Cerebral Malaria and Malarial Retinopathy,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 199, no. 2 (2009): 263-271, http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/595735?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori
:rid:cross ref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
8 Stanley Meisler, “Gaudi’s Gift,” Smithsonian.com, July 2002, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/gaudi.html.
CHAPTER 9
1 Bill Gates, “Remarks of Bill Gates, Harvard Commencement, 2007,” Harvard Gazette, June 7, 2007, http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/06/remarks-of-bill-gates-harvard-commencement-2007/.
2 James Surowiecki, “Push and Pull,” New Yorker, December 20, 2004, http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/12/20/041220ta_talk_surowiecki.
3 Reuben Kyama and Donald G. McNeil, Jr., “Distribution of Nets Splits Malaria Fighters,” New York Times, October 9, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/09/health/09nets.html.
4 Pedro Alonso, “Malaria: Deploying a Candidate Vaccine (RTS,S/ ASO2A) for an Old Scourge of Humankind,” International Microbiology 9 (2006): 83-93, http://www.im.microbios.org/0902/0902083.pdf.
5 UNICEF, “Mozambique: Statistics,” March 2, 2010, http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/mozambique_statistics.html; UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “‘Lazarus Drug’: ARVs in the Treatment Era,” June 30, 2010, http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=12&ReportId=56099.
6 Marc Herman, “Malaria: The View from Mozambique,” GlobalPost, June 11, 2009, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/health/090317/malaria-mozambique?page=0,1.
CHAPTER 10
1 PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative and Sanaria, “Phase I Trial of the Whole-Parasite Malaria Vaccine to Begin,” press release, April 23, 2009, http://www.malariavaccine.org/files/04202009__SanariaP1trial_PR_FINAL.pdf.
2 Anjali Nayar, “Malaria Vaccine Enters Phase III Clinical Trials,” Nature News, May 27, 2009, http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090527/full/news.2009.517.html.
3 Leslie Roberts, “Polio: No Cheap Way Out, Science, April 20, 2007, http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/316/5823/362.
4 Zoe Alsop, “Malaria Vaccine Trials Put Researchers to the Test,” Toronto Globe and Mail, June 16, 2009, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/malaria-vaccine-trials-put-researchers-to-the-test/article1184851/.
5 Ibid.
6 Voice of America, “Malaria Parasite Becoming Resistant to Most Effective Medicine,” March 5, 2009, http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-03-05-voa24-68727807.html.
7 Simeon Bennett, “Malaria Disaster Looms from Bug’s Resistance, Fakes,” Bloomberg, May 26, 2009, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&tkr=NOTA:GR&sid=adA_6th.08Jk; Paul N. Newton, Rose McGready, Facundo Fernandez, Michael D. Green, Manuela Sunjio, Carinne Bruneton, Souly Phanouvong, et al., “Manslaughter by Fake Artesunate in Asia—Will Africa Be Next?” PLoS Medicine, June 13, 2006, http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030197.
8 John Bingham, “Malaria May Be Developing Resistance to Main Drugs,” The Telegraph, May 29, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/5404735/Malaria-may-be-developing-resistance-to-main-drugs.html.
9 Bennett, “Malaria Disaster.”
10 Judith Epstein, “What Will a Partly Protective Malaria Vaccine Mean to Mothers in Africa?” The Lancet 370, no. 9598 (2007): 1523-1524.
11 Government funding has come from the U.S. Department of Defense and the National Institutes of Health. In Sanaria’s earliest days, funding also came from a band of friends and helpful lawyers, to whom Hoffman gave a small slice of equity in the company.
12 “Malaria 2010: More Ambition and Accountability Please,” The Lancet 375, no. 9724 (2010): 1407, http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)60601-0/fulltext#.
13 “Thomas Edison,” Wikiquote, http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison. As Wikiquote points out, there are many variations of this quotation.
CHAPTER 11
1 “America Philanthropy,” The Economist, January 25, 2007.
2 “Bill Gates: World Economic Forum 2008,” Remarks by Bill Gates, Chairman, Microsoft Corporation, “A New Approach to Capitalism in the 21st Century,” World Economic Forum 2008, Davos, Switzerland, January 24, 2008, text online at Microsoft News Center, http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/speeches/2008/01-24wefdavos.mspx.
3 Jeffrey Bradach, “Going to Scale,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2003, Bridgespan Group, http://www.bridgespan.org/LearningCenter/ResourceDetail.aspx?id=484&Resource=Articles.
4 Patrick Adams, “The Sanaria PfSPZ Malaria Vaccine, Until Recently Considered Impossible, Is Entering Phase II Trials,” TropIKA.net, December 16, 2009, http://www.tropika.net/svc/interview/Adams-20091216-Interview-Hoffman.
5 Bloomberg Businessweek, “2009 Best Places to Launch a Career,” September 3, 2009, http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/09/0903_places_to_launch_a_career/8.htm.
6 Jonathan Kozol, On Being a Teacher (Oxford, U.K.: OneWorld Publications, 1981).
7 Melinda French Gates, “Malaria Forum Keynote Address,” transcript at Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation website, October 17, 2007, http://www.gatesfoundation.org/speeches-commentary/Pages/melinda-french-gates-2007-malaria-forum.aspx.
CHAPTER 12
1 “Counting Malaria Out,” Statement by Professor Awa Marie Coll-Seck, Executive Director, Roll Back Malaria Partnership, Delivered at Opening of Photo Exhibition “Malaria: Blood, Sweat and Tears,” United Nations Headquarters, April 22, 2010, http://www.rbm.who.int/globaladvocacy/st2010-04-22.html; Ray Chambers, “The Numbers Tell a Promising Story for World Malaria Day 2010,” Financial Times, April 22, 2010, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a135a164-4ce6-11df-9977-00144feab49a.html.
2 World Health Organization, “Summary,” World Malaria Report 2009, http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241563901_eng.pdf, p. viii.
3 P. J. Hotez and A. Kamath, “Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of Their Prevalence, Distribution, and Disease Burden,” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3, no. 8 (2009): e412, doi:10.1371/ journal.pntd.0000412.
4 World Health Organization, “One Page Fact Sheet for World Malaria Report 2009,” http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2009/factsheet/en/index.html.
5 “Malaria 2010: More Ambition and Accountability Please,” The Lancet 375, no. 9724, (2010): 1407, http://image.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)60601-0/fulltext.
6 Robert A. Guth, “Gates Rethinks His War on Polio,” Wall Street Journal , April 23, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303348504575184093239615022.html.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 S. L. Hoffman, P. F. Billingsley, E. James, A. Richman, M. Loyevsky, T. Li, S. Chakravarty, et al., “Development of a Metabolically Active, Non-Replicating Sporozoite Vaccine to Prevent Plasmdium Falciparum Malaria,” Human Vaccines 6, no. 1 (2010): 97-106, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19946222.
10 “Phase I Trial of Whole-Parasite Malaria Parasite to Begin,” press release, Sanaria and PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, April 23, 2009.
11 Richard Neustadt, Presidential Power (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1960); Charles O. Jones, “Professional Reputation and the Neustadt Formulation,” Presidential Studies Quarterly, June 1, 2001, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-10431316_ITM.
12 Warren Bennis, “Only the Optimists Survive,” Bloomberg Businessweek, http://www.businessweek.com/managing/content/may2009/ca20090518_917239.htm.
13 Fifteen of the pictures from this event, by photographer Adam Nadel, can be seen at “Week in Review: Where Malaria Still Kills,” New York Times website, http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/02/21/weekinreview/20100221-malaria-ss_2.html.
14 Ibid., photo 2 of 15.
15 “Ophelia Dahl’s Commencement Address to the Wellesley College Class of 2006,” http://www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Commencement/2006/ODahl.html.
INDEX
Accountability
Acumen Fund
Advance Market Commitment
Affordability
of existing solutions
Hotez’s dollar a dose concept
importa
nce for neglected diseases
as priority for global malaria community
Africa
clinical vaccine trials
logistical difficulties faced by researchers
with malaria as dominant disease
vaccine distribution considerations
See also Childhood mortality from malaria
African trypanosomiasis
Agency for International Development, U.S. (USAID)
AIDS
compared to malaria
-fighting medicines
and plight of neglected diseases
AIDSRides
Alima
Alonso, Pedro
background
leads RTS,S research, trials
American Express
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH)
America’s Promise
Amorphadiene
Amyris Biotechnologies
about
produces synthetic artemisinin
synthetic fuel production
Anopheline (Anopheles) mosquito
Army, U.S.
antimalaria drug and vaccine efforts
on malaria affecting combat efficiency
RTS,S vaccine
Army Research Laboratory, U.S.
The Art of War (Sun Tzu)
Artemisinin drug treatment
costs and mass production
effectiveness
efforts to produce synthetically
metabolically engineered
resistance emerges
Artesunate counterfeit
Arthemeter
Atarran, Amir
Attenuated sporozoite vaccine
Ballou, Rip
background
creates, tests, RTS,S
