Death to Tyrants!

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Death to Tyrants! Page 41

by Teegarden, David


  Automedon, 57

  balloting, secret versus open, 127, 194–95

  bandwagoning: amnesty oath and, 49–50; decree of Demophantos aimed at generating, 42; early anti-tyranny measures failing to encourage, 43; Eretrian tyrant-killing law and, 71–75; Ilian tyrant-killing law and, 209–11; law of Eukrates and, 99, 110; in overthrow of the Four Hundred, 28–30, 42; rewards available to tyrant-killers and, 10; tyrant-killing law harnessing dynamics of, x

  Baumeister, A., 61

  Berlin, Andrea, 204

  Berve, Helmut, 183n15, 184n18

  Billows, R. A., 201

  Bosworth, A. B., 140

  Bottas, 160

  boulē: Athens, 20, 25n21, 42n55, 48, 50n70, 66n23, 94n26, 109n53; Erythrai, 142n1; Ilian, 181, 197, 202, 207

  bouleutai, 20, 96

  bouleutic oath, 42, 43

  Boulouterion, 20, 25n21, 30n30, 96, 209

  Brothers’ War, 167n65

  Brueckner, A., 200

  Brunnsåker, Sture, 146

  Bura, 273n5

  Çan, sarcophagus from, 196n48, 204

  cash payments for tyrannicides, 73, 112, 183, 184n18, 185, 186, 187

  catapults, ship-mounted, 59

  Cawkwell, George L., 57n1

  Celts attacking Erythrai, 159n44, 162

  Chaironeia, battle of, 85–86; anti-democratic coups after, 111n57; Eretrian tyrant-killing law and, 81n56, 82–83; law of Eukrates and, 6, 87–90, 92n18, 95, 100, 101–3, 108, 111n57

  Chalkis, 35n39, 58, 59–60n9, 74n45, 79, 82

  Chares, 174n3, 203

  Charidemos (Athenian general), 101–2

  Charidemos of Oreos (ruler of Ilion), 173–74n3, 203

  Charinos, 101

  children of tyrannicides, provision for, 31, 34, 41, 63, 72, 112, 185n24, 186, 187

  Chios, 18n8, 121, 124t, 125t, 126, 141n35, 143n2, 157n35, 160n47, 168, 192n41, 213n88

  Chwe, Michael, 35, 38–39

  Cilicia, 125t

  Clement of Alexandria, 125tnd

  collective action, modern theories of: analysis of overthrow of Four Hundred based on, 29; pluralistic ignorance, 23, 24, 28, 40, 151; risk-averse (non-bold) individuals, 9, 10, 23–25, 28, 40–41; use in analyzing ancient Greece, 21n13. See also bandwagoning; common knowledge; coordination problems; threshold sequences

  common knowledge: Demophantos, generated by swearing of oath of, 37–40, 216; Eresos anti-dossier and, 127–29, 134; Eretrian tyrant-killing law, curse mandated by, 74–75; Eukrates law, nomothesia procedure for passage of, 93–95, 99; Ilian tyrant-killing law, generated by, 210; overthrow of Four Hundred and, 28–29; Philites statue and stele, Erythrai, generating, 171–72; public rituals generating, 38–39; spread of tyrant-killing legislation outside of Athens and, 217–18

  coordination problems: common knowledge as key to solving, 38; decree of Demophantos as solution to, 40–43; in Four Hundred coup, 21–25

  Cornelius Nepos: Thrasyboulos, 16n3; Timotheos, 155n32

  curse mandated by Eretrian tyrant-killing law, 74–75

  Cyclades, 125t, 165n60

  Cyprus, 165n60

  daily stipend, in Ilian tyrant-killing law, 183–84, 185

  damnatio memoriae (memory sanction), 196–97, 203–4, 211

  Dardanian tyrants in Ilion, 173, 205

  Darius I, 124t, 126n18, 140n33

  decrees versus laws in Athens, 93

  Deinarchos, Against Demosthenes, 100, 101n35

  Dekeleia, Spartan occupation of, 37n45, 40, 96

  Delphi, 8, 166, 220n5

  Demades, 90n15

  Demaratidae, 204n69

  Demetrios I Poliorketes, 72n39, 160n45, 201n60, 210n86

  Demetrios of Phaleron, 160n45, 160n48

  democracy: first half of seventh century, 224; second half of seventh century, 225–26; first half of sixth century, 227; second half of sixth century, 228–29; first half of fifth century, 230; first half of fourth century, 234; second half of fifth century, 232; second half of fourth century, 236; contribution of tyrant-killing legislation to success of, ix–x, 5, 9–10, 213, 215; credible domestic opposition to, existence of, 3; defined, 1; difficulty of maintaining democratic regime, ix, 1–2; external power theory of, 3–4; “natural solution” or “interpersonal relationships” theory of support for, 4; need for mechanisms to mobilize defense of, ix–x, 2–5; overall chart of, 223f; persistence within ancient Greek world, 215, 221–22; relevance of tyrant-killing legislation to modern democratic process, ix; uprisings in support of, difficulty of effecting, ix, 2, 4, 5. See also specific cities

  Dēmokratia, personification and cult of, 106–9, 107

  Demophantos, decree of, 5–6, 30–43; all Athenians required to swear oath, 34–35; common knowledge generated by swearing of oath, 37–40, 216; context of, 6, 15–17; coordination problem, as solution to, 40–43; Demosthenes, Against Leptines, 95, 98–99; earlier measures against tyranny and, 5, 42–43; Eresos anti-tyranny dossier compared to, 115–16, 129; Eretrian tyrant-killing law and, 71–74; as first tyrant-killing law, 5, 215–17; Harmodios and Aristogeiton cited in, 5, 34, 72, 111, 184–85; law of Eukrates and, 51–52, 51t, 88–89, 93, 95–99, 111, 112; Lykourgos, Against Leokrates, 96, 97–98; other tyrant-killing laws modeled on, 6; overthrow of Four Hundred, promulgation after, 5, 30, 42, 215–16; reconstruction of oath ritual, 35–37; rewards for tyrant-killers in, 32–34, 39–40, 41, 73n42; sacrifice required by, 36, 37; sale of tyrant’s property and reward of one-half to tyrannicide, 34, 41, 72, 187n27; stela carrying, 30, 105; Taylor’s theory on the Four Hundred and, 25n21; text and contents of, 30–32; Thirty Tyrants, mobilization against, 15–16, 43–52, 216–17

  Dēmos, personification and cult of, 106–9, 107, 146n12, 162–63

  Demosthenes: on aftermath of battle of Chaironeia and Eukrates law, 85n2, 87n6, 88n7; Against Leptines, 95, 98–99; Against Meidias, 108; Aischines on, 68n31, 92n18; on anti-democratic factions, 3n4; Areopagos and, 100–103, 104; Arthmios of Zelaia, decree against, 105n44; on atimia, 88n10; De Corona, 58n3; De Falsa Legatione, 57n1; on the dēmos, 108n48, 108n51; Eretrian tyrant-killing law and, 73; on graphē paranomōn, 216n2; on Ilion, 173n2; on Korinthian League, 85, 102, 121; law of Eukrates and, 93n20, 94; Lucian, Demosthenis Encomium, 102; on Megaran conspiracy, 76n49; on Menestratos, 66; Messenians, speech to, 69n33; on oaths with anti-tyranny provisions, 42; On the Chersonese, 57n1, 58; On the Treaty with Alexander, 90–92; on Philip II and pro-Macedonian regimes, 57n1, 58, 59n5, 60n10, 67n30, 68–70, 79n54, 81n56, 82, 84n62, 108, 111n57; on rule of law, 91n17, 108n48; on statues of Konon and Timotheon, 155n32; on Theban surrender to Athenians, 66n25; Third Philippic, 57n1, 68

  Dinarchus, 90n15, 103n38, 105n44, 111n57

  Dio Chrysostom, 146

  Diodoros Siculos: Alexandrian conquest of Asia Minor and, 122n15–16, 124t, 125t, 126n18; on Eretria, 59n5, 66nn24–25; on Erythrai, 157n37, 160; on forces sent by Demetrios I Poliorketes to relieve Abydos, 201n60; on Ilion, 173n2, 174n3; on Korinthian League, 85n2, 88n8, 121, 122n13; on Macedonian exile decrees and proclamations, 132; on oath sworn by all citizens of Kyrene, 35n39; on Philip Arrhidaios’s exile decree, 140; on Philip II after battle of Chaironeia, 83n59, 89n12; on siege of Rhodes, 72n39; on Thirty Tyrants, 15n2, 16n4; on viability of Greek democracy after Peloponnesian War, 6n16

  Dionysia: crowning of Demosthenes and, 92n18; Eretrian tyrant-killing law and, 64, 74; Erythraian announcement of honors at, 158n38; Ilian tyrant-killing law and, 181, 197; oath of Demophantos and, 29, 31, 32, 36, 37, 42, 43, 44n57, 185

  Dionysos I of Syracuse, 7n16

  Dionysos, theaters of: in Erythrai, 157; near Mounichia, 27, 37, 42

  Diopeithes, 57n1

  Dittenberger, W., 153, 154, 183n16, 184n18, 189, 198

  Dössel, Astrid, 83n60, 183n15, 184n18, 189, 190n35

  Douris, 160n47, 203

  Drankontides, decree of, 15n2

  dunatoi, Athens, 6–7n16

  Eastern European revolutions of 1989, ix, 21, 29n27

  economic and finan
cial abuses, in Ilian tyrant-killing law, 187–91

  Eetionia, 26, 27

  eisangelia, 93

  ekklesia, Athens, 42, 82n57, 92, 94n26, 99, 100, 109, 110

  Elaia, 124t, 168n70

  Elephantine Island, Egypt, 121n11, 121n13

  Eleusinians, massacre of, 194–95n46

  Elis, 59

  Ellis, J. R., 57n1

  enarchos, 179, 183

  Engelmann, Helmut, 147–48, 153–54

  entimos, 183n16

  Ephesos, 7, 124t, 126, 158n40, 165n60, 166, 168n69, 170n77, 202n63, 212

  Ephialtes, 8n18

  Eponymous Heroes, statues of, Athens, 94

  Eresos anti-tyranny dossier, 6, 115–41

  associated anti-tyranny legislation, 115n1, 119–21

  compared to tyrant-killing legislation in other cities, 115–16, 129

  decree validating actions taken against tyrants and their descendants (text 6), 115, 135–38

  petitions of descendants of tyrants to return to city (texts 3, 4, and 5), 115, 130–35; anti-tyranny law governing descendants’ trial, 120n8; democratic response to, 134–35; problem posed by, 133–34; texts and translations, 130–33; willingness to stand trial “before the people,” 119n4, 132

  population of Eresos, 118–19

  stelai containing, 20n7, 115n1, 119n6, 128–29, 134, 137n30, 138

  texts encompassed by, 115–16

  transition from unstable regime to stable democratic polis, recording, 116, 139–41

  trial of Agonippos and Eurysilaos (texts 1 and 2), 115, 116–29; accused of breaking anti-tyranny law, 119–21; common knowledge generated by, 127–29; historical context, 122–27, 124–25t; most or all citizens of Eresos serving as jurors on, 118–19, 121–22; public execution following, 128; purpose of, 122, 127; secret ballot in, 127; texts and translations, 116–18

  Eretria: Artemis, temple of, 74n46, 81; Athenian support for tyrants in, 4n8, 27n25, 58n4, 60n11; instability of regimes in, 66–67; overthrow of Macedonian invasion and alliance with Athens, 57–60; pro-Macedonian coup in, 57–58, 68–70

  Eretrian tyrant-killing law, 6, 57–84; criminalization of subversive acts likely to precede anti-democratic coup, 75–77; curse generating common knowledge of commitment to defend democratic regime, 74–75; decree of Demophantos and, 71–74; discovery of, 61; Eresos anti-tyranny dossier compared to, 115–16; events leading up to, 57–60; generally increasing likelihood of mobilizing defense of democratic regime, 60–61, 65, 70–75; Ilian tyrant-killing law compared, 182; immediate response to attempted coup, measures aimed at, 77–78; law of Eukrates and, 93, 111–12; legitimate targets of assassination, 73–74; noncitizens, incentivization of, 72, 73, 185; Philites stele compared to, 78n52; rewards for tyrant-killers in, 71–73, 111–12, 185; stability of new democratic regime following promulgation of, 81–83; successful coup, measures aimed at overthrowing, 78–80; text of, 61–64; threats to stability of new democratic regime and, 6–7, 60–61, 65–70

  Erythrai: Alexandrian conquest of Asia Minor and, 124t, 126; amnesty efforts in, 149n18; Aphrodite Pandemos, temple of, 156n33; building projects, 157–58; Celts attacking, 159n44, 162; Dēmos, cult of, 146n12, 162–63; oath taken by all citizens of, 35n39; oligarchical control of, 142n1; Romans in, 170–71; size and population of, 150n21. See also Philites statue and stele, Erythrai

  Erythrai Decree, 154–55, 156

  Euaimon, 35n39

  Euboia, 27n25, 57–58, 60n10, 66, 68n32, 81n56, 101, 215. See also specific cities on Euboia

  Euboian League, 58, 59–60n9, 79, 81n56

  Euboulos of Bithynia, 203

  Eukrates, law of, 6, 85–112; on Areopagos and Areopagites, 87, 88–89, 99–105, 109, 111; battle of Chaironeia and, 6, 87–90, 92n18, 95, 100, 101–3, 108, 111n57; dating of, 87–88; decree of Demophantos and, 51–52, 51t, 88–89, 93, 95–99, 111, 112; effectiveness of, 111–12; Eresos anti-tyranny dossier compared to, 115–16; Eretrian tyrant-killing law and, 93, 111–12; iconography of surviving stele engraved with, 106–9, 107; Ilian tyrant-killing law compared, 182; nomothesia procedure generating common knowledge of, 93–95, 99; placement of stelai carrying, 105–10; rewards for tyrant-killing, lack of, 111–12; text of, 86–87; threat of subversion by evolution, 89–93, 99, 111; threats to democracy at time of, 6–7; tyrant-killing provisions of, 95–99

  Eukrates son of Aristotimos of Piraeus, 87

  Eumenes I, 203n66, 204n70

  Eumenes II, 168, 169, 170nn79–80

  Euphraios, 69, 70

  Euphron, 8

  Euripides, Suppliants, 108n49

  Eurysilaos. See Eresos anti-tyranny dossier

  Euthykrates, 90n13

  Evander of Larissa, 153n27

  Exekestos son of Diodoros, 82n57

  financial and economic abuses, in Ilian tyrant-killing law, 187–91

  First Syrian War, 165n57

  Five Thousand, 20, 21n11, 26, 27, 30n29

  Flaminius, 171n82

  foreigners incentivized in Eretrian tyrant-killing law incentivizing, 72, 73, 184

  Four Hundred, 17–30; coordination problem of pro-democratic forces in face of, 21–25; decree of Demophantos promulgated after overthrow of, 5, 30, 42, 215–16; Erythraian oligarchs compared, 151; Five Thousand and, 20, 21n11, 26, 27, 30n29; as “legal” coup, 75–76; lessons learned by Athenians in overthrow of, 16–17; Lykourgos, Against Leokrates, 95–96; mobilization against and collapse of, 26–30; Phrynichos, assassination of, 17, 25n21, 26–30, 36n43, 37n45, 39–40, 42, 95, 105n44, 198n54; problems honoring those involved in overthrow of, 198; ruling methods of, 1n1; staging of anti-democratic coup by, 18–21; Taylor’s thesis regarding, 24–25n21; Theozitides, decree of, 34n37; uprising in the Piraeus against, 16, 25n21, 26–28, 42, 72n39

  Friedel, H., 9, 183n15, 189

  Frisch, Peter, 184n18, 185–86nn24–25, 186, 189, 193, 200n56

  Funck, Bernd, 199

  Gambrion, 204

  game theory, 29n27, 122–27, 124–25t, 137

  Gaugamela, battle of, 7, 140, 158, 211

  Gauls, in Ilion, 205

  Gauthier, Philippe, 149–50

  Gladwell, Malcolm, 4

  Gongylidae, 204

  Granikos, battle of, 124t, 125tnd, 126n17, 174n4

  Granovetter, Mark S., 28–29nn26–27

  graphē paranomōn, 93, 216

  Great Satraps’ Revolt, 173n2

  Gryneion, 125tna, 141n34, 204n69

  guiltlessness and purity of tyrannicide, 31–32, 64, 73n42, 185n24

  Hagnon, 196n48

  Halieis, 35n39

  Halikarnassos, 124t, 125t

  Halisarna, 204n69

  Hansen, Mogens Herman, 2, 3, 100, 184n18, 221

  Harmodios and Aristogeiton: cited in decree of Demophantos, 5, 34, 72, 111, 184–85; cult of, 43, 146n12; Eresos trial of tyrants compared to actions of, 129; as founders of Athenian democracy, 32; Hipparchos killed by, 5n13, 32; Konon statue and, 155–56; Kyzikos stater stamped with image of, 144–45, 155; Philites statue and, 144–46, 149, 158; rewards granted to descendants of, 45, 98, 111, 184–85; spread of tyrant-killing legislation outside of Athens and, 218; statues of, 7, 33, 34n35, 39, 45, 73n41, 129, 140, 144–46, 149, 184, 211; Thirty Tyrants, association with fall of, 44–47, 46; tomb of, 212, 213n88; in vase paintings, 45, 46, 146

  Harpalos affair, 111

  Hegelochos, 125t, 126

  Hegesippos, On Halonnesus, 57n1

  Heisserer, A. J., 115n1, 120n7, 123n17, 153, 154

  heliastic oath, 42

  Heraios, 123n17, 124t, 126n17, 131, 136, 138

  Herakleia Pontica, 2n2, 204

  Hermias of Atarneos, 142n1, 203, 204

  Hermon, 123n17, 124t, 126n17, 136, 138

  Herms, mutilation of, 32n34, 43

  Herodotos, 32n33, 35, 79n53, 108n49, 204n69, 206n74, 209n84

  Heroidas son of Tertikon son of Heraios, 131

  Heropythes, 158n40

  Hiero, 153n27, 160, 205, 210n86, 211, 212

  Hipparchos,
5n13, 32, 57, 96, 146, 196n48

  Hippias, 5, 42n54, 196n48

  Hippo, 128

  Hippomachos son of Athenaios, 165

  Hipponikos, 57

  Homer, Iliad, 106n46

  homologia prosēgageto, 125t

  hoplites, 20, 27, 70, 213, 220

  Hypereides: Against Philippides, 53n75, 89–90, 92, 109; as anti-Macedonian, 108; appointment as advocate to Amphictyonic Council, 101; Athenogenes, 83n59; on Euthykrates of Olynthos, 90n13; In Defense of Euxenippos, 88n11; proposal to enfranchise atimoi, metics, and slaves, 88n7

  Idreios, 142n1

  Ilian tyrant-killing law, 6, 173–214; Alexandrian conquest of Asia Minor and, 174; on capital trials lodged by magistrates, 193–95, 206–7; common knowledge generated by, 210; compared to other tyrant-killing legislation, 182; dating of, 7, 199–200; deterrent effect on anti-democratic forces, 207–11; on economic and financial abuses, 187–91, 206; effectiveness of, 207–11; historical context, 199–203; increasing likelihood of mobilization against coup attempts, 209–11; on indictments lodged by lay accusers, 191–93, 206; memory sanction (damnatio memoriae), 196–97, 203–4, 211; nature of tyrannical threat targeted by, 203–7, 208; noncitizens incentivized by, 72, 73, 184, 185, 186; oligarchs and tyrants equated in, 149; participation in anti-democratic coup in any capacity, punishment for, 195–97; punishments for actions committed during overthrow of democracy, 187–97, 213; rewards for those contributing to overthrow of tyrant, 197–99; rewards for tyrant-killers, 73nn41–42, 183–87; rewards for tyrant’s own soldiers, 184, 185, 186, 203; sections of, 182–83; on sham elections, 195, 207; success of democratic regimes following, 208–9; text and translation, 175–82

  Ilion: Athena, temple of, 173, 174, 204, 207; under foreign rule, 167, 168, 173, 199–203; inscribed documents, use of, 134n28; prosperity following Alexandrian conquest of Asia Minor, 174, 209; size and population of, 210n85

  An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis (Hansen and Nielsen, 2004), 2, 3, 221

  Ionian League, 165, 168, 169

  Ipsos, battle of, 151n22, 153, 154, 159–63, 201–2n61, 208

  Iraq War, 4, 50n69, 146n11

  Isagoras stele, 42n52, 105n44

  Isaios, 45

  Isokrates, 8, 106, 108n50, 122, 155n32

  Issos, 125t, 126n18, 141n34

  Itanos, 35n39

  Jason of Pherai, 8

  Kallias, 58, 79

 

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