Death to Tyrants!
Page 41
Automedon, 57
balloting, secret versus open, 127, 194–95
bandwagoning: amnesty oath and, 49–50; decree of Demophantos aimed at generating, 42; early anti-tyranny measures failing to encourage, 43; Eretrian tyrant-killing law and, 71–75; Ilian tyrant-killing law and, 209–11; law of Eukrates and, 99, 110; in overthrow of the Four Hundred, 28–30, 42; rewards available to tyrant-killers and, 10; tyrant-killing law harnessing dynamics of, x
Baumeister, A., 61
Berlin, Andrea, 204
Berve, Helmut, 183n15, 184n18
Billows, R. A., 201
Bosworth, A. B., 140
Bottas, 160
boulē: Athens, 20, 25n21, 42n55, 48, 50n70, 66n23, 94n26, 109n53; Erythrai, 142n1; Ilian, 181, 197, 202, 207
bouleutai, 20, 96
bouleutic oath, 42, 43
Boulouterion, 20, 25n21, 30n30, 96, 209
Brothers’ War, 167n65
Brueckner, A., 200
Brunnsåker, Sture, 146
Bura, 273n5
Çan, sarcophagus from, 196n48, 204
cash payments for tyrannicides, 73, 112, 183, 184n18, 185, 186, 187
catapults, ship-mounted, 59
Cawkwell, George L., 57n1
Celts attacking Erythrai, 159n44, 162
Chaironeia, battle of, 85–86; anti-democratic coups after, 111n57; Eretrian tyrant-killing law and, 81n56, 82–83; law of Eukrates and, 6, 87–90, 92n18, 95, 100, 101–3, 108, 111n57
Chalkis, 35n39, 58, 59–60n9, 74n45, 79, 82
Chares, 174n3, 203
Charidemos (Athenian general), 101–2
Charidemos of Oreos (ruler of Ilion), 173–74n3, 203
Charinos, 101
children of tyrannicides, provision for, 31, 34, 41, 63, 72, 112, 185n24, 186, 187
Chios, 18n8, 121, 124t, 125t, 126, 141n35, 143n2, 157n35, 160n47, 168, 192n41, 213n88
Chwe, Michael, 35, 38–39
Cilicia, 125t
Clement of Alexandria, 125tnd
collective action, modern theories of: analysis of overthrow of Four Hundred based on, 29; pluralistic ignorance, 23, 24, 28, 40, 151; risk-averse (non-bold) individuals, 9, 10, 23–25, 28, 40–41; use in analyzing ancient Greece, 21n13. See also bandwagoning; common knowledge; coordination problems; threshold sequences
common knowledge: Demophantos, generated by swearing of oath of, 37–40, 216; Eresos anti-dossier and, 127–29, 134; Eretrian tyrant-killing law, curse mandated by, 74–75; Eukrates law, nomothesia procedure for passage of, 93–95, 99; Ilian tyrant-killing law, generated by, 210; overthrow of Four Hundred and, 28–29; Philites statue and stele, Erythrai, generating, 171–72; public rituals generating, 38–39; spread of tyrant-killing legislation outside of Athens and, 217–18
coordination problems: common knowledge as key to solving, 38; decree of Demophantos as solution to, 40–43; in Four Hundred coup, 21–25
Cornelius Nepos: Thrasyboulos, 16n3; Timotheos, 155n32
curse mandated by Eretrian tyrant-killing law, 74–75
Cyclades, 125t, 165n60
Cyprus, 165n60
daily stipend, in Ilian tyrant-killing law, 183–84, 185
damnatio memoriae (memory sanction), 196–97, 203–4, 211
Dardanian tyrants in Ilion, 173, 205
Darius I, 124t, 126n18, 140n33
decrees versus laws in Athens, 93
Deinarchos, Against Demosthenes, 100, 101n35
Dekeleia, Spartan occupation of, 37n45, 40, 96
Delphi, 8, 166, 220n5
Demades, 90n15
Demaratidae, 204n69
Demetrios I Poliorketes, 72n39, 160n45, 201n60, 210n86
Demetrios of Phaleron, 160n45, 160n48
democracy: first half of seventh century, 224; second half of seventh century, 225–26; first half of sixth century, 227; second half of sixth century, 228–29; first half of fifth century, 230; first half of fourth century, 234; second half of fifth century, 232; second half of fourth century, 236; contribution of tyrant-killing legislation to success of, ix–x, 5, 9–10, 213, 215; credible domestic opposition to, existence of, 3; defined, 1; difficulty of maintaining democratic regime, ix, 1–2; external power theory of, 3–4; “natural solution” or “interpersonal relationships” theory of support for, 4; need for mechanisms to mobilize defense of, ix–x, 2–5; overall chart of, 223f; persistence within ancient Greek world, 215, 221–22; relevance of tyrant-killing legislation to modern democratic process, ix; uprisings in support of, difficulty of effecting, ix, 2, 4, 5. See also specific cities
Dēmokratia, personification and cult of, 106–9, 107
Demophantos, decree of, 5–6, 30–43; all Athenians required to swear oath, 34–35; common knowledge generated by swearing of oath, 37–40, 216; context of, 6, 15–17; coordination problem, as solution to, 40–43; Demosthenes, Against Leptines, 95, 98–99; earlier measures against tyranny and, 5, 42–43; Eresos anti-tyranny dossier compared to, 115–16, 129; Eretrian tyrant-killing law and, 71–74; as first tyrant-killing law, 5, 215–17; Harmodios and Aristogeiton cited in, 5, 34, 72, 111, 184–85; law of Eukrates and, 51–52, 51t, 88–89, 93, 95–99, 111, 112; Lykourgos, Against Leokrates, 96, 97–98; other tyrant-killing laws modeled on, 6; overthrow of Four Hundred, promulgation after, 5, 30, 42, 215–16; reconstruction of oath ritual, 35–37; rewards for tyrant-killers in, 32–34, 39–40, 41, 73n42; sacrifice required by, 36, 37; sale of tyrant’s property and reward of one-half to tyrannicide, 34, 41, 72, 187n27; stela carrying, 30, 105; Taylor’s theory on the Four Hundred and, 25n21; text and contents of, 30–32; Thirty Tyrants, mobilization against, 15–16, 43–52, 216–17
Dēmos, personification and cult of, 106–9, 107, 146n12, 162–63
Demosthenes: on aftermath of battle of Chaironeia and Eukrates law, 85n2, 87n6, 88n7; Against Leptines, 95, 98–99; Against Meidias, 108; Aischines on, 68n31, 92n18; on anti-democratic factions, 3n4; Areopagos and, 100–103, 104; Arthmios of Zelaia, decree against, 105n44; on atimia, 88n10; De Corona, 58n3; De Falsa Legatione, 57n1; on the dēmos, 108n48, 108n51; Eretrian tyrant-killing law and, 73; on graphē paranomōn, 216n2; on Ilion, 173n2; on Korinthian League, 85, 102, 121; law of Eukrates and, 93n20, 94; Lucian, Demosthenis Encomium, 102; on Megaran conspiracy, 76n49; on Menestratos, 66; Messenians, speech to, 69n33; on oaths with anti-tyranny provisions, 42; On the Chersonese, 57n1, 58; On the Treaty with Alexander, 90–92; on Philip II and pro-Macedonian regimes, 57n1, 58, 59n5, 60n10, 67n30, 68–70, 79n54, 81n56, 82, 84n62, 108, 111n57; on rule of law, 91n17, 108n48; on statues of Konon and Timotheon, 155n32; on Theban surrender to Athenians, 66n25; Third Philippic, 57n1, 68
Dinarchus, 90n15, 103n38, 105n44, 111n57
Dio Chrysostom, 146
Diodoros Siculos: Alexandrian conquest of Asia Minor and, 122n15–16, 124t, 125t, 126n18; on Eretria, 59n5, 66nn24–25; on Erythrai, 157n37, 160; on forces sent by Demetrios I Poliorketes to relieve Abydos, 201n60; on Ilion, 173n2, 174n3; on Korinthian League, 85n2, 88n8, 121, 122n13; on Macedonian exile decrees and proclamations, 132; on oath sworn by all citizens of Kyrene, 35n39; on Philip Arrhidaios’s exile decree, 140; on Philip II after battle of Chaironeia, 83n59, 89n12; on siege of Rhodes, 72n39; on Thirty Tyrants, 15n2, 16n4; on viability of Greek democracy after Peloponnesian War, 6n16
Dionysia: crowning of Demosthenes and, 92n18; Eretrian tyrant-killing law and, 64, 74; Erythraian announcement of honors at, 158n38; Ilian tyrant-killing law and, 181, 197; oath of Demophantos and, 29, 31, 32, 36, 37, 42, 43, 44n57, 185
Dionysos I of Syracuse, 7n16
Dionysos, theaters of: in Erythrai, 157; near Mounichia, 27, 37, 42
Diopeithes, 57n1
Dittenberger, W., 153, 154, 183n16, 184n18, 189, 198
Dössel, Astrid, 83n60, 183n15, 184n18, 189, 190n35
Douris, 160n47, 203
Drankontides, decree of, 15n2
dunatoi, Athens, 6–7n16
Eastern European revolutions of 1989, ix, 21, 29n27
economic and finan
cial abuses, in Ilian tyrant-killing law, 187–91
Eetionia, 26, 27
eisangelia, 93
ekklesia, Athens, 42, 82n57, 92, 94n26, 99, 100, 109, 110
Elaia, 124t, 168n70
Elephantine Island, Egypt, 121n11, 121n13
Eleusinians, massacre of, 194–95n46
Elis, 59
Ellis, J. R., 57n1
enarchos, 179, 183
Engelmann, Helmut, 147–48, 153–54
entimos, 183n16
Ephesos, 7, 124t, 126, 158n40, 165n60, 166, 168n69, 170n77, 202n63, 212
Ephialtes, 8n18
Eponymous Heroes, statues of, Athens, 94
Eresos anti-tyranny dossier, 6, 115–41
associated anti-tyranny legislation, 115n1, 119–21
compared to tyrant-killing legislation in other cities, 115–16, 129
decree validating actions taken against tyrants and their descendants (text 6), 115, 135–38
petitions of descendants of tyrants to return to city (texts 3, 4, and 5), 115, 130–35; anti-tyranny law governing descendants’ trial, 120n8; democratic response to, 134–35; problem posed by, 133–34; texts and translations, 130–33; willingness to stand trial “before the people,” 119n4, 132
population of Eresos, 118–19
stelai containing, 20n7, 115n1, 119n6, 128–29, 134, 137n30, 138
texts encompassed by, 115–16
transition from unstable regime to stable democratic polis, recording, 116, 139–41
trial of Agonippos and Eurysilaos (texts 1 and 2), 115, 116–29; accused of breaking anti-tyranny law, 119–21; common knowledge generated by, 127–29; historical context, 122–27, 124–25t; most or all citizens of Eresos serving as jurors on, 118–19, 121–22; public execution following, 128; purpose of, 122, 127; secret ballot in, 127; texts and translations, 116–18
Eretria: Artemis, temple of, 74n46, 81; Athenian support for tyrants in, 4n8, 27n25, 58n4, 60n11; instability of regimes in, 66–67; overthrow of Macedonian invasion and alliance with Athens, 57–60; pro-Macedonian coup in, 57–58, 68–70
Eretrian tyrant-killing law, 6, 57–84; criminalization of subversive acts likely to precede anti-democratic coup, 75–77; curse generating common knowledge of commitment to defend democratic regime, 74–75; decree of Demophantos and, 71–74; discovery of, 61; Eresos anti-tyranny dossier compared to, 115–16; events leading up to, 57–60; generally increasing likelihood of mobilizing defense of democratic regime, 60–61, 65, 70–75; Ilian tyrant-killing law compared, 182; immediate response to attempted coup, measures aimed at, 77–78; law of Eukrates and, 93, 111–12; legitimate targets of assassination, 73–74; noncitizens, incentivization of, 72, 73, 185; Philites stele compared to, 78n52; rewards for tyrant-killers in, 71–73, 111–12, 185; stability of new democratic regime following promulgation of, 81–83; successful coup, measures aimed at overthrowing, 78–80; text of, 61–64; threats to stability of new democratic regime and, 6–7, 60–61, 65–70
Erythrai: Alexandrian conquest of Asia Minor and, 124t, 126; amnesty efforts in, 149n18; Aphrodite Pandemos, temple of, 156n33; building projects, 157–58; Celts attacking, 159n44, 162; Dēmos, cult of, 146n12, 162–63; oath taken by all citizens of, 35n39; oligarchical control of, 142n1; Romans in, 170–71; size and population of, 150n21. See also Philites statue and stele, Erythrai
Erythrai Decree, 154–55, 156
Euaimon, 35n39
Euboia, 27n25, 57–58, 60n10, 66, 68n32, 81n56, 101, 215. See also specific cities on Euboia
Euboian League, 58, 59–60n9, 79, 81n56
Euboulos of Bithynia, 203
Eukrates, law of, 6, 85–112; on Areopagos and Areopagites, 87, 88–89, 99–105, 109, 111; battle of Chaironeia and, 6, 87–90, 92n18, 95, 100, 101–3, 108, 111n57; dating of, 87–88; decree of Demophantos and, 51–52, 51t, 88–89, 93, 95–99, 111, 112; effectiveness of, 111–12; Eresos anti-tyranny dossier compared to, 115–16; Eretrian tyrant-killing law and, 93, 111–12; iconography of surviving stele engraved with, 106–9, 107; Ilian tyrant-killing law compared, 182; nomothesia procedure generating common knowledge of, 93–95, 99; placement of stelai carrying, 105–10; rewards for tyrant-killing, lack of, 111–12; text of, 86–87; threat of subversion by evolution, 89–93, 99, 111; threats to democracy at time of, 6–7; tyrant-killing provisions of, 95–99
Eukrates son of Aristotimos of Piraeus, 87
Eumenes I, 203n66, 204n70
Eumenes II, 168, 169, 170nn79–80
Euphraios, 69, 70
Euphron, 8
Euripides, Suppliants, 108n49
Eurysilaos. See Eresos anti-tyranny dossier
Euthykrates, 90n13
Evander of Larissa, 153n27
Exekestos son of Diodoros, 82n57
financial and economic abuses, in Ilian tyrant-killing law, 187–91
First Syrian War, 165n57
Five Thousand, 20, 21n11, 26, 27, 30n29
Flaminius, 171n82
foreigners incentivized in Eretrian tyrant-killing law incentivizing, 72, 73, 184
Four Hundred, 17–30; coordination problem of pro-democratic forces in face of, 21–25; decree of Demophantos promulgated after overthrow of, 5, 30, 42, 215–16; Erythraian oligarchs compared, 151; Five Thousand and, 20, 21n11, 26, 27, 30n29; as “legal” coup, 75–76; lessons learned by Athenians in overthrow of, 16–17; Lykourgos, Against Leokrates, 95–96; mobilization against and collapse of, 26–30; Phrynichos, assassination of, 17, 25n21, 26–30, 36n43, 37n45, 39–40, 42, 95, 105n44, 198n54; problems honoring those involved in overthrow of, 198; ruling methods of, 1n1; staging of anti-democratic coup by, 18–21; Taylor’s thesis regarding, 24–25n21; Theozitides, decree of, 34n37; uprising in the Piraeus against, 16, 25n21, 26–28, 42, 72n39
Friedel, H., 9, 183n15, 189
Frisch, Peter, 184n18, 185–86nn24–25, 186, 189, 193, 200n56
Funck, Bernd, 199
Gambrion, 204
game theory, 29n27, 122–27, 124–25t, 137
Gaugamela, battle of, 7, 140, 158, 211
Gauls, in Ilion, 205
Gauthier, Philippe, 149–50
Gladwell, Malcolm, 4
Gongylidae, 204
Granikos, battle of, 124t, 125tnd, 126n17, 174n4
Granovetter, Mark S., 28–29nn26–27
graphē paranomōn, 93, 216
Great Satraps’ Revolt, 173n2
Gryneion, 125tna, 141n34, 204n69
guiltlessness and purity of tyrannicide, 31–32, 64, 73n42, 185n24
Hagnon, 196n48
Halieis, 35n39
Halikarnassos, 124t, 125t
Halisarna, 204n69
Hansen, Mogens Herman, 2, 3, 100, 184n18, 221
Harmodios and Aristogeiton: cited in decree of Demophantos, 5, 34, 72, 111, 184–85; cult of, 43, 146n12; Eresos trial of tyrants compared to actions of, 129; as founders of Athenian democracy, 32; Hipparchos killed by, 5n13, 32; Konon statue and, 155–56; Kyzikos stater stamped with image of, 144–45, 155; Philites statue and, 144–46, 149, 158; rewards granted to descendants of, 45, 98, 111, 184–85; spread of tyrant-killing legislation outside of Athens and, 218; statues of, 7, 33, 34n35, 39, 45, 73n41, 129, 140, 144–46, 149, 184, 211; Thirty Tyrants, association with fall of, 44–47, 46; tomb of, 212, 213n88; in vase paintings, 45, 46, 146
Harpalos affair, 111
Hegelochos, 125t, 126
Hegesippos, On Halonnesus, 57n1
Heisserer, A. J., 115n1, 120n7, 123n17, 153, 154
heliastic oath, 42
Heraios, 123n17, 124t, 126n17, 131, 136, 138
Herakleia Pontica, 2n2, 204
Hermias of Atarneos, 142n1, 203, 204
Hermon, 123n17, 124t, 126n17, 136, 138
Herms, mutilation of, 32n34, 43
Herodotos, 32n33, 35, 79n53, 108n49, 204n69, 206n74, 209n84
Heroidas son of Tertikon son of Heraios, 131
Heropythes, 158n40
Hiero, 153n27, 160, 205, 210n86, 211, 212
Hipparchos,
5n13, 32, 57, 96, 146, 196n48
Hippias, 5, 42n54, 196n48
Hippo, 128
Hippomachos son of Athenaios, 165
Hipponikos, 57
Homer, Iliad, 106n46
homologia prosēgageto, 125t
hoplites, 20, 27, 70, 213, 220
Hypereides: Against Philippides, 53n75, 89–90, 92, 109; as anti-Macedonian, 108; appointment as advocate to Amphictyonic Council, 101; Athenogenes, 83n59; on Euthykrates of Olynthos, 90n13; In Defense of Euxenippos, 88n11; proposal to enfranchise atimoi, metics, and slaves, 88n7
Idreios, 142n1
Ilian tyrant-killing law, 6, 173–214; Alexandrian conquest of Asia Minor and, 174; on capital trials lodged by magistrates, 193–95, 206–7; common knowledge generated by, 210; compared to other tyrant-killing legislation, 182; dating of, 7, 199–200; deterrent effect on anti-democratic forces, 207–11; on economic and financial abuses, 187–91, 206; effectiveness of, 207–11; historical context, 199–203; increasing likelihood of mobilization against coup attempts, 209–11; on indictments lodged by lay accusers, 191–93, 206; memory sanction (damnatio memoriae), 196–97, 203–4, 211; nature of tyrannical threat targeted by, 203–7, 208; noncitizens incentivized by, 72, 73, 184, 185, 186; oligarchs and tyrants equated in, 149; participation in anti-democratic coup in any capacity, punishment for, 195–97; punishments for actions committed during overthrow of democracy, 187–97, 213; rewards for those contributing to overthrow of tyrant, 197–99; rewards for tyrant-killers, 73nn41–42, 183–87; rewards for tyrant’s own soldiers, 184, 185, 186, 203; sections of, 182–83; on sham elections, 195, 207; success of democratic regimes following, 208–9; text and translation, 175–82
Ilion: Athena, temple of, 173, 174, 204, 207; under foreign rule, 167, 168, 173, 199–203; inscribed documents, use of, 134n28; prosperity following Alexandrian conquest of Asia Minor, 174, 209; size and population of, 210n85
An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis (Hansen and Nielsen, 2004), 2, 3, 221
Ionian League, 165, 168, 169
Ipsos, battle of, 151n22, 153, 154, 159–63, 201–2n61, 208
Iraq War, 4, 50n69, 146n11
Isagoras stele, 42n52, 105n44
Isaios, 45
Isokrates, 8, 106, 108n50, 122, 155n32
Issos, 125t, 126n18, 141n34
Itanos, 35n39
Jason of Pherai, 8
Kallias, 58, 79