by Adam Cohen
We have been fortunate to have a fine publishing house, Little, Brown and Company, as our partners in this project. Throughout the process, Sarah Crichton has been a great ally and advisor. Jim Silberman believed in the idea and helped us to shape the book in its early stages. Roger Donald entertained us with his colorful stories of the publishing world and provided insightful suggestions about the big picture and the small details. Chip Rossetti shepherded us through the editorial stages adroitly, and Beth Davey and Katie Long cheered us with their unflagging enthusiasm. Mike Mattil’s blue pencil, nuanced reading, and incisive suggestions have improved the text immensely. We are indebted to Kris Dahl, whose grasp of books and publishing, as well as her wise counsel, make her the world’s best agent.
It would have been impossible to complete this book without family and friends who have provided support and inspiration over the years. Many people will find their ideas and worldview reflected in this manuscript: Caroline Arnold, Elisabeth Benjamin, Paul Engelmayer, Diane Faber, Eileen Hershenov, Amy Schwartz, Olivia Turner, Joseph Ellis, and Frances FitzGerald. Jim Kaplan shared his brilliant understanding of politics and Chicago and read every word of the manuscript twice. His belief in the project has sustained us. Barbara Taylor’s values and passions have shaped the book in countless ways. Beverly and Stuart Cohen, who grew up on the streets of New York and never left, inculcated their love of cities, and Noam Cohen was always willing to share his opinions. William and Caroline, take your turns on the computer now.
NOTES
Full biblographic information for the works cited in the Notes can be found in the Bibliography.
The following abbreviations are used throughout:
CA = Chicago American
CDA = Chicago Daily American
CDN = Chicago Daily News
CD = Chicago Defender
CSM = Christian Science Monitor
CST = Chicago Sun-Times
CT = Chicago Tribune
NYT = New York Times
WP = Washington Post
Prologue
1. CBS News Report, 8/29/68.
2. CBS News Report, 8/29/68.
3. CBS News Report, 8/29/68.
4. CBS News Report, 8/29/68.
5. CBS News Report, 8/29/68; Rights in Conflict.
6. CBS News Report, 8/29/68; NYT, 8/30/68; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 160; Chester, American Melodrama, pp. 595–597.
7. Sinkevitch, AIA Guide to Chicago, p. 20.
8. CT, 9/4/97.
9. Jacoby, Someone Else’s House, pp. 301–302.
10. Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, p. 72; Wilson, When Work Disappears, p. 39; CT, 4/12/98.
Chapter 1. A Separate World
1. Sinkevitch, AIA Guide to Chicago, p. 388; Koenig, History of Chicago, vol. 1, p. 654; Diamond Jubilee of the Archdiocese of Chicago, p. 399.
2. Time, 3/15/63; Miller, City of the Century, pp. 464, 506–516.
3. Sinkevitch, AIA Guide to Chicago, p. 387; Miller, City of the Century, p. 441; Chicago Journal, 11/12/80.
4. Sinkevitch, AIA Guide to Chicago, p. 388; Sinclair, The Jungle, p. 36; Miller, City of the Century, p. 203; Sinclair, The Jungle, p. 101.
5. Miller, City of the Century, p. 441; Chicago American, 2/12/65.
6. Kantowicz, “Church and Neighborhood,” pp. 354–355; Tom Donovan, interview with the authors.
7. Skerrett, “Catholic Dimension,” in McCaffrey, The Irish in Chicago, p. 49.
8. Fanning, “The Literary Dimension,” in McCaffrey, The Irish in Chicago, p. 102.
9. CST, 8/24/68.
10. Greeley, Neighborhood, p. 24; Diamond Jubilee of the Archdiocese of Chicago, p. 401; Kennedy, Himself!, p. 33; Fanning, “The Literary Dimension,” in McCaffrey, The Irish in Chicago, pp. 108-109.
11. Chicago American, 2/12/65; CT, 6/13/99; Wittke, The Irish in America, p. 16; CT, 1/13/76.
12. Wittke, The Irish in America, pp. 7–8.
13. Wittke, The Irish in America, p. 100; Shannon, The American Irish, p. 43.
14. CT, 2/26/1855, cited in McCaffrey, The Irish in Chicago, pp. 26, 8.
15. Shannon, The American Irish, pp. 28–29.
16. Greeley, That Most Distressful Nation, p. 42; Eugene Kennedy, interview with the authors; Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, p. 48; Halberstam, “Daley of Chicago,” p. 26.
17. Kennedy, Himself!, p. 35; O’Connor, Clout, p. 16; Royko, Boss, p. 33; CT, 6/17/65.
18. Greeley, That Most Distressful Nation, p. 101; Kennedy, Himself!, pp. 35–36; Gilbert Graham, interview with the authors.
19. Gilbert Graham, interview with the authors; Earl Bush, in Daley: The Last Boss (film documentary, Barak Goodman, producer; aired on The American Experience, PBS).
20. CT, 3/28/55; Ciccone, Daley, p. 51; Kantowicz, “Church and Neighborhood,” p. 359; Wittke, The Irish in America, p. 100.
21. CST, 9/26/68; Ehrenhalt, The Lost City, p. 129.
22. CST, 9/26/68; Fanning, “The Literary Dimension,” in McCaffrey, The Irish in Chicago, p. 110.
23. Kennedy, Himself!, p. 37; Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, pp. 62, xx.
24. Sister Gabriel, quoted in Daley: The Last Boss (film); De La Salle: Chicago’s Great School, 1995 (copy on file with authors); Royko, Boss, p. 35.
25. De La Salle, p. 34; Royko, Boss, pp. 35, 34.
26. Ciccone, Daley, p. 51; Centennial History, pp. 6–37.
27. Kennedy, Himself!, p. 41; Tuttle, Race Riot, p. 199; CST, “Mayor Daley Remembered: 10 Years After His Death, His Family Reflects,” p. 10; Tuttle, Race Riot, p. 199; Gleason, Daley of Chicago, p. 130.
28. Kennedy, Himself!, p. 41; CT, 3/23/72; Fanning, “The Literary Dimension,” in Mc-Caffrey, The Irish in Chicago, p. 103.
29. O’Connor, Clout, p. 19; NYT, 6/27/61; CT, 6/28/61.
30. Tuttle, Race Riot, p. 102; McGreevy, “American Catholics and the African-American Migration, 1919–1970,” Ph.D. dissertation (Stanford, 1992), p. 1.
31. Tuttle, Race Riot, p. 160; NYT, 8/26/63; Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, Myrdal, An American Dilemma, p. 1127; NYT, 8/26/63; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, pp. 45–46.
32. Tuttle, Race Riot, p. 90; Lemann, The Promised Land, p. 339; Grossman, Land of Hope, p. 205.
33. Grossman, Land of Hope, pp. 3–4.
34. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, pp. 45–46; Grossman, Land of Hope, p. 123; Myrdal, An American Dilemma, p. 1127; Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, pp. 81–82, 202.
35. Grossman, Land of Hope, pp. 168, 174; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, pp. 46, 48.
36. Shannon, The American Irish, pp. 4–6; Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, p. 43.
37. McGreevy, “American Catholics,” pp. 22, 120; Grossman, Land of Hope, p. 174.
38. Grossman, Land of Hope, pp. 177, 179.
39. Tuttle, Race Riot, pp. 8–10; Grossman, Land of Hope, p. 179.
40. Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 22; Tuttle, Race Riot, pp. 32, 48, 51.
41. O’Connor, Clout, p. 19; Kennedy, Himself!, p. 43; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 22; Tuttle, Race Riot, p. 33.
42. CT, 3/28/55.
43. Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, pp. 32 –33; Erie, Rainbow’s End.
44. Levine, The Irish and Irish Politicians.
45. Moynihan, “The Irish,” in Glazer and Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot, pp. 224, 226–227.
46. McCaffrey, The Irish in Chicago, p. 62; Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, p. 33; Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, p. 84.
47. Ciccone, Daley, pp. 47, 52; O’Connor, Clout, pp. 21–22.
48. Erie, Rainbow’s End.
49. Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 251; Banfield and Wilson, City Politics, p. 119.
50. Banfield and Wilson, City Politics, p. 117; Bernard Neistein, interview, in Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 62; Jacob Arvey, interview, in Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 4; Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, p. 130.
51. Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, p. 57.
52. Guterb
ock, Machine Politics in Transition, pp. 79–80; Andre Foster, interview with the authors; Liebling, Chicago: The Second City, pp. 123–124.
53. Guterbock, Machine Politics, pp. 83–85; Andre Foster, interview with the authors.
54. Jacob Arvey, interview, in Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 5.
55. Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, p. 180; CT, 3/23/72; Hampton and Fayer, Voices of Freedom, p. 304; Vito Marzullo, interview, in Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 52; NYT, 1/16/67; Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, p. 116.
56. Ciccone, Daley, p. 52; Paul Green, remarks in Daley: The Last Boss (film); Royko, Boss, pp. 40, 52.
57. Royko, Boss, p. 41; NYT Magazine, 9/11/66, p. 188.
58. Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 23; Ciccone, Daley, p. 57.
59. Chicago American, 6/14/65; CT, 3/1/80; Sis Daley, quoted in Daley: The Last Boss (film); Chicago American, 6/14/65; marriage license of Richard J. Daley and Eleanor R. Guilfoyle, on file with county clerk of County of Cook, Illinois; CT, 3/28/55.
Chapter 2. A House for All Peoples
1. Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 8.
2. Allswang, Bosses, Machines, pp. 107–108.
3. Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 31; Allswang, Bosses, Machines, pp. 108–109; Banfield and Wilson, City Politics, p. 18.
4. Tuttle, Race Riot, p. 187; Allswang, Bosses, Machines, pp. 96–99, 101.
5. Gosnell, Machine Politics, pp. 11–12; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 51; Allswang, Bosses, Machines, p. 110; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 93; Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, pp. 48–49.
6. Jacob Arvey, Columbia Oral History Project, p. 21.
7. Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, pp. 94–96; Rakove, We Don’t Want, pp. 31–32.
8. Chicago Herald and Examiner, 10/30/29, cited in Green and Holli, The Mayors, pp. 103, 109.
9. Gleason, Daley of Chicago, pp. 169–170; O’Connor, Clout, p. 47; CT, 6/26/33.
10. Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 9.
11. Biles, Big City Boss, pp. 6–7; Gosnell, Machine Politics, p. 16.
12. Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 33; Biles, Big City Boss, p. 22.
13. Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 140; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 25; Hirsch, “Chicago: Cook County Democratic Organization and the Dilemma of Race, 1931–1987,” in Bernard, Snowbelt Cities, p. 67.
14. Hirsch, “Chicago: Cook County Democratic Organization and the Dilemma of Race, 1931–1987,” in Bernard, Snowbelt Cities, p. 67; CD, 10/20/34.
15. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, p. 352; Biles, Big City Boss, p. 95; Grimshaw, Bitter Fruit, pp. 48–49; Ciccone, Daley , p. 127.
16. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, p. 369; CD, 3/23/35; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, pp. 126–127, 138; Biles, Big City Boss, p. 94.
17. Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 11.
18. Ira Dawson, interview with the authors; New York Herald Tribune, 1/3/49; interview with John Leonard East, in Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 32; Christopher, America’s Black Congressmen (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1971), p. 185.
19. Travis, Autobiography in Black Politics, p. 169; Grimshaw, Bitter Fruit, p. 77.
20. Kennedy, Himself!, p. 90; Ehrenhalt, The Lost City, p. 162.
21. Christopher, America’s Black Congressmen, p. 186.
22. Cooper, “South Side Boss,” XIX Chicago History, 66, 68–69; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 150.
23. Biles, Big City Boss, pp. 98–99.
24. Biles, Big City Boss, p. 100; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, pp. 161–162.
25. Biles, Big City Boss, pp. 100–101; Cooper, “South Side Boss,” p. 71.
26. Ciccone, Daley, pp. 47–48, 50.
27. Ciccone, Daley, p. 58.
28. CT, 4/17/60; Ciccone, Daley, p. 60.
29. O’Connor, Clout, p. 59; Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, p. 48.
30. Ciccone, Daley, p. 66; Kennedy, Himself!, p. 68; Royko, Boss, p. 53.
31. Abraham Lincoln Marovitz, interview with the authors; Royko, Boss, p. 51.
32. CT, 5/12/43; O’Connor, Clout, p. 29; Kennedy, Himself!, pp. 73–74.
33. Ciccone, Daley, p. 61; CT, 4/17/60; Mathewson, Up Against Daley, p. 44.
34. Ciccone, Daley, p. 64; CT, 5/24/45; CT, 7/13/44, cited in Biles, Big City Boss, p. 128; CT, 3/25/43.
35. Ciccone, Daley, pp. 62–63.
36. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, p. 221; Baron, Building Babylon; Bowly, The Poorhouse, p. 18.
37. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, p. 46; Squires et al., Chicago: Race, Class, pp. 99–100; Bowly, The Poorhouse, p. 17; Warren, “Subsidized Housing in Chicago,” p. 3; Bowly, The Poorhouse, pp. 18, 27; Meyerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, p. 17.
38. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, pp. 223–224.
39. Meyerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, pp. 17–18; CSM, 5/26/47.
40. CST, 6/20/50.
41. CT, 4/19/42; CST, 6/20/50; James Fuerst, interview with the authors; Edward Holmgren, interview with the authors.
42. Meyerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, p. 263; CST, 4/19/42; CSM, 3/1/51.
43. CST, 6/20/50; Edward Holmgren, interview with the authors; Myerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, p. 287.
44. Polikoff, “Low-Rent Public Housing”; Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, p. 226; Meyerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, p. 121; Bowly, The Poorhouse, p. 27.
45. Bowly, The Poorhouse, p. 27; Squires et al., Chicago: Race, Class, p. 101; Bowly, The Poorhouse, p. 28.
46. Bowly, The Poorhouse, p. 38; memo from H. A. White, housing manager, Frances Cabrini Homes, to Elizabeth Wood (on file with the authors).
47. Bowly, The Poorhouse, pp. 34–45; Meyerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, pp. 122–123.
48. Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 27.
49. CDN, 11/4/46; Ciccone, Daley, p. 68.
50. O’Connor, Clout, p. 30; Royko, Boss, p. 52; CT, 4/8/75.
51. CT, 8/21/48; CT, 8/18/45; CT, 9/20/46; CT, 8/25/46; Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, p. 179.
52. Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, p. 415; McCullough, Truman, pp. 520–523; Ciccone, Daley, p. 68.
53. Kennedy, Himself!, p. 79.
54. Biles, Big City Boss, p. 135; Bowly, The Poorhouse, p. 46.
55. Meyerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, pp. 124, 141; Bowly, The Poorhouse, pp. 47 50.
56. James Fuerst, interview with the authors; Meyerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, p. 125.
57. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, pp. 2, 76; CD, 12/7/46; CT, 12/6/46; CT, 12/6/46; CD, 12/7/46; CD, 12/14/46; Meyerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, pp. 125-126; Bowly, The Poorhouse, p. 50.
58. Squires et al., Chicago: Race, Class, p. 101; Meyerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, p. 126.
59. Meyerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, pp. 126–128.
60. Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 3; Berkow, Maxwell Street, p. 247; “Jacob M. Arvey,” New York Herald Tribune, 10/30/49; “Jacob M. Arvey, Democratic Boss of Chicago in the 1940s, Dead at 81,” NYT, 8/26/77.
61. Hirsch, Snowbelt Cities, p. 66; Green, Mayor Richard J. Daley, p. 150; Whitehead, “The Ward Boss Who Saved the New Deal”; Kennedy, Himself!, p. 81; Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 12.
62. Colonel Jacob Arvey, Adlai Stevenson project, Columbia Oral History Project (Introduction by Kenneth Davis, Chicago, IL, 5/24/67).
63. Kennedy, Himself!, p. 76; CST, 10/29/47; Royko, Boss, p. 52; Kennedy, Himself!, p. 81.
64. Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 11; Ciccone, Daley, p. 74.
65. Ciccone, Daley, p. 74; CT, 12/21/48.
66. CT, 1/17/50.
67. Bowly, The Poorhouse, p. 76; Meyerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, pp. 23, 28, 35, 136–137; Warren, Subsidized Housing, p. 6
; Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, pp. 223–234.
68. Warren, Subsidized Housing, p. 6; Meyerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, pp. 26, 153–187, 190–191; Granger and Granger, Lords of the Last Machine.
69. Meyerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, pp. 195–197; Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, pp. 226–228.
70. Ciccone, Daley, pp. 70-71, 102.
71. Ciccone, Daley, pp. 71, 75.
72. Ciccone, Daley, p. 76; CT, 1/9/50.
73. CT, 6/14/51; CT, 6/26/50.
74. McCullogh, Truman, p. 814; Ciccone, Daley, p. 78; Biles, Daley, p. 31; O’Connor, Clout, p. 72.
75. CT, 11/5/50; O’Connor, Clout, p. 74.
76. Time, 12/11/50; Mathewson, Up Against Daley, p. 45.
77. Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, pp. 90–94.
78. Mathewson, Up Against Daley, p. 46; Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, p. 101.
79. Time, 12/11/50.
Chapter 3. Chicago Ain’t Ready for Reform
1. Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, p. 101; Royko, Boss, p. 61.
2. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, pp. 470–494.
3. Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, pp. 174, 170.
4. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, p. 494.
5. Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, pp. 171–172; Wilson, Negro Politics, pp. 54, 65 n.6.
6. Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 169.
7. Wilson, Negro Politics, p. 206.
8. Ramparts , 9/7/68; Ira Dawson, interview with the authors; Reed, The Chicago NAACP, p. 186; Congressional Record, 79th Congress, 1st Session.
9. Ira Dawson, interview with the authors; Grimshaw, Bitter Fruit, p. 108; Ehrenhalt, The Lost City, pp. 163–164.
10. Christopher, America’s Black Congressmen, p. 187.
11. Interview with Edison Love, in Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 41.
12. Rakove, We Don’t Want, pp. 18 19. –
13. Ciccone, Daley, pp. 101 102, 104. –
