by Adam Cohen
14. Mathewson, Up Against Daley, p. 46; Ciccone, Daley, p. 79.
15. O’Connor, Clout, p. 76.
16. Gleason, Daley of Chicago, p. 135.
17. CT, 7/22/53; Ciccone, Daley, p. 80.
18. Mathewson, Up Against Daley, pp. 47 48; Ciccone, Daley, p. 80.
19. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, p. 229; James Fuerst, interview with the authors; Meyerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, p. 242.
20. CD, 5/2/53; Statement of Elizabeth Wood, 8/30/54, p. 3; Hirsch, “Massive Resistance in the Urban North,” p. 526.
21. Hirsch, “Massive Resistance in the Urban North,” pp. 522–523; CD, 8/13/53.
22. CD, 8/13/53; Hirsch, “Massive Resistance in the Urban North” pp. 522, 527, 531; Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, p. 81.
23. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, p. 187; Hirsch, “Massive Resistance in the Urban North,” pp. 531, 533.
24. CD, 2/13/54; Hirsch, “Massive Resistance in the Urban North,” pp. 529, 531; CT, 10/3/53.
25. Hirsch, “Massive Resistance in the Urban North,” pp. 528–530, 536; Bowly, The Poorhouse, p. 82.
26. Statement of Elizabeth Wood, 8/30/54, p. 2; CT, 4/15/53; Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, p. 234; CT, 4/17/53; Meyerson and Banfield, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, p. 267 n.
27. Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 246.
28. CT, 3/1/54.
29. O’Connor, Clout, pp. 94–95, 103.
30. Ciccone, Daley, pp. 97, 113–114.
31. James Fuerst, interview with the authors.
32. Statement of Elizabeth Wood, 8/30/54, p. 2; CD, 8/28/54; CT, 8/25/54; Statement of Elizabeth Wood, 8/30/54, pp. 1–3; CT, 8/31/53; Edward Holmgren, interview with the authors; Minutes of a Special Meeting of Commissioners of Chicago Housing Authority Held August 31, 1954; Resolution No. 54-CHA-235.
33. CT, 9/1/54; CT, 8/31/54; CD, 9/4/54; CT, 10/29/54.
34. CT, 10/26/54; NYT, 7/10/61; NYT, 7/31/61; CT, 10/12/71.
35. Edward Holmgren, interview with the authors.
36. Bowly, The Poorhouse, p. 83; Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, p. 236; Edward Holm-gren, interview with the authors.
37. CD, 8/28/54; In the next decade, Trumbull Park and Lathrop kept their informal quotas of only a handful of black families. Lawndale had only two black families out of almost 130 in 1965, and Bridgeport had none. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, p. 239.
38. Gautreaux case, Affidavit of Tamaara Tabb, 12/7/66; CST, 3/3/64.
39. “Problems and Promise of Public Housing in Chicago,” speech of Jean S. Fuerst to Chicago City Club, 3/2/64.
40. House & Home, July 1957; James Fuerst, interview with the authors.
41. O’Connor, Clout, pp. 97-98; Biles, Daley, p. 36.
42. Ciccone, Daley, pp. 115–116; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 206.
43. Kennedy, Himself!, p. 102; CT, 12/16/54; Mathewson, Up Against Daley, p. 52; Time, 3/7/55.
44. O’Connor, Clout, p. 102; NYT, 12/20/54.
45. Kennedy, Himself!, pp. 104 105; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 208. –
46. CT, 12/21/54; Time, 1/3/55; NYT, 12/26/54.
47. Gleason, Daley of Chicago, pp. 124–127, 196; Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 277.
48. Gleason, Daley of Chicago, pp. 196 197. –
49. Gleason, Daley of Chicago, p. 197.
50. CT, 12/31/54.
51. Martin, Adlai Stevenson, p. 283; Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, p. 90.
52. Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, p. 69; Martin, Adlai Stevenson, p. 284; Gleason, Daley of Chicago, p. 199.
53. Kennedy, Himself!, p. 120; CT, 2/20/55; CT, 2/15/55.
54. Kennedy, Himself!, pp. 113–114; Mathewson, Up Against Daley, p. 53; CT, 2/11/55.
55. Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 215; Kennedy, Himself!
56. Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 252; O’Connor, Clout, p. 108; Johnson, Successful Reform Litigation, p. 482; CT, 2/7/55.
57. CT, 2/6/55.
58. CT, 2/22/55; CT, 2/1/55; CT, 2/7/55.
59. CT, 2/5/55; Ciccone, Daley, p. 120.
60. Time, 3/7/55; CT, 2/5/55; CT, 2/24/54; CT, 2/25/55.
61. CT, 2/14/55; CT, 2/20/55; Mathewson, Up Against Daley, pp. 41–42; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 215.
62. Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 208; CT, 2/21/55; CT, 2/18/55.
63. CT, 2/8/55; CT, 2/20/55; CT, 2/11/55.
64. CT, 2/21/55; CT, 2/22/55.
65. O’Connor, Clout, pp. 114–115.
66. Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 38; CT, 2/24/55; O’Connor, Clout, p. 115.
67. Ciccone, Daley, pp. 130–131.
68. Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, p. 180; O’Connor, Clout, p. 114.
69. CT, 2/14/55; CT, 2/23/55; CT, 2/24/54; NYT, 3/7/55.
70. NYT, 12/26/54; New York Post, 3/14/55.
71. Rakove, We Don’t Want, pp. 263–264.
72. Halberstam, “Daley of Chicago,” p. 26; Life, 2/8/60; National Observer, 2/11/62; Rakove, We Don’t Want, pp. 45–46.
73. Time, 4/18/55; Beatty, The Rascal King, p. 11.
74. Daniel Rostenkowski, interview with the authors; Allswang, Bosses, Machines, p. 21.
75. CT, 3/6/55.
76. CT, 3/4/55; CT, 3/10/55; Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 264.
77. CT, 3/7/55; CT, 3/21/55; Mathewson, Up Against Daley, p. 54.
78. Ira Dawson, interview with the authors; CD, 4/2/55; CT, 3/29/55; South Deering Bulletin, 5/7/55, 11/11/55; Hirsch, “Cook County Democratic Organization and the Dilemma of Race, 1931–1987,” in Bernard, Snowbelt Cities, pp. 75–76; Hirsch, “Massive Resistance in the Urban North,” pp. 540, 549; CST, 7/22/73; Gleason, Daley of Chicago, p. 205.
79. CT, 3/17/55; CT, 3/21/55; Time, 4/18/55.
80. CT, 3/5/55; CT, 3/26/55; Ciccone, Daley, p. 134.
81. NYT, 2/23/55; NYT, 12/26/54; CT, 4/5/55; CT, 3/6/55; Lindberg, To Serve and Collect, p. 286.
82. CT, 3/23/55; Time, 3/15/63.
83. Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, p. 232; Time, 4/18/55; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 40.
84. Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 264; Mathewson, Up Against Daley, pp. 54–55.
85. Kennedy, Himself!, p. 122; CT, 2/24/55; CDN, 2/24/55, quoted in Biles, Richard J.Daley; CT, 2/28/55; CT,3/30/55.
86. Kalina, Courthouse over White House, p. 11; CT, 4/3/55.
87. CT, 3/4/55; CT, 4/4/55; Rakove, We Don’t Want, pp. 264–265.
88. CST, 4/6/55; CT, 4/6/55.
89. Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 216; O’Connor, Clout, p. 121.
90. CT, quoted in O’Connor, Clout, p. 121; New York Herald Tribune, 7/9/60; Time, 2/7/55; O’Connor, Clout, p. 124.
Chapter 4. I Am the Mayor and Don’t You Forget It
1. Riordon, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, p. 23; Erie, Rainbow’s End, pp. 15, 177, 122; Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, p. 284.
2. CT, 4/6/55; CT, 4/7/55.
3. CT, 4/8/55; Gleason, Daley of Chicago, p. 215.
4. CT, 4/21/55; Gleason, Daley of Chicago, p. 217.
5. Kissinger and Booth, “Welcome to Chicago: Meet the Men Who Own It,” p. 30; Grimshaw, Bitter Fruit, p. 93; CT, 4/15/55; Edward Burke, interview with the authors.
6. Ehrenhalt, The Lost City, p. 44.
7. Edward Marciniak, interview with the authors; Rakove, We Don’t Want, pp. 255, 286.
8. Johnson, Succeeding Against the Odds, pp. 315–316.
9. Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, p. 60; NYT, 3/14/99; CT, 2 /24/55; Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, p. 204.
10. Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, p. 220.
11. Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, pp. 204, 284; NYT, 4/8/73; William Singer, interview with the authors; Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, pp. 214–215.
12. CT, 4/22/55; CT, 1/19/57; CT, 2/22/58; CT, 12/4/57; Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, pp. 179–180.
13. Edward Marciniak, interview with the authors; Sullivan, Legend, p. 160.
/> 14. O’Connor, Requiem, p. 22; Sullivan, Legend, pp. 76–77.
15. Royko, Boss, p. 9; CT, 9/7/57; CDN, 2/23/58.
16. Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, p. 298; Newsweek, 7/13/70; Chicago American, 6/14/65; CT, 3/1/80.
17. Eugene Kennedy, interview with the authors; NYT, 5/5/57.
18. CT, 2/12/57.
19. CT, 5/16/55; CT, 3/1/80; CA, 6/14/65; People, 12/23/74; CST, 2/23/55; CA, 4/22/56.
20. CT,4/25/55,; Life, 2/8/60; David Sathl, interview with the authors; CT, 8/3/55; CT, 9/27/62; CT, 3/27/55; CT, 8/3/55; Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, p.299; CT, 12/11/57.
21. David Stahl, interview with the authors; Daniel Rostenkowski, interview with the authors; Time, 3/15/63; Chester, Hodgson, and Page, An American Melodrama, p. 107.
22. Edward Marciniak, interview with the authors; Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, p. 47; interview with Lois Wille, Daley, WTTV, 1986.
23. Sullivan, Requiem, p. xx; Ed Burke, interview with the authors.
24. Liebling, Chicago: The Second City, p. 125.
25. Tom Donovan, interview with the authors.
26. Tom Donovan, interview with the authors; Martha Fitzsimmons, interview with the authors; Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, pp. 112–113.
27. Letter of William Dawson to John S. Boyle, 1/24/50, in the William Dawson Papers, Fisk University Library.
28. Frady, Jesse: The Life and Pilgrimage of Jesse Jackson, pp. 186–187; Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 248.
29. Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, p. 115; Bill Recktenwald, interview with the authors.
30. Tom Donovan, interview with the authors; Affidavit of Theodore Beaureguard, Shakman v. Democratic Organization of Cook County, No. 69-C-2145, U.S. Dist. CT. for the N. Dist of Illinois, E.D.; CT, 8/10/58; Stipulation of Fact Between Plaintiffs and Defendant Richard J. Elrod, Shakman; letter from James C. Murray to Raymond J. Hunt, 6/15/66, James C. Murray Papers, Chicago Historical Society, Box 233-327; 5th Ward Organization File, Leon Despres Papers, Chicago Historical Society, Box 72, Folder 2; CT, 8/10/58.
31. Affidavit of Leon Depres, Shakman v. Democratic Organization of Cook County; Affidavit of Ida Barnes, Shakman v. Democratic Organization of Cook County.
32. Brief of Plaintiffs, Shakman v. Democratic Organization of Cook County, pp. 36–37; James Murray, interview with the authors; Affidavit of Lynn Williams, Shakman v. Democratic Organization of Cook County.
33. O’Connor, Requiem; Jerry Torshen, interview with the authors.
34. Beschloss, Taking Charge, p. 168.
35. CT, 5/18/55; CT, 5/22/55.
36. Granger, Lords of the Last Machine; CT, 10/9/55; CT, 12/8/55.
37. CT, 12/5/55.
38. “Some People Are Trying to Create Tension,” draft speech, Leon Despres Papers, Chicago Historical Society, Box 69-6.
39. Mayer and Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis, p. 376; Rast, Remaking Chicago, p. 26; NYT, 5/5/57.
40. Miller, City of the Century, pp. 265–266; McBrien, The Loop, p. 266; CT, 9/24/57; Miller, Here’s the Deal, pp. 6, 76; Mayer and Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis, p. 452; Squires et al., Chicago: Race, Class, p. 154; Rust, Remaking Chicago, p. 27.
41. Bowen, William, “Chicago: They Didn’t Have to Burn It Down After All,” Fortune, 1/65, p. 145; U.S. News and World Report, 5/27/55; CT, 12/7/55.
42. CT, 5/1/55; CT, 9/24/55; CT, 5/4/55.
43. William Stratton, interview with the authors; CT, 4/29/55.
44. CT, 5/14/55; CT, 10/26/55; CT, 10/27/55; William Stratton, interview with the authors.
45. CT, 7/19/55; CT, 11/20/62; CT, 4/21/56.
46. CT, 8/9/55; CT, 7/1/55; CT, 8/25/55.
47. CT, 8/31/55; CT, 4/21/56; CT, 7/8/56; CT, 4/24/56.
48. CT, 7/19/55; NYT, 5/14/55; CT, 11/12/58.
49. Daniel Rostenkowski, interview with the authors; Kennedy, Himself!, p. 45.
50. CT, 9/23/58.
51. Granger, Lords of the Last Machine; CT, 11/23/62; CT, 12/4/57.
52. Peterson, School Politics Chicago Style, p. 11; Fortune, 6/62, p. 153; Edward Marciniak, interview with the authors.
53. Rakove, Don’t Make No Waves, pp. 78–79; Seymour Simon, interview with the authors.
54. CD, 6/18/55; Charles Swibel interview with Nathan Thomas, summer 1986, courtesy of Professor James Ralph; Edward Marciniak, interview with the authors; Anthony Downs, interview with the authors.
55. CD, 6/18/55; CD, 7/9/55; CD, 7/9/55; CD, 8/17/57; CD, 10/29/55.
56. CD, 10/29/55.
57. Hirsch, “Massive Resistance in the Urban North,” p. 549; Hirsch, Dilemma of Race, p. 78.
58. Gunther, Inside U.S.A., p. 372; Squires et al., Chicago: Race, Class, p. 155.
59. Rubloff, “Central Business District Slum,” in the Arthur Rubloff Papers, Box 8, Folder 13, at Chicago Historical Society; Squires et al., Chicago: Race, Class, p. 154; Banfield and Clark, “The Fort Dearborn Project” (second draft), in the Edward Banfield Papers, Box 7, Folder 5, Chicago Historical Society.
60. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, p. 104; Bowen, “They Didn’t Have to,” pp.145-146; Sinkevitch, AIA Guide to Chicago, pp.356, 373-75.
61. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, pp. 108 –113; Bowen, “They Didn’t Have to,” p. 146.
62. Sinkevich, AIA Guide to Chicago, p. 371.
63. Statement of Holman D. Pettibone Re: Proposed Legislation in Ill. G.A. to Dissolve Chicago Land Clearance Commission, May 11, 1961, in Pettibone Papers; Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, pp. 122–125; Remarks of Ferd Kramer, Potomoc Chapter of the National Association of Housing and Redevelopment Officials, Washington, D.C., 11/18/60, in Holman Pettibone Papers, Chicago Historical Society; Bowen, “They Didn’t Have to,” p. 146.
64. Tom Cokins, interview with the authors; Chicago Central Area Committee, “What’s Happening in Chicago,” Chicago, 1958; CT, 9/8/57.
65. Miller, Here’s the Deal, p. 4.
66. “Letter to Richard J. Daley from James C. Downs, Feb. 28, 1956,” in Holman Pettibone Papers, Chicago Historical Society; “Statement by Mayor Daley, March 29, 1956,” pp. 4–5, in Pettibone Papers; CT, 7/13/56.
67. Life, 2/8/60; CT, 12/20/55.
68. O’Connor, Requiem; CT, 1/6/56.
69. CT, 3/7/56; CT, 3/6/56.
70. CT, 3/7/56; CT, 4/6/56.
71. CT, 4/24/56.
Chapter 5. Public Aid Penitentiary
1. Edward Marciniak, interview with the authors.
2. Bowly, The Poorhouse, p. 121; “Fact Sheet Regarding CHA Projects,” in Gautreaux v. CHA files, Businessmen and Professionals in the Public Interest; Bowly, The Poor-house, pp. 19–21, 113–114, 129–130; Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, p. 241.
3. “Fact Sheet Regarding CHA Projects,” in Gautreaux v. CHA files, Businessmen and Professionals in the Public Interest; Motion for Summary Judgment, Gautreaux v. CHA, No. 66-C-1459, U.S. District Court for the N. District of Illinois, in Gautreaux v. CHA files, Businessmen and Professionals in the Public Interest; Bowly, The Poorhouse, pp. 125–126.
4. Bowly, The Poorhouse, pp. 125, 128; CDN, 4/10/65; CST, 9/2/60; Chicago Urban League, Public Housing: Chicago Builds a Ghetto (1967).
5. Edward Marciniak, inteview with the authors; Bowly, The Poorhouse, pp. 64–65; James Fuerst, interview with the authors.
6. CD, 3/26/49.
7. Banfield and Meyerson, Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, p. 144.
8. Bowly, The Poorhouse, p. 126; CDN, 7/27/59; Bertrand Goldberg, interview with the authors; CST, 6/3/59; CST, 6/3/59.
9. CST, 6/2/59; Bowly, The Poorhouse, pp. 123–127.
10. Lewis, Divided Highways, p. 122; CT, 6/8/55; CT, 6/6/56.
11. Mayer and Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis, p. 446; Don Rose, interview with the authors.
12. Wilson, When Work Disappears, pp. 38–39.
13. NYT, 9/6/98.
14. Edward Marciniak, interview with the authors; Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, p. 161; Wilson, When Work Disappears, p. 39; Dou
glas Massey, Remarks at Solutions: Reinventing Public Housing, Chicago, Illinois.
15. Roemer, Accardo, p. 176; Time, 7/16/56.
16. Roemer, Accardo, pp. 130, 267; CDN, 2/11/64.
17. Edward Burke, interview with the authors; O’Connor, Clout, p. 114; Daley, F.B.I. Files, Correlation Summary, p. 24.
18. Paul McGrath, interview with the authors, 8/20/98.
19. CSM, 3/26/55; Roemer, Accardo, pp. 230–231; Daley, Confidential F.B.I. Files, “Memorandum to Mr. Belmont Re: Mayor Richard J. Daley”; Daley F.B.I. Files, Correlation Summary, p. 23.
20. CST, 6/6/66; Leon Despres Papers, Chicago Historical Society, Box 173, Folder 2; CDN, 2/11/64; Lens, The Progressive; Roemer, Roemer: Man Against the Mob, p. 105.
21. CT, 8/6/56; CT, 8/9/55; CT, 10/10/55; Sautter and Burke, Inside the Wigwam.
22. CT, 8/10/56; Biles, Richard J. Daley, pp. 54–55.
23. Time, 9/10/56; O’Connor, Clout, p. 142; CT, 8/6/56; CT, 8/21/77.
24. Time, 9/17/56; CT, 10/10/56.
25. CT, 9/1/56; CT, 9/21/56; CT, 10/5/56.
26. CT, 12/3/56.
27. CT, 11/10/56; CT, 1/14/57; CT, 12/2/56; CT, 11/24/56; Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, p. 328; CT, 3/6/58; Rakove, We Don’t Want, pp. 264–265.
28. CT, 1/3/57; CT, 1/15/57; CT, 3/5/57; CT, 3/21/57.
29. CT, 4/3/57; CT, 4/11/57; CT, 4/26/57; CT, 5/30/57; CT, 6/5/57.
30. CHA Press Release, “Swibel Appointed CHA Commissioner,” 3/2/56; CT, 1/30/57; Chicago Courier, 11/17/62, in the Leon Despres Papers, Chicago Historical Society, Box 173, Folder 1; Bertrand Goldberg, interview with the authors; CT, 7/10/63; Time, 4/26/82; Hirsch, Dilemma of Race, p. 78.
31. “CHA Was in Black When I Left: Kean,” CDN, 3/28/58; “Padding Cited in U.S. Report,” CT, 3/27/58.
32. CT, 3/29/58; CDN, 3/28/58; James Fuerst, interview with the authors; CT, 3/28/58; CT, 11/12/97.
33. M.W. Newman, interview with the authors; Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, p. 241.
34. Deposition of Alvin Rose, Gautreaux v. CHA (3/3/68); Deposition of Emil G. Hirsch, Gautreaux v. CHA (3/3/68).
35. CT, 4/19/55; CT, 6/1/55; CT, 2/1/57.
36. CT, 6/24/57; CT, 6/25/57.
37. CT, 12/24/56; CT, 8/23/57; CT, 9/5/57; CT, 9/8/57; CT, 9/15/57.
38. CT, 11/14/57; CT, 10/15/57; CT, 11/5/57.
39. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, p. 65; Hirsch, “Massive Resistance in the Urban North.”
