by Adam Cohen
3. CT, 4/8/65.
4. CST, 5/14/65; CA, 5/28/65; Usdan and Lee, Anatomy of a Compromise, pp. 91–92, 94, 113; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 153.
5. CT, 6/17/65; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, pp. 155–157.
6. “Chicago Is Facing School Aid Fight,” NYT, 6/30/65.
7. NYT, 6/30/65; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 159; CT, 6/30/65; CT, 7/1/65; CT, 6/18/65; CT, 6/12/65.
8. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 400.
9. Young, An Easy Burden, p. 383; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 29.
10. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, pp. 420–421; Ralph, Northern Protest, pp. 1, 3.
11. CDN, 4/16/65; CDN, 4/10/65.
12. CST, 3/8/66; CT, 7/7/65.
13. CST, 10/4/64; Bowly, The Poorhouse, pp. 130, 131; Monsignor John Egan, interview with the authors; Sinkevitch, AIA Guide to Chicago, p. 360; Bertrand Goldberg, interview with the authors.
14. Gleason, Daley of Chicago, p. 98.
15. CDN, 12/20/66; CT, 3/19/64.
16. July 4, 1965, Title VI Complaint of Coordinating Council of Community Organizations, Integrated Education, pp. 10–12; Meyer Weinberg, interview with the authors.
17. New York Herald Tribune, 4/30/65 and 5/1/65; New York Post, 5/2/65; July 4, 1965, Title VI Complaint of Coordinating Council of Community Organizations, pp. 15–32.
18. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 178; NYT, 7/8/65.
19. CSM, 5/22/65; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 178; Bernstein, Guns or Butter; New York Herald Tribune, 5/1/65; New York Herald Tribune, 4/30/65.
20. July 27, 1965, Title VI Complaint of Coordinating Council of Community Organizations, Integrated Education, pp. 24–26; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 178.
21. July 4, 1965, Complaint, pp. 15–17; July 27, 1965, Title VI Complaint of Coordinating Council of Community Organizations, Integrated Education, p. 32; Weinberg and Rich, A Report on Official Segregation in Chicago Public Schools by Coordinating Council of Community Organizations, 7/27/65.
22. Bernstein, Guns or Butter, p. 396; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 345.
23. Paul McGrath, interview with the authors; Edward Marciniak, interview with the authors; Edward Holmgren, interview with the authors.
24. Richard Wade, interview with the authors.
25. “Activists Re-Assess Movement to Integrate Chicago,” All Things Considered, National Public Radio, 4/4/93.
26. Paul McGrath, interview with the authors; Charles Swibel, interview with Bruce Thomas and Robert Nathan, July 1986, in possession of authors; Larry O’Brien to LBJ, 8/11/65, Richard Daley Name File, LBJ Library, Austin, Texas.
27. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, pp. 433–434; CST, 7/27/65.
28. CT, 7/26/65; CT, 7/25/65; CT, 7/30/65.
29. NYT, 8/8/65; Wille, “Mayor Daley Meets the Movement,” Nation, 8/30/65.
30. Kennedy, Himself!, p. 196; Letter of Al Raby to Jack Greenberg, September 18, 1965, Southern Christian Leadership Conference Papers, Atlanta, GA; Time, 8/13/65; NYT, 8/3/65.
31. NYT, 5/2/65; NYT, 4/18/65; CT, 7/22/65.
32. NYT, 4/14/65; CT, 12/30/65; CT, 12/7/65; NYT, 12/5/65; NYT, 4/18/65; CT, 12/24/66.
33. NYT, 8/19/65; Lemann, The Promised Land, p. 167; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 107.
34. NYT, 8/15/65; Time, 7/23/65; Harrington, “The Deserving Poor,” New York Herald Tribune, 6/6/65.
35. NYT, 4/14/65; NYT, 4/15/65; NYT, 6/8/65; NYT, 12/2/65; New York Herald Tribune, 12/3/65.
36. NYT, 12/5/65; NYT, 12/7/65; CA, 12/7/66; conversation of Sargent Shriver and Bill Moyers, in Beschloss, Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes, p. 208; New York Post, 12/22/67.
37. CT, 1/11/66; CT, 3/24/66; CT, 2/26/66; CT, 2/17/66; CT, 2/19/65.
38. Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, pp. 1062–1063.
39. Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, p. 1064; Young, An Easy Burden, p. 380.
40. Hampton and Fayer, Voices of Freedom, p. 298; Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, pp. 367–368.
41. Marches: Chicago, Summer ’66,” in Garrow (ed.), Chicago 1966, p. 2.
42. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 455.
43. NYT, 8/15/65.
44. NYT, 8/15/65; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 114; CT, 8/17/65.
45. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 164; CT, 9/14/65; CT, 9/24/65.
46. Remsberg, Chicago Voices, p. 285; NYT, 7/12/65; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, pp. 178, 179; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 115; interview of Francis Keppel, 4/21/69, in the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas.
47. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 179; Bernstein, Guns or Butter, p. 395; interview of Francis Keppel, 4/21/69, in the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas; NYT, 10/17/65.
48. Telephone call between Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard J. Daley, 1/20/64, transcript in Beschloss, Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes, pp. 168–169; Diary of Lady Bird Johnson, 4/21/64, Johnson Library, Austin, Texas; Bernstein, Guns or Butter, p. 396.
49. “A Chronology of Deferral,” Integrated Education, issue 18, p. 8.
50. Bernstein, Guns or Butter, pp. 395–396; interview of Francis Keppel, 4/21/69, in the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 16.
51. Meyer Weinberg, interview with the authors; CT, 10/6/65; CT, 10/7/65; CDN, 10/6/65, quoted in Integrated Education, p. 9.
52. Interview of Francis Keppel, 4/21/69, in the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas; CSM, 4/16/66; NYT, 12/31/65; NYT, 10/17/65; Kraft, “Integrating Northern Schools,” New York Post, 11/11/65; NYT, 9/18/65.
53. CT, 10/11/66.
54. CT, 11/10/65.
55. NYT, 7/23/65; CT, 11/30/65; CT, 12/8/65.
56. CD, 10/91– 5/65; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, pp. 447–448; Meyer Weinberg, interview with the authors; CD, 1/8–14/66.
57. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 452; CD, 1/8–14/66.
58. Civil Rights 1960–66, p. 397; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 349; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, pp. 456–457.
Chapter 10. All of Us Are Trying to Eliminate Slums
1. Ralph, Northern Protest, pp. 48–49.
2. Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 45; Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, pp. 362–363.
3. Wall Street Journal, 7/19/66; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, pp. 47, 346–347.
4. Ehrenhalt, The Lost City, p. 183; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 354; Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, p. 373; Levinsohn, “The Crusade that Failed,” Chicago Times, May/June 1988, p. 68; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 47.
5. CD, 1/8–14/66; CD, 1/22–28/66; Abernathy, The Walls Came Tumbling Down, p. 371; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 55; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 352; Young, An Easy Burden, p. 388; Weisbrot, Freedom Bound, p. 182.
6. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 465; Abernathy, The Walls Came Tumbling Down, p. 371; Meyer Weinberg, interview with the authors; CD, 2/19–25/66; CD, 2/12–18/66.
7. CD, 1/29–2/4/66; Weisbrot, Freedom Bound, pp. 180–181.
8. CT, 1/27/66.
9. CT, 1/28/66; CT, 2/1/66; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 353; CD, 2/12–18/66.
10. CT, 2/11/63.
11. Young, An Easy Burden, p. 392; CT, 3/2/66; CD, 2/12–18/66; CT, 2/12/66.
12. CD, 1/29–2/4/66; CT, 2/1/66; CT, 3/15/66.
13. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, pp. 460–461; Ralph, Northern Protest, pp. 73–75; NYT, 6/17/65.
14. CT, 2/26/66.
15. Ralph, Northern Protest, pp. 56, 57, 79; CT, 2/26/66.
16. CT, 3/4/66.
17. CT, 12/4/66.
18. CST, Midwest Magazine, 5/19/74.
19. CA, 12/17/66; CT, 12/18/66; CDN, 3/14/66; Seymour Simon, interview with the authors.
20. Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 357;
Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 466; CT,3/18/66.
21. CT, 4/1/66; CT, 3/15/66; CT, 3/19/66.
22. CT, 6/22/66; Frady, Jesse, p. 202; Weisbrot, Freedom Bound, p. 184; CT, 6/22/66; CT, 6/21/66.
23. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 466.
24. CD, 3/19/66; CT, 3/19/66; CT, 3/25/66; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 122; CT, 3/25/66; CT, 3/26/66.
25. CT, 3/25/66; CT, 3/28/66; CT, 3/29/66.
26. CT, 3/8/66; CD, 4/16–22/66.
27. Sinkevitch, AIA Guide to Chicago, pp. 98–100; Berger, They Built Chicago, pp. 273–274.
28. CT, 3/20/66.
29. CDN, 12/23/57; John Duba, interview with the authors.
30. CA, 6/10/65; CST, 6/10/65.
31. John Gunther, interview with the authors; David Stahl, interview with the authors; CT, 3/20/66; “The Mayor’s Whiz Kids,” Chicago Magazine, Winter 1966, p. 61; CDN, 10/17/61; CT, 10/5/66; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 45; Rast, Remaking Chicago, p. 27.
32. CT, 4/24/66.
33. CT, 4/19/66; CT, 4/1/66; CT, 4/23/66; CT, 4/28/66; “The 1966 Bond Issues,” p. 4, in Jim Murray Papers, Box 227–233, Chicago Historical Society.
34. CT, 4/6/66; CT, 4/8/66.
35. John Perkins, interview with the authors; Miles Berger, interview with the authors; Miller, Here’s the Deal, pp. 19–22; Sinkevitch, AIA Guide to Chicago, p. 71; CT, 5/2/66; CT, 5/3/66.
36. CT, 3/22/66; CT, 4/1/66.
37. Peterson, School Politics, p. 81; CT, 5/7/66; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 481; CT, 4/28/66; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 358.
38. Ralph, Northern Protest, pp. 94–95; CT, 5/27/66.
39. Time, 7/1/66; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, pp. 359, 373; CT, 6/19/66; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 123.
40. Sobel, Civil Rights 1960–66, p. 375; Jacoby, Someone Else’s House, p. 93; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 185.
41. Sobel, Civil Rights 1960–66, p. 378; Time, 7/15/66.
42. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 201; NYT, 7/9/66; Ralph, Northern Protest, pp. 101–102; Finley, The Open Housing Marches, p. 12.
43. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, pp. 197–198.
44. Finley, The Open Housing Marches, p. 8.
45. NYT, 7/9/66.
46. CT, 7/10/66; NYT, 7/11/66.
47. Hampton, Voices of Freedom, p. 306.
48. Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, pp. 362–366; CT, 7/16/66.
49. CT, 7/11/66.
50. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 208.
51. Hampton, Voices of Freedom, p. 307; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 108.
52. NYT, 7/12/66; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 208.
53. Ralph, Northern Protest, pp. 108–109; Biles, Richard J. Daley, p. 124; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 365; NYT, 7/12/66.
54. Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, pp. 374–375; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 212; NYT, 7/18/66.
55. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, pp. 210–212; Travis, Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 374.
56. NYT, 7/18/66; NYT, 7/16/66; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 213.
57. NYT, 7/16/66; CT, 7/16/66; CT, 7/18/66.
58. CT, 7/18/66; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 111; CD, 8/16–22/66.
59. CT, 8/15/66; NYT, 7/26/66; Hampton, Voices of Freedom, p. 310; NYT, 7/16/66; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 111.
60. NYT, 7/17/66; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 214; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 112.
61. CT, 8/26/66; NYT, 7/18/66; NYT, 7/20/66; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 113.
62. Hampton, Voices of Freedom, p. 311; NYT, 8/6/66; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, pp. 216, 218, 223.
63. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 223; “Activists Re-Assess Movement,” National Public Radio; Don Rose, interview with the authors.
64. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 224; Hampton, Voices of Freedom, p. 312.
65. CT, 8/3/66; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 130.
66. Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 143.
67. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 227; “Activists Re-Assess Movement,” National Public Radio; Travis, An Autobiography of Black Politics, p. 389.
68. NYT, 8/6/66; Young, An Easy Burden, p. 412.
69. Don Rose, interview with the authors; Hampton, Voices of Freedom, p. 313; “Activists Re-Assess Movement,” National Public Radio; NYT, 8/6/66; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 123; Sobel, Civil Rights 1960–66; Weisbrot, Freedom Bound, p. 183; NYT, 8/6/66.
70. CT, 7/7/66; CST, 7/27/66.
71. CT, 8/9/66; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, pp. 228–229; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 144.
72. NYT, 8/9/66; Oudes, “The Siege of Cicero,” The Nation, 3/27/67, pp. 398, 399; CT, 8/4/66; NYT, 8/10/66; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 229; Weisbrot, Freedom Bound, p. 183; Hampton, Voices of Freedom, p. 314.
73. Sobel, Civil Rights 1960–66, p. 401; Ralph, Northern Protest, pp. 145, 151.
74. NYT, 8/11/66; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 159; Young, An Easy Burden, pp. 414– 415; Meyer Weinberg, interview with the authors.
Chapter 11. The Outcome Was Bitterly Disappointing
1. Ralph, Northern Protest, pp. 147–148, 152; CT, 8/11/66.
2. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 271; CD, 8/20–26/66; John McKnight, interview with the authors; McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966; p. 122.
3. John McKnight, interview with the authors; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 238.
4. CT, 8/18/66; Connolly, “Chicago Open Housing Conference,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966: Open Housing Marches, p.74.
5. McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, p. 120, CD, 8/20–26/66.
6. McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, pp. 113–114.
7. McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, pp. 116, 241.
8. McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, pp.117-118.
9. McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, pp. 119–121.
10. John McKnight, interview with the authors; McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, p. 122.
11. CT, 8/18/66; McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, p. 123; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 508.
12. CT, 8/19/66; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 156; McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, p. 125.
13. McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, pp. 124–127.
14. McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, pp. 127–130.
15. McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, pp. 130–131; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 511; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 250.
16. Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, p. 385; McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, pp. 131–132, 138; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 512.
17. McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, pp. 132–133.
18. McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, p. 135; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, pp. 253–254.
19. CT, 8/18/66; CT, 8/19/66; CT, 8/20/66; Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 257.
20. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 254; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 142.
21. Robert Warden, interview with the authors.
22. CT, 7/8/68; Jerome Torshen, interview with the authors; CT, 8/21/66; CT, 8/20/66.
23. CT, 8/20/66.
24. CT, 8/20/66; Yarbrough, Judge Frank Johnson, pp. 120–212; CT, 8/25/66; CT, 8/26/66.
25. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 257;
Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 164; CT, 8/23/66.
26. Weisbrot, Freedom Bound, p. 183.
27. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 259; CD, 8/27/66.
28. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, pp. 262, 272; CT, 8/27/66.
29. McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, p. 139.
30. McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, pp. 139–144.
31. McKnight, “Summit Negotiations,” in Garrow, Chicago: 1966, pp. 144–145; CT, 8/27/66.
32. CT, 8/29/66.
33. Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 195.
34. Anderson and Pickering, Confronting the Color Line, p. 274; Young, An Easy Burden, p.416; Ralph, Northen Protest, pp.197-98.
35. CT, 9/8/66; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 200.
36. CT, 9/23/66; Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 207; “Activists Re-Assess Movement,” National Public Radio; Levinsohn, Crusade That Failed, p. 71.
37. Downs, Anthony, interview with the authors; Ralph, Northern Protest, pp. 208–209.
38. CT, 9/15/66.
39. NYT, 11/6/66.
40. Wall Street Journal, 10/28/66; 11/25/66; CT, 10/5/66; CT, 11/6/66; CT, 10/9/66; CT, 10/13/66; CT, 11/2/66; CT, 10/24/66; CT, 10/26/66; CT, 11/4/66; CT, 11/5/66.
41. CT, 11/6/66; NYT, 11/6/66; CT, 11/5/66; CT, 11/3/66; NYT, 11/2/66.
42. CT, 11/9/66.
43. NYT, 11/10/66; NYT, 11/13/66; CT, 11/10/66; CT, 11/9/66.
44. CT, 11/27/66.
45. CT, 11/30/66; CT, 12/7/66; Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, p. 395, Ralph, Northern Protest, p. 223.
Chapter 12. Shoot to Kill
1. CT, 12/7/66; CT, 12/10/66; CT, 12/30/66; Rakove, We Don’t Want, pp. 281–282; Wall Street Journal, 3/31/67.
2. James Murray, interview with the authors; Time, 2/25/67.
3. Comprehensive Plan of Chicago, Summary Report, p. 4; CT, 12/15/66; CT, 12/13/66.
4. CT, 1/5/67; CT, 1/15/67.
5. NYT, 1/16/67; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 538; CT, 7/22/67.
6. CT, 1/8/67; Grimshaw, Bitter Fruit, p. 124; Fremon, Chicago Politics Ward by Ward, p. 193; NYT, 1/16/67.
7. CT, 1/18/67; NYT, 1/17/67; CT, 1/25/67; CT, 2/8/67.
8. CT, 1/31/67; Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 283.
9. Wall Street Journal, 3/31/67; Rakove, We Don’t Want, p. 282; CT, 4/5/67; CSM, 4/6/67.
10. CT, 2/10/67.
