Locally Laid
Page 24
CHAPTER 22
His data followed the nation’s shift away from the early-twentieth-century model: Dr. Stewart Smith, “Sustainable Agriculture and Public Policy,” Maine Policy Review 2, no. 1 (1993): 68–78, http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mpr/vol2/iss1/13.
Every action, from washing to peeling to dehydrating to the spraying on of sodium acid pyrophosphate … was now handled by the marketing sector: “Are You Eating Fake Mashed Potatoes?” Fooducate, accessed April 27, 2015, http://blog.fooducate.com/2010/04/12/are-you-eating-fake-mashed-potatoes/.
Researcher Willard Cochrane calls it the Agricultural Treadmill: Virgil W. Dean, An Opportunity Lost: The Truman Administration and the Farm Policy Debate (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006), 235.
CHAPTER 23
Mortality rates in outdoor laying hens dropped from 40 percent in the early 1900s to a mere 5 percent in modern caged operations: “American Egg Farming: How We Produce an Abundance of Affordable, Safe Food and How Animal Activists May Limit Our Ability to Feed Our Nation and World,” United Egg Producers, http://www.unitedegg.org/information/pdf/American_Egg_Farming.pdf.
“not properly lighted as pullets”: “Lighting for Small Scale Flocks,” University of Maine Cooperative Extension Publications, accessed April 13, 2015, http://umaine.edu/publications/2227e/.
Poultry hysteria is a terrible condition: Dr. Ashleigh Bright, “Investigating Losses from Smothering in Commercial Poultry Flocks,” Poultry Site, October 1, 2011, accessed April 4, 2015, http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/2194/investigating-losses-from-smothering-in-commercial-poultry-flocks/.
Index
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your ereader.
A
agribusiness, 197, 259. See also Big Ag; megafarms
agriculture
commodity, 265–66
consolidation in, 51, 197–98
economics and, 259–61
economies of scale in, 1 93, 197
farm-to-store model of, 220
government subsidies in, 40, 288
history in United States of, 95–98, 263–65
household income in, 194
industrial model of, 182
innovation in, 265–66
market share in, 203
organic, 191–95
sustainable, 288
vertical integration in, 184, 203, 267
aimClear (social media), 224–25
American Egg Board, 51
American Gothic (Wood), 95
Amish
history of, 241–42
as partners, 239–40, 242–43, 246
technology and, 201, 244–45
Amish, The (book), 241
Ammann, Jacob, 242
Amundsen, Abbie (daughter)
egg carton advertising and, 105–6
injured chickens and, 65, 100–102
in restaurant, 103–4
in school, 70–71, 292
Amundsen, Brian (Jason’s brother)
moving to farm, 281
overdose and recovery of, 24–25, 28–30
working at farm, 176–78, 232
Amundsen, Jason (husband)
in Cambodia, 24–25, 28–31
grant-writing jobs of, 15–16, 22–23, 33
illness of, 117–18
labors of, 82, 116–17, 141, 169–70
living on the farm, 70, 81–82, 106
proposing egg farm, 8–13
recruiting customers, 135–35
stress of, 80, 141, 163–64, 171–72
urban farming of, 5–6
Amundsen, Lucie B. “Bird” (author)
agriculture research of, 196–98
blog of, 109, 215, 233, 288–90
competitions and, 212–34, 250, 266–67
farming studies of, 268–78
father of, 92–95, 226
on Fox News Business, 230
in graduate school, 18–19, 161, 218
marketing workshop of, 269
Middle Ag education of, 258–60, 263, 266–67
at poultry workshop, 269–78
publicity efforts of, 135–36, 213–17
on public radio, 289–90
role in farming of, 199–200
working at ad agency, 106, 161
working at mansion, 195, 222
writing career of, 14–15, 80, 93
Amundsen, Milo (son)
backyard chickens and, 28, 104–5
entrepreneurship of, 105–8, 219–20
in school, 71, 292
Amundsen, Mimi (Jason’s mother), 52–53, 176, 255
Amundsen family
decision on living at farm, 252–56, 279–80
“Gratefuls” and, 121
sailing and, 132–33
urban flock of, 25–28, 104–5
Applied Poultry Science Project, 269–78
Apprentice, The, 219–20
AquaMagic V (egg-washing machine), 116, 155–57
Arndt, Milton H., 50–51
B
battery cages, 9, 50–51, 160
beak trimming, 63–64
Big Ag, 33, 181–82, 197. See also agribusiness; megafarms
Bittman, Mark, 182
blog, 109, 215, 233, 288–90
blowout, 101–2
Blum, Gail, 44, 48
brand awareness, 137
broiler bird industry, 73, 183–84, 203–4
brooding, 33–34, 131, 277–78
Brown, Jerry, 183
Butz, Earl, 98
C
Cabin Life (magazine), 93
cage-free egg production, 9, 72, 94, 130
cage systems, 9, 50–51, 160
calcium, 50, 102
candling eggs, 156
carbon footprint, 136, 152, 286
cartons, 105–6, 108, 155
Charlotte’s Web (White), 233–34
Chester Bowl Fall Fest, 136–37
Chicken Health Handbook, The, 101
chicken meat industry. See broiler bird industry
chickens. See also pullets; flocks
aging, 282
anatomy and physiology of, 50, 168, 273–74, 277
behavior of, 36, 83, 277
blood spots on eggs of, 156
blowout in, 101–2
breeds of, 51, 73
broody, 148
calcium and, 50, 102
chasing, 103
crouching, 129–30
culling, 283–84
diseases of, 268, 273
droppings of, 145
egg laying by, 100–101, 146, 148
forced molting and, 72
grooming behavior of, 63
holding and handling, 270–71
humans and, 136
hysteria of, 277–78
infertility of, 274
lay rate of, 79–80
medical issues of, 100–102
mortality rate of, 275
nesting habits of, 48
nutrition of, 50
“pasty butt” and, 268
pecking order of, 63–64, 102, 144–45
personality types of, 146–48
point of lay of, 32
as prey animals, 64, 101–2, 270–71
prolapsed oviduct in, 101–2
reproduction of, 129–30
salmonella and, 154–55
sleep of, 90
stressed, 63–64, 69–70
trimming beaks of, 63–64
underweight, 102
unsocialized, 36
vaccination of, 154–55
chicken tractors, 25–26, 276
circadian clock, 168
cloaca, 130
Cochrane, Willard, 265–66
cod liver oil, 50
comb, 144, 274
commodity prices, 98
; Continuing the Good Life (Nearing and Nearing), 43
contract egg production, 202–8
convenience products, 264–65
corn
non-GMO, 37, 39, 73, 136
surplus of, 97–98
Cornish Cross chickens, 73
cottage industry, 49–50
crop (in chicken), 273
cropland, 193
crouching, 129–30
cuticle (egg coating), 154
D
dairy parlors, 127
Daly, Herman, 261
Dan’s Feed Bin, 70–71
DDT, 96
Dean (farm seller), 231–32, 250–51
Department of Labor and Industry, 122
Diet for a Small Planet (Loppé), 52
Duluth, Minnesota, 11, 18, 19, 23, 24, 46, 58, 70, 104, 106, 120, 152, 154, 176, 195, 214, 234, 240, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256, 268, 269, 279, 280, 289
Aerial Lift Bridge at, 133
support of, 223–27
as untamed, 15–16
urban farm movement in, 4–5
Duluth Grill, 118, 134–35, 155, 172, 198
Duluth News Tribune, 225
E
eco-growers, 192
Economic Development Center, 211
economic theory, 259–61
egg-bound hens, 100–101
egg production
chicken breeds in, 51
egg sizes in, 158–59
history of, 49–50
industry consolidation in, 51–52
lighting in, 50, 168
mechanization in, 51
nesting boxes in, 48–49
nutrition in, 50
over life of hen, 79
product cost in, 159–60
revolving pasture process in, 55–56
in winter, 50
egg production contract, 243
egg washing, 70, 152–59, 180, 245–46
electric fencing, 84
energy, in economic theory, 259–61
Environment Department of the World Bank, 261
Eric (editor), 233, 272
Erickson, John (architect), 44, 48, 232
European Recovery Program, 97
European Union, egg washing and, 154, 180
euthanasia, 272
F
Facebook, 71, 75–77, 109
Farmer Veteran Coalition, 191
farms and farming
autonomy and, 245
bankruptcies in, 98
buying from local, 198–99
commodity prices and, 96–98
consolidation in, 197–98
contract production and, 202–8
history in United States of, 49–50, 95–98
household income in, 194
models of, 258
organic versus conventional, 181–83
size of, 193
farm-to-store model, 220
feed bin, 83
feed meal, 74
First Law of Thermodynamics, 259–61
flats, 155
flexible fencing, 56, 102–3
flocks. See also chickens
size of, 49, 51
social order in, 64, 144
food aid, 97
food and feeding
cost of, 73
crop impaction and, 273
non-GMO corn and, 37, 39, 73, 136
nutrients in, 102, 276
organic feed and, 37
scratch as, 139
troughs for, 99–100
Food at the MidLevel Farm, 256
food dollar, 263–65
foodies, 110–12
food miles, 108, 136, 152, 286
food production system, 95–98
food waste, 182
forced molting, 72
Fox Business News, 230
free-range chickens, 9
G
gizzard, 274
Glensheen mansion, 195, 222, 296
GMO feed, 37, 39, 73, 136
Graf, Rod, 44, 48, 128
grocery store chains, 209–10
grooming, 63
H
Hanson, Randy, 195–96
Hanson, Tom, 118, 198
high-fructose corn syrup, 97–98
homestead movement, 43–44
hoop coops, 47–48
hormones, 168, 277
I
infertility, 274
integrators, 203–4, 210
International Poultry Conference, 178–81, 184, 193
international relations, 97
Intuit competition, 212–34
K
Koch (agribusiness), 203
Kubota (“BoBo”), 57, 169
L
lay rate, 79–80
Leghorn chickens, 51
light, egg production and, 50, 168, 277
Living the Good Life (Nearing and Nearing), 43
Locally Laid Egg Company (LoLa)
arrival of pullets at, 58–62, 115–16
business plan of, 79, 152–53
buying farm, 241
contract egg production and, 202, 205–8, 243
criticisms of, 71, 75–77, 284–88
customers for, 118, 134, 207–8
dead chickens at, 80, 116
distressed chickens at, 64–65, 82–85
egg cartons of, 108, 155
egg washing at, 127–28, 134, 152–59, 245–46
environmental impact of, 136, 152
equipment for, 57
feeding at, 37, 83–84, 102, 116–17, 139, 153, 273
financial stress of, 161–62, 172–73, 287–89
first eggs at, 130–32
gathering eggs at, 140, 142–43, 146–49
hoop coops at, 46–48, 52–53
inducing birds to roost, 88–90
infirmary at, 65, 84, 100–102
inspection at, 119–20, 122–23, 134
as integrator, 210
introducing birds to pasture, 86–87
Intuit contest and, 212–34
“kitchen cabinet” of, 44–45
laying rates at, 152–53, 172, 282
licensing brand of, 184, 201
loan for, 211–12, 231
logo of, 110, 208, 212, 225, 287
as market disruptor, 185–86
Middle Ag and, 34, 195–200, 208
minivan refitted for, 150
mission of, 110–11
moving to new farm, 231–32
name of, 107, 284–86
office of, 217–18
origin of, 8–12
publicity for, 135–36
refrigerated building at, 128
renting land for, 41–42
social media and, 109, 134, 214, 223, 253, 289
source of pullets for, 34–37
success of, 289–91
Tshirts sold by, 137, 209, 262, 289–90
videos for, 213, 223
watering at, 116–17, 140, 153, 169–70
well at, 166–69
winter at, 166–71
locavores, 107–8, 135
logo, 110, 208, 212, 225, 287
LoLa. See also Locally Laid Egg Company
as logo chicken, 110, 208, 287
as name for every chicken, 99, 136, 292
M
mandatory discount, 209–10
manure, 204
Marshall Plan, 97
meat bird industry. See broiler bird industry
mechanization, 41–42, 96
medullary-style bones, 50
megafarms, 193. See also agribusiness; Big Ag
Mencken, H. L., 136
Mennonites, 241–42
Michael (workshop leader), 270, 274–75
Middle Ag/middle agriculture, 34, 196–200, 208, 266
Milo’s Yolks and Jokes, 105
Minnesota Cup competition, 250, 266–67
monoculture, 263–64
MOSES conference, 191–95
Myron (supplier)
brooding pullets,
34–37
first delivery by, 58–62
second delivery by, 115–16
N
Nearing, Helen and Scott, 43–44
nesting boxes, 48–49, 145–46
New Yorker, The, 136
nitrate fertilizers, 96
Northeast Monthly, 50
Northwest School of Agriculture, 50
O
“off-farm income,” 194
Olin, Matt, 110
organic agriculture, 191–95
organic feed, 36–38
overwintering, 139
P
paddock, 55–56
papilla, 130
parasites, 274
pasture system, 55–56, 102–3, 274–75
“pasty butt,” 268
pecking order, 64, 102, 144
Perdue (agribusiness), 203
Pilgrim’s (agribusiness), 203
pineal glands, 168
pin money, 49–50
pituituary gland, 277
point of lay, 32
Pollan, Michael, 38, 222–23
Popular Mechanics, 64
Poultry Butlers, 87
poultry farms. See farms and farming
poultry houses, 45–46
Poultry Times, 49
production concentration, 183–84
prolapsed oviduct, 101–2
pubic bones, 274
pullets, 32, 34, 158, 277. See also chickens
R
Rancic, Bill, 219–21
regulations, 155, 245
relationships
with Amish, 239, 247–49
business-to-business, 198
with grocery store chains, 209–10
with partner farmers, 240
of restaurants with local farms, 198–99
remittance system, 210
resources, in economic theory, 259–62
restaurants, local farms and, 198–99
roosts and roosting, 89–90
rose-colored glasses, 64
Rural Sociological Society, 242
Ruth (Amish farmer), 242–43, 246–49
S
Salatin, Joel, 8, 222
salmonella, 154–55
Sandy (farm seller), 231–32, 250–51
scratch, 139
Second Law of Thermodynamics, 259, 261
selective breeding, 50
sex-link chickens, 26
Simmons, Menno, 241–42
Singer, Julie, 49
Smith, Sarah, 266
Smith, Stewart, 256, 258–59, 266
social media, 109, 134, 214, 222–23, 246, 253, 289
Solow, Robert, 260–61
spent hens, 71–74
sperm host glands, 129
stackable birdcages, 50–51
State Rules for Egg Processing and Sales, 33
Steady State (Daly), 261
stew hens, 74, 283
Swim Creative, 106
T
treading, 130
troughs, 99–100
Trump, Donald, 219–20