A Naval History of World War I
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Grand Fleet: strength of, 6–9, 25–26, 38; rigid battle orders of, 10; prewar strategy of, 22; deployment of, 24, 27, 47–48; and Scarborough raid, 40–42; and Canadian convoy, 86–87; is reinforced, 95; and assistance to Russians, 199, 206, 219–20, 312; strategy of, 287, 311, 332–33, 403–4; and German raid on Lowestoft, 313; moves base to Rosyth, 314, 317; and Jutland, 315–27; changes in, after Jutland, 327–28; and operations of 19 August 1916, 330–31; destroyer requirements of, 347, 356, 363, 385; fuel stocks of, 362; submarine hunting operations of, 366–68; and Scandinavian convoy, 376, 379, 403, 417, 420; and action of 17 November 1917, 377; is joined by U.S. battleships, 404–5; morale in, 445; and aviation, 441, 443; in Scheer’s plans, 445–46. See also Beatty; Jellicoe
Grant, Rear Admiral Heathcote S., 395
Grasset, Rear Admiral Maurice-Ferdinand-Albert, 358, 449
Grasshoff, Kapitän zur See Kurt, 337, 400
Great Britain, Air Ministry, 415
Great Britain, Army (units): Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry, 70–71; Third Army, 120; 29th Division, 111, 116
Great Britain, Board of Trade, 352
Great Britain, Foreign Office: and Mediterranean, 7; opposes mining, 34; and blockade, 49; vetoes Limpus’s appointment, 63; and Churchill’s North Sea plans, 101; opposes Alexandretta landing, 107; and Scandinavian convoys, 352
Great Britain, Ministry of Shipping, 355, 360, 361
Great Britain, Navy: nineteenth-century supremacy of, 1; and German challenge, 2–4, 7–9; gunnery of, 6, 9, 328; bases of, 9–10; prewar strategy of, 21–22, 101; and transport of BEF, 28; use of submarines by, 30; and mine warfare, 34, 344–45; expeditions by, against German colonies, 82, 83; and Dardanelles, 116; and Persian Gulf, 124; and operations on Tigris-Euphrates, 125–29, 130–31; and Anatolia cattle raids, 132–33; and supplies to North Russia, 133–37; and convention with Italians, 143–44; and assistance to Italy, 145–46, 151; and Strait of Otranto, 158–61, 165–66, 387; ineffective antisubmarine measures of, 296; employs Q-ships, 300; seaplane raids on zeppelin bases by, 311–12, 314, 441; and problems with cordite and shells, 327–28, 404; and Mediterranean, 384, 386, 389–90, 392–95; and large liners, 436; and Northern barrage, 438–41; and aviation, 441; carrier operations of (1918), 442–43. See also Admiralty; convoys; Grand Fleet
Great Britain, Navy (formations): First Battle Squadron, 377, 443; Second Battle Squadron, 40, 324; Third Battle Squadron, 39, 45, 313–14, 417; Fourth Battle Squadron, 347; Fifth Battle Squadron, 315, 319, 321; Sixth Battle Squadron (U.S. battleships with Grand Fleet), 404, 420, 449; Seventh Battle Squadron, 87; Second Battle Cruiser Squadron, 419; Third Battle Cruiser Squadron, 315, 320–21; First Cruiser Squadron, 321; Second Cruiser Squadron, 393; Third Cruiser Squadron, 45, 313; Sixth Cruiser Squadron, 24; Ninth Cruiser Squadron, 95, 363; Tenth Cruiser Squadron, 24, 48–50, 363, 371, 374; Cruiser Force “C,” 24; Cruiser Force “E” (11th Cruiser Squadron), 24; Cruiser Force “G,” 24; First Light Cruiser Squadron, 30, 314, 443; Second Light Cruiser Squadron, 319, 330; Third Light Cruiser Squadron, 379; Fourth Light Cruiser Squadron, 323; Seventh Light Cruiser Squadron, 419, 443; First Destroyer Flotilla, 30, 314; Second Destroyer Flotilla, 30; Third Destroyer Flotilla, 27, 32; Sixth Destroyer Flotilla, 35; Eighth Destroyer Flotilla, 33; Sixth Submarine Flotilla, 24; Eighth (Overseas) Submarine Flotilla, 24; Tenth Minesweeping Flotilla, 311. See also Battle Cruiser Fleet; Channel Fleet; Grand Fleet; Harwich Force
Great Britain, War Cabinet, 360
Great Britain, War Committee, 206, 268, 353
Great Britain, War Council: and Borkum project, 103; and Belgian coast, 105; and Dardanelles campaign, 110, 111, 123; and Constantinople, 112; and Alexandretta, 113; and Mesopotamia, 128; and proposed Danube operations, 268
Great Britain, War Office: and Mediterranean, 7; and continental commitment, 22; fears German invasion, 39; and Churchill’s North Sea schemes, 101; and defense of Suez Canal, 107; and Mesopotamia, 130; and operations on Syrian coast, 134; and proposed Danube operations, 269; and troop movements to Salonika and Egypt, 389
Greece, 133, 384, 529n. 53
Greece, Navy, 16, 529n. 53
Grenfell, Commander Harold G., 199, 200
Gribble, Bernard, 359
Grigorovitch, Vice Admiral Ivan K., 17
Guépratte, Rear Admiral Emile-Paul-Aimable, 64, 110, 115, 116
Hague Convention (1907), 34, 67
Haig, Field Marshal Sir Douglas, 350, 415
Halahan, Lieutenant Commander R. C., 201
Haldane, 1st Viscount (Richard Burdon Haldane), 7
Hall, Commodore Sidney Stewart, 200
Hall, Captain William Reginald, 10, 37, 114, 428. See also Room 40
Hamilton, General Sir Ian, 112, 120
Hankey, Colonel Maurice P. A., 111, 268–69, 360
Hartlepool, 40, 41
Hartog, Kapitän zur See, 323
Harwich Force: deployment of, 24; opening moves of, 27; and Scarborough raid, 40–41; and Dogger Bank action, 45; operations of, against German sorties, 311; and raid on Lowestoft, 313; and Jutland, 316; and operations of 19 August 1916, 330; and German destroyer raids, 347–48; and Dutch convoys, 351; use of aircraft by, 443; and German evacuation of Flanders, 444; receives surrender of U-boats, 448; mentioned, 376, 417. See also Tyrwhitt
Haun, Fregattenkapitän, 80
Haus, Admiral Anton: meets Revel, 15, 140; and Constantinople, 53; and assistance to Goeben, 54, 57; is suspicious of Italy, 60; justifies defensive strategy, 61; strikes first blow at Italians, 144–45; and Serbian campaign, 154–56, 159; and action of 29 December 1915, 157; and Conrad, 167–68; death of, 168; and submarine construction, 382–83; supports German submarine warfare, 385; mentioned, 151, 175
Hayes-Sadler, Captain Arthur, 124, 255, 256
Heimburg, Oberleutnant zur See Heino von, 118, 119, 148
Heinecke, Korvettenkapitän, 378–79, 408–9
Heinrich, Admiral Prince of Prussia: given Baltic command, 26, 182–83; and Mischke, 184; and operations in Baltic, 185, 190, 192, 198, 211–12; and Libau, 193, 502n. 20; and British submarines, 203–4, 207; and Gulf of Riga, 207; and Operation Albion, 214; mentioned, 447, 502n. 7
Heinrich, Kapitän zur See Paul, 182, 214, 216, 219
Helgoland, action (1914), 30–32
Helgoland, action (1917), 377–78, 403
Helgoland, island, 10, 101, 102, 106
Helsingfors, 180, 181, 221–22
Henderson, Commander Reginald Guy, 355, 360
Hentsch, Lieutenant Colonel Richard, 267
Herbert, Lieutenant Commander Godfrey, 301
Hersing, Kapitänleutnant Otto, 33, 118, 292, 381
Herwig, Professor Holger, 337
Hezlet, Vice Admiral Sir Arthur, 296, 303, 324, 336, 365
High Sea Fleet: strength of, 5, 7, 9, 25–26, 39; bases of, 10; strategy of, 23, 27; and Scarborough raid, 40–42; morale in, 47, 375, 421; and Baltic, 203, 214–15; operations of (1916), 304, 311–13; and Jutland, 315–27; and sortie of 19 August 1916, 330–31; and support of submarine operations, 333, 421; weight of, as “fleet-in-being,” 356, 417; operations of (1917), 375–77; and assistance to Flanders flotillas, 408, 410, 416; and Scandinavian convoy, 418–21; attacked by British carrier aircraft, 441–42, 444; and plans for Flottenvorstoss (1918), 444–46; mutiny in, 447; arrives for internment, 448–49. See also Germany, Navy; Ingenohl; Pohl; Scheer
Hindenburg und Benckendorff, Field Marshal Paul von: and Operation Albion, 214; and submarine construction, 339; and submarine warfare, 368, 430; mentioned, 326, 337, 422
Hipper, Rear Admiral Franz: commands scouting group, 26, 38; and Helgoland action, 32; bombards Yarmouth, 39; and plans for Atlantic sortie, 40, 87; raids Scarborough and Hartlepool, 40–42; and Dogger Bank action, 44–45; in Baltic, 196–98; and Jutland, 315, 317–21, 323; and Scandinavian convoy, 418–19; assumes command of High Sea Fleet, 422; and plans for Flottenvorstoss (1918), 445, 447; and internment of High Sea Fleet, 448–49; mentioned, 313
Hoffm
an, Colonel Max, 198
Holbrook, Lieutenant Norman D., 119
Holtzendorff, Admiral Henning von: and North Russia, 136; becomes chief of Admiralstab, 302; and submarine warfare, 304–6, 308, 329, 335, 368, 430; and memorandum of 22 December 1916, 337–38; retirement of, 422; mentioned, 303, 322
Hood, Rear Admiral Hon. Horace L. A., 35, 315, 320, 321
Hope, Rear Admiral George P. W., 397
Hopman, Rear Admiral Albert: and Baltic operations, 191, 193, 195, 212; and Operation Albion, 214, 217, 219; as head of NATEKO (Black Sea), 257
Hornby, Rear Admiral R. S. Phipps, 86, 87, 94
Horthy de Nagybánya, Linienschiffskapitän Nikolaus: raids drifters (July 1916), 161; and action of 15 May 1917, 162–66, 166; becomes Flottenkommandant, 171; and plans for offensive against Otranto barrage, 174–75; mentioned, 173, 177
Horton, Lieutenant Commander Max K., 33, 188, 192, 195, 203
Howard, Esme, 210
Howe, Admiral of the Fleet Richard, Earl, 326
Huguet, Rear Admiral A. L. M., 70
Hungary, 382, 383
Hutier, Lieutenant General Oskar von, 214
hydrophones: as antisubmarine device, 343–44, 367, 424, 440; in Strait of Otranto, 397, 398; and U.S. Navy, 399, 432
India, Army, 86, 106
India, Army (units): 6th Division, 124, 127; Fortieth Pathans, 71
India, Government of, 124, 125, 130
Indian Ocean: and German cruisers, 72, 75–78, 373; and Japanese navy, 90, 373
Ingenohl, Admiral Friedrich von: strategy and deployment of, 23, 26, 39; and raids on British coast, 40–42; and Dogger Bank action, 44; is relieved, 47; and submarine warfare, 293; mentioned, 287, 288
insurance, marine, 68, 303
Irben, strait, 195, 197, 199, 206, 213–17
Irish Sea, 424
Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912), 15, 109, 388
Italy: and Triple Alliance, 11, 140; declares neutrality, 52, 73; negotiates with Entente, 61, 62; and Libya, 109, 388; moves toward war, 116; and naval command in Adriatic, 139–40, 400; enters war, 140, 144; ambitions of, in Albania, 153; and Germany, 382, 385, 388; and coal shortage, 394
Italy, Navy: and decision to build dreadnoughts 7, 11, 13; strength of, 13–14; and Triple Alliance, 15, 51; and Adriatic geography, 140; and division of fleet, 150, 153, 166; stalemate causes friction in, 151–52; and Albania, 153; and evacuation of Serbian army, 158; and British drifters, 161, 165–66; losses of, 166–67; and plans for landing in Istria, 167; and guerrilla war in Adriatic, 172–73; sinks Viribus Unitis, 177; movements of, after armistice, 178; reluctance of, to pool escorts, 394; and Brazilian naval force, 395; and Otranto fixed barrage, 398. See also Abruzzi; Adriatic; Thaon di Revel
Jackson, Admiral Sir Henry Bradwardine: and German colonies, 82; becomes First Sea Lord, 117; and Dardanelles, 121; and Danube, 269; and Rosyth, 314; and mines, 345; objections of, to convoys, 353–54; and French request for destroyers, 385
Jackson, Rt. Hon. Huth, 58
Jackson, Captain Thomas, 316
James, Captain William M., 420
Jane’s Fighting Ships, 66, 298
Japan: attitude of, alarms Germans 71, 72; declares war on Germany, 73, 88; and expedition to Tsingtau, 74; sends naval force to Mediterranean, 393
Japan, Navy: and Mediterranean, 18, 393; strength of, 19; and Emden, 75; and coast of Mexico, 80; and assistance to British, 82, 90, 91; and pursuit of Spee, 85, 95, 96; and agreement with Admiralty, 90–91; and search for raider Wolf in Indian Ocean, 372–73
Japan, Navy (formations): First Fleet, 74; Second Fleet, 74; First South Sea Squadron, 89, 90, 96; Second South Sea Squadron, 90, 96; Third Squadron, 74; Tenth Destroyer Flotilla, 393; Eleventh Destroyer Flotilla, 393; Fifteenth Destroyer Flotilla, 393
Jellicoe, Admiral Sir John Rushworth: named C-in-C Grand Fleet, 10, 23; strategy of, 23–24, 37–38, 311–12, 314, 331–32; and estimates of strength, 26–27, 38, 39, 94; and Norway, 28; and lack of a secure base, 29, 33; and Helgoland action, 30; and Scarborough raid, 40–42; and Dogger Bank action, 45; and Canadian convoy, 87; relief of, after Falklands success, 100; opposes North Sea projects, 102, 103; and Zeebrugge, 105; and drifters for Otranto, 160; and preliminaries to Jutland, 314–17; and Jutland, 318–26, 348; and operations of 19 August 1916, 330–31; becomes First Sea Lord, 343; and mine warfare, 344–45; and Flanders campaign (1917), 350; and convoy system, 355, 360; and Sims, 357–58; recommends withdrawal from Salonika, 360, 391–92; on importance of destroyers, 363; and Grand Fleet submarine hunts, 367; dismissed as First Sea Lord, 379, 403; and Mediterranean, 385, 400; and Bacon, 406–7; and Northern barrage, 438; mentioned, 313, 329
Jerram, Vice Admiral Sir Thomas Henry Martyn, 70, 72–75, 85, 91, 321
Jeune École, 1, 11
Joffre, General Joseph-Jacques-Césaire, 35, 60, 105, 111, 120
Jonquières, Vice Admiral Marie-Pierre-Eugène de Fauque de, 201, 202
Jutland, battle of: German destroyer strength at, 27; preliminaries to, 314–17; battle cruiser action at, 318–19; main and night action at, 320–25; losses at, 325–26; aftermath of, 326–28; mentioned, 9, 312, 314, 329, 340, 348, 404–5, 417
Kahle, Fregattenkapitän, 349
Kanin, Vice Admiral B. A., 193, 208, 211
Karl I, Kaiser, 171, 177, 286
Karpf, Commodore Hans von, 194, 195
Kathen, Lieutenant General von, 214
Keal, Loch na, 29, 33
Kelly, Captain William A. Howard, 56
Kemp, Commodore Thomas W., 135
Kerber, Vice Admiral L. F., 186, 193, 204
Kerillis, Rear Admiral Henri de, 70
Kerr, Lieutenant Commander Charles L., 266, 271
Kerr, Rear Admiral Mark, 160, 161
Keyes, Commodore Roger John Brownlow: as Commodore (S), 24, 29, 188; and Helgoland action, 30, 32; warns of patrol by Bacchante, 33; on Fisher, 36; and Scarborough raid, 41–42; and Cuxhaven raid, 43; and Dogger Bank action, 45, 46; at Dardanelles, 112, 115–17, 120–22; opposes evacuation, 121–23; criticizes Allied Mediterranean agreement, 386; and Channel Barrage Committee, 406–7; and Dover Patrol, 408–10; and Zeebrugge raid, 411–15; and control of naval aircraft, 415–16
Khomenko, Rear Admiral, 243
Kiel: visited by British squadron, 10–11; and project for British attack, 102, 103
Kiel Canal, 10, 101, 179
King-Hall, Rear Admiral Herbert G., 77, 95
King-Hall, Commander Stephen, 47, 48
Kitchener, Field Marshal 1st Earl (Horatio Herbert Kitchener): and Borkum project, 103; and Belgian coast landing, 105; favors Alexandretta scheme, 107, 113, 122; and defense of Egypt, 108; and Dardanelles campaign, 111, 117, 121–23; and Danube, 268; death of, 329
Knorr, Korvettenkapitän Wolfram von, 97, 241, 246
Koch, Vice Admiral Reinhard, 375
Kogrund Channel, 211
Köhler, Fregattenkapitän Erich, 78, 79
Kolbe, Kapitänleutnant Constantin, 428
Kolbe, Kapitänleutnant Hans, 378, 409
Kolchak, Rear Admiral Alexander V., 183, 209, 245–47, 251–52
Kophamel, Korvettenkapitän Waldemar: commands Mediterranean U-boat flotilla, 305, 384, 388, 396; commands U35, 382; commands U140, 433
Kövess von Kövessháza, General Hermann Baron, 271
Kress von Kressenstein, Colonel Friedrich, 107
KuK Kriegsmarine. See Austria-Hungary, Navy
Kungsbacka Fjord, Sweden, 101
Kurosch, Vice Admiral A. P., 209
Kut, 128–31
Lacaze, Rear Admiral Marie-John-Lucien, 121, 155
Laeso Channel, 101
Lagosta, island, 141, 147–49, 167
Lake, Lieutenant General Sir Percy H. N., 130
Langemak, Rear Admiral, 211, 212
Lans, Vice Admiral Wilhelm von, 288, 289
Lansing, Robert, 305
Lapeyrère. See Boué de Lapeyrère
Larken, Captain Frank, 107
Laurence,
Lieutenant Commander Noel F., 188, 192, 198, 200, 208, 333
Layton, Lieutenant Commander G., 200, 201
Lazistan, 238–46
Lemnos, 111, 112
Leonhardi, Fregattenkapitän Max, 376
Leslie, Norman A., 360
Lettow-Vorbeck, Lieutenant Colonel Paul von, 83
Leveson, Rear Admiral Arthur C., 101
Levetzow, Kapitän zur See Magnus von, 214, 288, 310, 337, 422, 445
Levy, Professor Hermann, 337
Libau, 180, 184, 188, 191–93
Libya, 109, 388–89. See also Cyrenaica; Tripolitania
Liechtenstein, Fregattenkapitän Johannes Prince von und zu, 162
Liman von Sanders, Lieutenant General Otto, 227
Limpus, Admiral Sir Arthur Henry, 62, 63, 122, 389
Lissa, battle of (1866), 14, 139, 150
Liverpool and London War Risks Association, 68, 386
Lloyd George, David, 268, 350, 357, 360, 401
London, Declaration of (1909), 202, 291
London, Treaty of (1915), 143
Looff, Fregattenkapitän Max, 77
Lossow, Colonel Otto von, 241
Lovčen, Mount: Cattaro dominated by batteries on, 53; French artillery on, 60; in Italian plans, 142, 151; captured by Austrians, 157
Lowestoft, 313, 314
Luce, Captain John, 100
Lucich, Linienschiffskapitän Karl, 261
Luckner, Kapitänleutnant Felix Graf von, 373–74, 524n. 119
Ludendorff, General Erich: major offensive of (1918), 172, 410, 414, 417, 422; and Operation Albion, 214; and coal for Turkey, 255; and Black Sea Fleet, 257; and submarine war, 268, 430; and labor for submarine construction, 370, 422
Lukin, Vice Admiral, 252
Lyakhov, General, 239
Maas, Rear Admiral Leberecht, 31, 32
Macedonia, campaign, 106, 109, 120. See also Salonika
Mackensen, Field Marshal August von: and offensive against Serbia, 152, 271; and Romanian campaign, 247, 275–76, 278–79, 281, 283; and Donauflottille, 285
MacMunn, Brigadier Sir George Fletcher, 130
Malta: and 1912 redeployment, 6–7; is used by French, 58, 59; supports Dardanelles campaign, 62; Allies establish Direction Général for antisubmarine warfare at, 392
Malta Conference (March 1916), 386–87, 392
Manisty, Fleet Paymaster Henry Wilfred Eldon, 361