Kitchen, Claude, 142
Klaw and Erlanger, 73, 74, 115
Kleine, George, 120
Knight, Arthur, 5, 279
Knights of Pythias, 154
Knox, George L., 224
Koszarski, Richard, 163, 271
Kracauer, Siegfried, 279
Ku Klux Klan
anti-communism and, 254
anti-Klan films, 269
audience cheers, 126, 127
Depression-era decline, 241
Dixon and, 38, 46–7, 201–2
film scenario, 82–3
Griffith’s library and, 192
history versus Birth, 201–4, 203
Justice White and, 112
Laurens riot, 204
musical score and, 107
NAACP fights revival of, 235–41
in North Carolina, 30
portrayal in Birth, 21–5, 194–5
setting and plot, 6
still photos, 23, 25
remake plans and, 261
revival of, 14, 231–5, 235–41, 245
screenings of Birth, 125
uses Birth to recruit, 9, 239, 249
widens scope, 234
Wilson on, 198, 199, 200
Ku Klux Klan—Its Origins, Growth and Disbandment (Lester and Wilson), 192
Lady in the Dark (film), 269
Lady of the Pavements (film), 267
Laemmle, Carl, 71, 163
Lang, Robert, 12, 16, 103, 188, 205
Langum, David J., 220
Lasky. See Famous Players-Lasky
The Last Temptation of Christ (film), 8
Lawrence, Florence, 70, 71
Lea, Homer, 213
Leab, Dan, 163
Leach, George E., 238
League for Political Education, 133
LeBlanc, Paul, 122
Lee, General Robert E.
dappled gray horse of, 99
historical reference, 174, 175, 176
portrayal of, 19, 20, 88
surrender of, 58, 96, 176, 178, 189
Lee, Jennie, 85
Legion of Decency, 7
Lejeune, Caroline, 5
Leonard, Marion, 70
The Leopard’s Spots (Dixon), 37–42, 79, 82
Lerner, Neil, 11–12
Lester, J. C.
Ku Klux Klan—Its Origins, Growth and Disbandment (with Wilson), 192
Levenson, Joseph, 239–40
Lewis, Ralph, 85, 274
Lewis, William, 146, 150
Liberty Theater, New York City, 115
audience figures, 125
bars black attendance, 140
Dixon’s Fall of a Nation, 269
NAACP campaign, 135, 139
ticket prices, 121
Liberty Theatre, New York city, 117–18
The Life of George Washington (film), 72
The Life of Moses (film), 72
The Life of Napoleon (film), 72
Lincoln, Abraham
assassination of, 95–6, 96, 103, 188, 189–90, 190
in Dixon’s novel, 44
Griffith plays onstage, 63
Henabery’s role as, 88
historical reference, 174–6
Kentucky and, 57–8
legend of, 186–90, 208
from Lost Cause viewpoint, 183–4
and Mrs. Stowe, 36
political argument of, 184–5
portrayal in film, 19–20, 82, 188–90
Lincoln, Elmo, 274
Lincoln’s Dream (film). See The Birth of a Race
Lippmann, Walter, 234
The Little Tease (film), 73
Lloyd George, David, 264
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 212
Loeb, Jacques, 138
London, Jack, 213
London Life (play), 63
The Lonedale Operator (film), 77
The Lonely Villa (film), 77
Long, Walter, 23, 87, 274
Lord, Daniel, 7
Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 277–8
Loud, Joseph P., 142, 144, 147, 148, 165
Loud, Mary Hallowell, 165
The Love Complex (Dixon), 269
The Love Flower (film), 265
Lustman, Charlie, 277
Lynch, John R., 206
Lynchings. See violence and unrest
Lyon, Esther, 62
Lyons, Charles, 8
McAfee, Colonel Lee Roy, 29, 30, 201
McCall, Samuel W., 148
McCarthy, Joseph J., 120
Boston campaign, 149
defends Birth, 141–2
historical sources, 175, 192
injunction against Chicago, 152
publicity campaign, 116–18, 122, 123
McClennon, Dr. James J., 248
McClure, Sam, 187
McClure’s Magazine, 187
MacCullough (Campbell) Players, 53–4
McCutcheon, George, 66, 67
McCutcheon, Wallace, 76
McDaniel, Matthew, 10
MacDowell, Melbourne, 64
McGruder, Aaron, 278
McGuire, W. D., 134, 136
McKelway, Alexander J., 219
McKinley, William, 180
Majestic Film Company, 78
turns down The Clansman, 80, 98
The Man in Gray: A Romance of North and South (Dixon), 269
A Man of the People: A drama of Abraham Lincoln (Dixon), 269
The Man Who Knew Lincoln (film), 188
Mann Act, 220–1
Mann, Alexander, 142
Manners, Lady Diana, 264
Manning, A. E., 224
Man’s Genesis (film), 85
Mantle, Burns, 117
The Mark of the Beast (film), 269, 270
Marks, Martin, 107, 108
Marlowe, Julia, 61
Marsh, Mae, 18, 70, 83, 266, 273–4
cast in Birth, 85
Marsh, Marguerite, 85
Martin, Bob, 194
Marvin, Arthur, 67
Marvin, Henry, 69, 71, 73–4
Marx, Karl, 254
The Massacre (film), 72–3, 74
Mayer, David, 13
Mayer, Louis B., 118, 119
Meffert Stock Company, 62–3
Méliès, George, 75
Mellett, Lowell, 249
Men and Women (Belasco), 62
Merritt, Russell, 12, 114, 202
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 271
Micheaux, Oscar
Within Our Gates, 11, 12
Midnight Express (film), 8
Miller, Maude Murray, 156
Miller, Paul D. (DJ Spooky), 277
Milliken, Carl E., 243, 248, 258, 260
A Million and One Nights (Ramsaye), 5
Les Misérables (film), 72
Mississippi Valley Historical Association, 174
Mitchell, Alice Miller, 251
Mitchell, John Purroy, 104, 120, 136, 138–9
historical truth, 175
publicity campaign, 122, 123
Mitchell, Margaret
Gone With the Wind, 9, 259
Mitchell, Theodore, 115–18
Mitry, Jean, 5, 94, 279
Mme. Sans-Gêne (film), 106
Money Train (film), 8
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat
De l’esprit des lois, 211
Montgomery Advertiser (newspaper), 51
Monty Python’s Life of Brian (film), 8
Moore, Fred R., 137, 138, 237
Moore, Hammond, 162
Moore, Michael
Bowling for Columbine, 262–3
Moore, Owen, 70, 78
The Mother and the Law (film), 263
Motion Picture News (magazine), 278
Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), 53, 69–70
Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA), 7, 239, 248
remake plans, 258, 259–61
See also Hays, Will; Production Code
Motley, John Lothrop,
211
Mottelay, Paul F.
The Soldier in Our Civil War (with Campbell-Copeland), 177
The Moving Picture World, 117, 181
Müller, Max, 210
Munsey, Frank, 187
Münsterberg, Hugo, 251
Museum of Modern Art, 256, 257
music
editing, 102, 103
orchestra at premiere, 15–16
performance of, 4, 114, 124
score for Birth, 107–9
use in films, 105–7
The Music Master (film), 67
The Musketeers of Pig Alley (film), 68
Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio, 132–3, 173
The Mystery of Morrow’s Rest (film), 156
Nation Aflame (film), 269
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 14
ability to campaign, 131–4
ACLU confrontation, 247–8
on Birth’s effect, 250
Boston campaign, 141–50, 237–8
Chicago campaign, 150–3
early protest against Birth, 6
fight against revived Klan, 235–41
film to counter Birth, 162–8
growth and change of, 169
Kansas campaign, 157–8, 168, 240–1
later wartime context, 227–30
Los Angeles campaign, 15, 113, 129–31
New York campaign, 113, 136–40, 235–7, 239–40
Ohio campaign, 156–7, 168, 228
other local campaigns, 158–60
papers on Birth, 13
Payne studies and, 252–3
Pennsylvania campaign, 153–5
power struggles within, 168
present day worries about Birth, 277
remake worries, 258–62
rivalries and, 224
sound version of Birth, 243–9
southern states campaign, 160–2, 228, 229
substance over style, 284, 285
sum of campaign efforts, 168–70
tensions over censorship, 133
National Board of Censorship of Motion Pictures, 6
approves Birth, 129, 130–1
on Birth’s qualities, 279
cheers Griffith, 136
creation of, 70
NAACP case against Birth, 134–6
New York City campaign, 137–8
sum of NAACP efforts, 168
National Business League, 223
National Committee for Study of Social Values in Motion Pictures, 251
National Council of Women, 260
National Equal Rights League, 238
National Negro Business League, 166
National Press Club, 112
Natural Born Killers (film), 8
The Negro in Hollywood Films (Jerome), 257–8
Negro National Business League, 144–5
Nelson, Robert J., 230
Neptune’s Daughter (film), 123
Nerney, May Childs, 133
alternate film project, 164–6
Chicago campaign, 151, 152, 153
dismayed by Boston opening, 145
on financial inducements, 157
on Griffith, 152
on harm of Birth, 160, 164, 250
LA campaign against Birth, 134–6
local campaigns, 158
on New York City campaign, 139–40
Pennsylvania campaign, 156
resignation of, 168
southern states, 160
sums up campaign effort, 168
“A New Institution” (Tourgée), 194
The New Republic, 138
New York City Theater Owners’ Association, 240
New York Commercial (newspaper), 117
New York Dramatic Mirror (newspaper), 106
The New York Dramatic Mirror (newspaper), 74–5, 77
New York Press (newspaper), 118
New York Times (newspaper), 117
News and Courier (newspaper), 51
Nichols, Dudley, 261
nickelodeons, 4, 250
mass market audiences, 113–14, 125
Nicolay, John G., 184, 186–7
The Nigger/The Mystery of Morrow’s Rest (film), 156
Noble, Peter, 190–1, 254–5, 256–7
on Birth’s racism, 282
Nolan, Alan T., 180
Nordau, Max, 41
The Northern Schoolteacher (film), 231–2
Nowell, Virginia, 259
Odets, Clifford, 257
Oglesby, Becky, 60
Oglesby, Mary. See Griffith, Mary
Old Isaacs the Pawnbroker (film), 67
The Old Soldier’s Story (film), 181
O’Meara, Stephen, 146
One Exciting Night (film), 266
One Flag at Last (film), 188
The One Woman (Dixon), 42–3
filmed by Dixon, 269
play version, 52, 65
O’Neill, Nance, 64, 73
Oppenheimer, Harry C., 166
Ormont Theater, Orange, 247
Orphans of the Storm (film), 266, 274
Osborne, James M., 136
Our American Cousin (Taylor), 189
Our Movie-Made Children (Forman), 251–2
Ovington, Mary White, 133, 142, 165
Page, Thomas Nelson, 179
Page, Walter Hines, 33, 37
Pallette, Eugene, 218, 274–5
Parker, Theodore, 212
Parkhurst, Rev. Dr. Charles H., 142, 205
Parkman, Francis, 211
Parsons, Louella, 259
The Passing of a Great Race (Grant), 213
Payne, John Howard, 79
Payne Fund Studies, 14
audience reaction to Birth, 9
film’s social effects, 251–3
Peabody, George Foster, 142, 149
Pearson, Roberta E., 76
People’s Institute, 134
Pershing, John J., 227
Peters, Andrew J., 237
Peterson, Ruth C., 252, 253
Phagan, Mary, 232, 233
Phillips, Ulrich B., 206
Pickford, Mary, 70, 78, 85, 265
Pike, James S.
The Prostrate State, 192, 195–8
Pillsbury, Albert E., 150
Pippa Passes (film), 75
Platt, David, 254
Platt, Harry, 255
Playing the Race Card (Williams), 12
Plessy v. Ferguson, 214
Poe, Edgar Allan, 79
Populist Party, 40
Porter, Edwin S., 75, 76, 77
Porter, George D., 154–5
Potamkin, Harry, 255
Pott, August F., 210
Powell, Dilys, 4–5
Prescott, William H., 211
The Prescript of the Ku Klux Klan (Fleming), 192
The Princess in the Vase (film), 67
Prisoner of Zenda (play), 64
Proctor, George D., 4–5, 278
Production Code, 7–8, 260
The Program (film), 8
Progressive Labor Party, 9
prohibition, 219
The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government (Pike), 192, 195–8
Pryor, Sara, 179
Queen Elizabeth (film), 6, 73, 106, 108
Quo Vadis (film), 73, 78, 120
race and racism
the anti-communist argument, 254–8
Aryans and Anglo-Saxons, 209–113, 216–17
Atlanta race riot (1906), 52
audience reactions, 249–53
in Birth, 281–5
black actors in Birth, 13
Boston unrest, 146–7
building solidarity, 150
changing demography, 159
construction of whiteness, 209
continuing unease about Birth, 277–8
deleted scenes, 104
Dixon’s beliefs, 38–9, 41–2
early reports of Birth, 113
ethnic gro
ups in films, 8
Europeans, 215–16
flight to Liberia, 204
Griffith’s own beliefs, 80, 191, 254–5, 281
grounds for banning Birth, 130
growth and change of activism, 169–70
Hampton epilogue, 145, 153, 224–5
Hollywood’s bias, 253
lack of black solidarity, 140
miscegenation issue, 7, 216–22, 234
myth of widespread rape, 203
Oriental immigrants, 214–15
perceived hierarchies, 212–13
populations and, 149–50
portrayal of in Birth, 21–5
protests against Birth, 6–11, 9
recent scholarship, 11–12
reception of play, 51–2
Reconstruction era, 29–31
segregation/Jim Crow laws, 213–14
Southern thought, 40
stereotyped roles, 7, 132, 163
style-substance dichotomy, 283–4
U.S. school desegregation, 9
wartime context of, 227–30
wartime solidarity, 249
white Americans’ fears, 213–16
See also National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Raleigh Hotel, Washington D.C., 112
Ramona (film), 64, 75
Ramsaye, Terry
A Million and One Nights, 5
Ramsdell, Charles W., 191
Ranger, Mae B., 98
Ranke, Leopold von, 173
Ransier, Alonzo J., 174
Rappe, Virginia, 231
Reception. See audiences; film criticism; film reviews
Reconstruction, Political and Economic, 1865–1877 (Dunning), 191
Reconstruction era
Birth’s bias, 204–6
Dixon and, 29–31, 38–9, 44–7
Du Bois defends, 206
end of, 179–80
fear of freed slaves, 213–14
Griffith’s historical sources, 190–200
Lincoln and, 189
portrayal in Birth, 21–5
Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865–1877 (Reynolds), 192
Reddick, Lawrence, 235, 253, 282
Reed, Willis E., 228
Regent Theater, New York, 4
Regier, Cornelius, 187
La Régle du jeu (film), 8
Reid, Wallace, 273
Reliance-Majestic, 78
religion
Dixon’s career in, 33–5
protests against films, 8
Renoir, Jean, 268
La Régle du jeu, 8
The Reprieve (film), 188
Rescued from the Eagle’s Nest (film), 67
Rettig, Adolph J., 247
Returning the Gaze (Everett), 12
Reynolds, John S.
Reconstruction in South Carolina, 192
Rhodes, James Ford, 141
Riefenstahl, Leni, 10
Triumph of the Will, 8
The Rise of the American Film (Jacobs), 5, 255, 256
Risley, Ned, 62
Robinson, Cedric J., 216
Rocchio, Vincent F., 12
Rockefeller, John D., 34
Rockefeller Foundation, 246
Roediger, David, 209
Rogin, Michael, 11–12, 173, 208, 279
D W Griffith's The Birth of a Nation Page 64
