Wilken, Patrick. Empire Adrift: The Portuguese Court in Rio de Janeiro, 1808–1821. London: Bloomsbury, 2004.
Williams, Daryle. Culture Wars in Brazil: The First Vargas Regime, 1930–1945. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press, 2001.
Williamson, Edwin. The Penguin History of Latin America. London: Penguin Books, 2009.
Woodward, Llewellyn. History of the Second World War: British Foreign Policy in the Second World War. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1962.
Zweig, Stefan. Brazil: Land of the Future. New York: Viking Press, 1941.
Notes
Introduction
1. John Gunther, Inside Latin America (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1942), 296.
2. Ibid., 281. For United States population data, see: http://www.npg.org/facts/us_historical_pops.htm. For the current Brazilian population, see: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html.
3. Stefan Zweig, Brazil: Land of the Future (New York: Viking Press, 1941), 128.
4. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally. What Did You Do in the War, Zé Carioca?” Tel Aviv University, 1997, 19. This article was published in Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe 6, no. 2 (July–December 1995), 35–70, http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/VI_2/mccann.htm.
Prologue: The Good Neighbor
1. Inaugural Address, Swearing-In Ceremony for Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, March 4, 1933.
2. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 1 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1948), 308.
3. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 1, 310.
4. NARA/RG165/304, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Brazil, Brazilian Statements Regarding Argentina, November 23, 1943, 1.
5. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 1, 170.
6. NARA/RG84/18, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Embassy in Rio to State Department, April 23, 1937, 1.
7. Ibid, 2.
8. NARA/RG84/21, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Embassy in Rio to State Department, December 17, 1937, 1.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Antonio Pedro Tota, The Seduction of Brazil: The Americanization of Brazil During World War II (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009), 112.
12. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 1, 495.
13. NARA/RG84/23, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Embassy in Rio to State Department, Address of President Vargas to the Nation, November 11, 1937, 1.
14. Ibid.
15. For more background on this topic, see Jeffrey Lesser, Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995).
Chapter 1: The Key
1. Waldo Frank, South American Journey (London: Travel Book Club, 1946), 202.
2. Ibid.
3. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 205.
4. PRO/FO/371/30372, Personalities in Brazil in 1942, 20–21.
5. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 9.
6. Alzira Vargas do Amaral Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai (Rio de Janeiro: Editôra Globo, 1960), 119.
7. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 168.
8. Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai, 120.
9. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 130.
10. Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai, 124.
11. Vargas, Diário, 130.
12. Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai, 124.
13. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 183.
14. Robert M. Levine, The Vargas Regime: The Critical Years, 1934–1938 (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1970), 164.
15. Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai, 125.
16. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Secretary of State, May 12, 1938.
17. FGV/CPDOC, Revolta Integralista, May 11, 1938.
18. FGV/CPDOC, Belmiro Valverde/Verbete.
19. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Secretary of State, May 12, 1938.
20. Levine, The Vargas Regime, 164.
21. FGV/CPDOC, Revolta Integralista, May 11, 1938.
22. FGV/CPDOC, Belmiro Valverde/Verbete.
23. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Secretary of State, May 12, 1938.
24. Ibid.
25. Levine, The Vargas Regime, 164.
26. Ibid.
27. Thomas E. Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 1930–1964: An Experiment in Democracy (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 342n56.
28. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 186.
29. Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai, 130.
30. Levine, The Vargas Regime, 164.
31. PRO/FO/371/30361, Letter from Noel Charles to Anthony Eden, April 27, 1942.
32. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 186.
33. Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai, 133.
34. Vargas, Diário, 131.
35. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 189.
36. Frank, South American Journey, 202.
Chapter 2: The Left Eye of Vargas
1. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Rio de Janeiro to Foreign Diplomatic Corps, May 12, 1938.
2. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 132.
3. Robert M. Levine, The Vargas Regime: The Critical Years, 1934–1938 (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1970), 164.
4. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 188.
5. FGV/CPDOC, Revolta Integralista, May 11, 1938.
6. FGV/CPDOC, Severo Fournier/Verbete.
7. Ibid.
8. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 189.
9. FGV/CPDOC, Severo Fournier/Verbete.
10. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 187.
11. FGV/CPDOC, Severo Fournier/Verbete.
12. Fournier, like many of the plotters of May 11, was released early from prison. During his time in jail, however, he contracted tuberculosis and died soon after his release.
13. Thomas E. Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 1930–1964: An Experiment in Democracy (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 342n56.
14. FGV/CPDOC/GV, Aranha to Vargas, June 26, 1938.
15. Vargas, Diário, 142–143.
16. Ibid., 144.
17. Ibid., 145.
18. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 188.
19. Ibid., 244.
20. Vargas kept a diary until a car accident in 1942. A round of golf would often be the only entry for a particular day.
21. Waldo Frank, South American Journey (London: Travel Book Club, 1946), 201.
22. Frank, South American Journey, 23.
23. NARA/RG84/147, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro/Radio Script for Orson Welles and Osvaldo Aranha, National Broadcasting Company, April 16, 1942.
24. PRO/FO/371/25817, Records of Leading Personalities in Brazil for 1941, October 25, 1941, 3.
25. Alzira Vargas do Amaral Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai (Rio de Janeiro: Editôra Globo, 1960), 235.
26. NARA/RG84/31, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to State Department, January 28, 1938.
27. NARA/RG84/15, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Biographical Sketch of Mr. Jefferson Caffery, June 23, 1937.
28. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Revisi
on of Post Report, April 7, 1938.
29. PRO/FO/371/30365, From Charles to Foreign Office, February 5, 1938.
30. PRO/FO/371/30365, Foreign Office to Charles, April 21, 1938.
31. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Hull to Caffery, May 12, 1938.
32. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Secretary of State, May 13, 1938.
33. Ibid.
34. Levine, The Vargas Regime, 165.
35. John Lewis Landis, George F. Kennan: An American Life (New York and London: Penguin Books, 2011), 323.
Chapter 3: Dangerous Games
1. FGV/CPDOC/OA, Documenos Pessoais, September 1, 1939.
2. Stefan Zweig, Brazil: Land of the Future (New York: Viking Press, 1941), 179.
3. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Sumner Welles, November 11, 1938.
4. Ibid.
5. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Aranha to Welles, November 8, 1938.
6. Ibid., 5–6.
7. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 252.
8. Ibid.
9. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally. What Did You Do in the War, Zé Carioca?” Tel Aviv University, 1997, 9.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Vargas, Diário, 252.
13. For more detail on this, see Jeffrey Lesser, “Immigration and Shifting Concepts of National Identity in Brazil During the Vargas Era,” Luso-Brazilian Review 31, no. 2 (Winter 1994): 23–44.
14. Ibid.
15. NARA/RG84/21, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Nazi-Fascist Propaganda in Brazil, December 17, 1937, 2–3.
16. Ibid., 4–5.
17. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Decree Law No. 383, April 18, 1938.
18. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Secretary of State, March 28, 1938, 5–6.
19. Ibid.
20. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 22, 1938.
21. Ibid., 2.
22. PRO/FO/371/30361, Visit of Wilson-Young to Southern Brazil to Investigate Reports of Enemy Sabotage, April 27, 1942.
23. PRO/FO/371/30361, Charles to Anthony Eden, April 27, 1942.
24. PRO/FO/371/30361, Visit of Wilson-Young to Southern Brazil to Investigate Reports of Enemy Sabotage, April 27, 1942.
25. Ibid.
26. PRO/FO/371/30361, Foreign Office Minutes, June 2, 1942.
27. Vargas, Diário, 252.
28. Ibid.
29. Waldo Frank, America Hispana: A Portrait and a Prospect (New York and London: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1931), 198.
30. Vargas, Diário, 252.
31. Ibid., 253.
Chapter 4: A Shot Across the Bow
1. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USMM), World War II Timeline.
2. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 210.
3. FRUS/740.0011/1939/3730, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 12, 1940.
4. FRUS/740.0011/1939/3721, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 11, 1940.
5. Ibid.
6. NARA/RG165/260, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Chief of US Naval Mission to Brazil to Chief of Naval Operations, June 26, 1940.
7. Ibid.
8. FRUS/740.0011/1939/3711a, Secretary of State to Caffery, June 11, 1940.
9. FRUS/740.0022/1939/3680, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 11, 1940.
10. PRO/FO/371/25807, Annual Report on Brazil for 1940.
11. FRUS/740.001/1939/3712, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 11, 1940.
12. FRUS/740.0011/1939/3730, Armour to Secretary of State, June 12, 1940.
13. FGV/CPDOC/Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN), Verbete.
14. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 319.
15. FRUS/740.0011/1939/3721, Undersecretary of State to Roosevelt, June 12, 1940.
16. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 211.
17. FRUS/740.0011/1939/3947, Memorandum by Secretary of State, June 13, 1940.
18. FRUS/740.0011/1939/3731a, President Vargas to Brazilian Embassy in Washington, June 14, 1940.
19. PRO/FO/371/25807, Annual Report on Brazil for 1940.
20. Ibid.
21. FRUS/832/6511/63, Memorandum of Conversation by Advisor on International Economic Affairs, January 22, 1940.
22. Ibid.
23. FRUS/832.6511/100, Memorandum by the Chief of the Division of the American Republics, April 11, 1940.
24. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 207.
25. FRUS/832.6511/109, Secretary of State to Caffery, May 31, 1940.
26. FRUS/832.6511/110, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 1, 1940.
27. FRUS/832.6511/132, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 5, 1940.
28. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 207.
29. FRUS/832.6511/169, Aranha to Welles, September 30, 1940.
30. FRUS/832.6511/169, Welles to Aranha, October 1, 1940.
31. FRUS/832.6511/164, Caffery to Secretary of State, October 4, 1940.
32. FGV/CPDOC, Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN), Verbete.
33. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 208.
34. FRUS/832.6511/164, Caffery to Secretary of State, October 4, 1940.
35. The steel mill was privatized in 1993 and was renamed the President Vargas Steelworks.
36. FGV/CPDOC, Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN), Verbete.
37. The population of the city in 2010 was 257,686 inhabitants.
38. FGV/CPDOC, Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN), Verbete.
Chapter 5: Discordant Allies
1. PRO/FO/371/25807, Annual Report on Brazil for 1940, 6.
2. Ibid.
3. PRO/FO/371/24172, Brazilian Embassy in London to Foreign Office, November 19, 1939.
4. PRO/FO/371/24172, Foreign Office Minutes, November 12, 1940.
5. PRO/FO/371/24172, British Embassy in Washington to Foreign Office, November 18, 1939.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. FRUS/832.24/255, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 1, 1940.
10. PRO/FO/371/24172, British Embassy in Washington to Foreign Office, November 18, 1939.
11. Ibid.
12. PRO/FO/371/24172, Telegram from Gibraltar to Foreign Office, December 4, 1940.
13. Ibid.
14. PRO/FO/371/24172, Ministry of Economic Warfare to Rab Butler, November 23, 1940.
15. PRO/FO/371/24172, Telegram from Gibraltar to Foreign Office, December 5, 1940.
16. Ibid.
17. FGV/CPDOC/OA, Documenos Pessoais, November 22, 1940.
18. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 354.
19. Ibid.
20. FGV/CPDOC/OA, Documenos Pessoais, November 22, 1940.
21. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 215.
22. FRUS/810.20/1262, Caffery to Secretary of State, July 25, 1941.
23. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 215.
24. Frank D. McCann, “The Brazilian Army and the Problem of Mission, 1939–1964,” Journal of Latin American Studies 12, no. 1 (May 1980): 117.
25. Shawn C. Smallman, Fear and Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society, 1889–1954 (Chapel Hill and London: Un
iversity of North Carolina Press, 2002), 72.
26. McCann, “The Brazilian Army and the Problem of Mission,” 117.
27. Ibid.
28. Smallman, Fear and Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society, 74.
29. FRUS/832.24/268, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 27, 1940.
30. NARA/RG165/77/262, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division Brazil, Sibert to War Department, August 17, 1940.
31. NARA/RG165/260, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, State Department Report, No. 1227, Rio de Janeiro, April 3, 1939.
32. Smallman, Fear and Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society, 72.
33. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 215.
34. NARA/RG165/260, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division Brazil, Sibert to War Office, September 20, 1940.
35. FRUS/832.24/268, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 27, 1940.
36. FRUS/832.24/258, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 22, 1940.
37. FRUS/832.24/259, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 23, 1940.
38. FRUS/832.24/258, Secretary of State to Burdett, November 23, 1940.
39. FRUS/832.24/258, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 22, 1940.
40. FRUS/832.24/264, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 26, 1940.
41. FRUS/832.24/266, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 27, 1940.
42. FRUS/832.24/264, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 26, 1940.
43. Ibid.
44. FRUS/832.24/260, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 25, 1940.
45. FRUS/832.24/267, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 27, 1940.
46. Ibid.
47. PRO/FO/371/24171, Foreign Office Minutes, November 19, 1940.
48. PRO/FO/371/24171, Butler in Washington to Sir A. Cadogan, Foreign Office, November 20, 1940.
49. PRO/FO/371/24171, Halifax to Butler, December 5, 1940.
50. PRO/FO/371/24171, Halifax to Lothian, December 5, 1940.
51. PRO/FO/371/25807, Annual Report on Brazil for 1940, 7.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. PRO/FO/371/24172, Halifax to Knox, December 6, 1940.
55. FRUS/832.24/276, Johnson to Secretary of State, December 5, 1940.
56. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 207.
57. Ibid.
58. Vargas, Diário, 357.
59. Ibid.
60. FRUS/832.24/281, Burdett to Secretary of State, December 7, 1940.
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