Brazil : The Fortunes of War (9780465080700)

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Brazil : The Fortunes of War (9780465080700) Page 39

by Lochery, Neill


  61. FRUS/832.24/287, Burdett to Secretary of State, December 11, 1940.

  62. FRUS/832.24/292, Burdett to Secretary of State, December 13, 1940.

  63. Ibid.

  64. FRUS/832.24/295, Burdett to Secretary of State, December 14, 1940.

  65. Vargas, Diário, 359.

  66. FRUS/832/304, Burdett to Secretary of State, December 21, 1940.

  Chapter 6: Escape from Rio

  1. NARA/RG84/31, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Basic Post Report, April 7, 1938, 19.

  2. Ibid., 18.

  3. Ibid., 19.

  4. Stefan Zweig, Brazil: Land of the Future (New York: Viking Press, 1941), 186.

  5. NARA/RG84/31, Basic Post Report, April 7, 1938, 10.

  6. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 358.

  7. Ibid., 362.

  8. NARA/RG84/31/, Basic Post Report, April 7, 1938, 5.

  9. Zweig, Brazil: Land of the Future, 206.

  10. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 124.

  11. PRO/FO/371/25807, Annual Report on Brazil for 1940.

  12. Ibid., 2.

  13. Vargas, Diário, 360.

  14. Ibid.

  15. Ibid.

  16. Ibid., 362.

  17. Ibid.

  18. NARA/RG165/260, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Speech by President Vargas, January 31, 1940.

  19. Ibid.

  20. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 216.

  21. Vargas, Diário, 367.

  22. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 216.

  23. Ibid.

  24. PRO/FO/371/30366, Annual Report on Brazil for 1941.

  25. Vargas, Diário, 371.

  26. Ibid.

  27. Ibid.

  28. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 216.

  29. Waldo Frank, South American Journey (London: Travel Book Club, 1946), 29.

  30. Ibid., 30.

  31. Ibid., 199.

  32. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 217.

  33. Ibid.

  34. PRO/FO/371/30366, Annual Report on Brazil for 1941.

  35. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 217.

  36. PRO/FO/371/30366, Annual Report on Brazil for 1941.

  37. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 217.

  38. Vargas, Diário, 371.

  Chapter 7: Deepening Ties and Widening Divides

  1. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally. What Did You Do in the War, Zé Carioca?” Tel Aviv University, 1997, 11.

  2. NARA/RG84/183, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Intercepted Private Correspondence, June 25, 1943.

  3. Cary Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds To Conquer, 1908–1958 (New York and London: Doubleday, 1996), 204.

  4. Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 203.

  5. Ibid.

  6. Joseph P. Persico, The Imperial Rockefeller: A Biography of Nelson A. Rockefeller (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982), 33.

  7. Douglas Waller, Wild Bill Donavan: The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern American Espionage (New York and London: Free Press, 2011), 25–26.

  8. Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 205–206.

  9. Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 205.

  10. PRO/371/30368, Ministry of Information, Overseas Planning Committee, Plan for Propaganda for Brazil, June 4, 1942, 6.

  11. Ibid.

  12. Ibid.

  13. PRO/FO/371/25800, German Activities in Brazil, Embassy in Rio, May 30, 1941.

  14. PRO/FO/371/25800, Foreign Office to Embassy in Rio, March 27, 1941.

  15. PRO/FO/371/25800, Embassy in Rio to Foreign Office, April 6, 1941.

  16. Bob Thomas, Walt Disney: An American Original, New York: Disney Editions, 1994, 171.

  17. Thomas, Walt Disney, 170.

  18. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 420.

  19. PRO/FO/371/25800, Intercepted Private Correspondence, M. I. 5, May 26, 1941.

  20. Ibid.

  21. PRO/FO/371/30372, Personalities in Brazil in 1942, 16.

  22. Ibid.

  23. PRO/FO/371/25800, Intercepted Private Correspondence, M. I. 5, May 26, 1941.

  24. Jornal do Brasil, May 3, 1941, 6.

  25. PRO/FO/371/30368, Plan for Propaganda for Brazil, June 4, 1942, 6.

  26. PRO/FO/371/25806, Embassy in Rio to Foreign Office, July 5, 1941.

  27. Ibid.

  28. Ibid.

  29. FRUS/810.20/822, Memorandum by the Chief of Staff of the United States Army (Marshall) to Undersecretary of State (Welles), June 17, 1941.

  30. FRUS/810.20/892, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 27, 1941.

  31. Ibid.

  32. FRUS/810.20/1333, Caffery to Secretary of State, August 21, 1941.

  33. FRUS/810.20/1327a, Acting Secretary of State to Caffery, July 10, 1941.

  34. Ibid.

  35. Vargas, Diário, 406.

  36. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 2 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1948), 941.

  37. FRUS/810.20/1331, Caffery to Secretary of State, July 28, 1941.

  38. Ibid.

  39. FRUS/810.20/1331, Secretary of State to Caffery, August 18, 1941.

  40. Ibid.

  41. FRUS/810.20/1331, Caffery to Secretary of State, August 21, 1941.

  42. FRUS/810.20/1098a, Acting Secretary of State to Caffery, July 9, 1941.

  43. FRUS/832.24/10–141, Lend-lease Agreement Between the United States and Brazil, October 1, 1941.

  44. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 221.

  45. FRUS/832.248/262, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 4, 1941.

  46. Vargas, Diário, 431.

  47. FRUS/810.20/699, Caffery to Secretary of State, July 2, 1941.

  48. Ibid.

  Chapter 8: Right Behind You

  1. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 440.

  2. John Gunther, Inside Latin America (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1942), 287.

  3. Vargas, Diário, 440.

  4. Gunther, Inside Latin America, 286–287.

  5. FRUS/740.0011/18611, Welles to President Roosevelt, January 18, 1942.

  6. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 220.

  7. Vargas, Diário, 443.

  8. Ibid., 450.

  9. FRUS/740.0011/18611, Welles to President Roosevelt, January 18, 1942.

  10. Ibid.

  11. Ibid.

  12. Ibid.

  13. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 223.

  14. FRUS/740.0011/18611, Welles to President Roosevelt, January 18, 1942.

  15. Vargas, Diário, 451.

  16. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 223.

  17. Vargas, Diário, 451.

  18. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 223.

  19. FRUS/740.0011/18611, Welles to President Roosevelt, January 18, 1942.

  20. Ibid.

  21. Ibid.

  22. Ibid.

  23. Vargas, Diário, 453.

  24. Ibid.

  25. FRUS/832.24/634, President Roosevelt to Welles, January 19, 1942.

  26. Vargas, Diário, 454.

  27. Gunther, Inside Latin America, 288.

  28. Vargas, Diário, 454.

  29. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 224.

  30. Vargas, Diário, 454.

  31. Ibid.


  32. Ibid.

  33. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 224.

  34. Vargas, Diário, 454.

  35. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 2 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1948), 1149.

  36. Ibid.

  37. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 224.

  38. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 2, 1149.

  39. Ibid.

  40. Cary Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds To Conquer, 1908–1958 (New York and London: Doubleday, 1996), 271.

  41. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 2, 1149.

  42. Vargas, Diário, 454.

  43. Gunther, Inside Latin America, 282.

  44. Vargas, Diário, 454.

  45. FRUS/832.24/651, Hull to Welles, January 19, 1942.

  46. FRUS/832.24/634, President Roosevelt to Welles, January 19, 1942.

  47. Vargas, Diário, 457.

  48. Ibid.

  49. Ibid.

  50. FGV/CPDOC, Reunião dos chanceleres do Rio de Janeiro.

  51. Ibid.

  52. Jornal do Brasil, January 29, 1942.

  Chapter 9: Welles Checks Out and Welles Checks In

  1. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 458.

  2. FRUS/832.24/651, Caffery to Secretary of State, January 31, 1942.

  3. Ibid.

  4. FRUS/832.24/673, Caffery to Secretary of State, February 7, 1942.

  5. PRO/FO/128/406, Political Situation in Brazil, August 21, 1942.

  6. FRUS/832.24/673, Caffery to Secretary of State, February 7, 1942.

  7. Ibid.

  8. FRUS/832.24/674, Secretary of State to Caffery, February 9, 1942.

  9. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 226.

  10. Vargas, Diário, 467.

  11. Ibid.

  12. FRUS/811.248/395a, Welles to Caffery, March 2, 1942.

  13. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 227.

  14. FRUS/832.796/767, Caffery to Secretary of State, February 3, 1942.

  15. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally. What Did You Do in the War, Zé Carioca?” Tel Aviv University, 1997, 13.

  16. Manoel Thomaz Castello Branco, O Brasil na II Grande Guerra (Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército, 1960), 54–58.

  17. Cary Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds To Conquer, 1908–1958 (New York and London: Doubleday, 1996), 230.

  18. Antonio Pedro Tota, The Seduction of Brazil: The Americanization of Brazil During World War II (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009), 43.

  19. Orson Welles and Peter Bogdanovich, This Is Orson Welles (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 149.

  20. Ibid.

  21. Catherine L. Benamou, It’s All True: Orson Welles’s Pan-American Odyssey (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2007), 47.

  22. Welles and Bogdanovich, This Is Orson Welles, 154.

  23. Ibid., 149.

  24. Ibid., 159.

  25. For a detailed account of the filming, see Benamou, It’s All True: Orson Welles’s Pan-American Odyssey.

  26. NARA/RG84/187, Records of the Embassy in Rio, Radio Script of Pan-American Day Broadcast, April 16, 1942, 6.

  27. Ibid., 9.

  28. FGV/CPDOC/OA/CP, Aranha to Welles, August 13, 1942.

  29. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 234.

  30. FRUS/832.8595/1, Caffery to Secretary of State, March 11, 1942.

  31. Vargas, Diário, 469.

  32. Ibid.

  33. Ibid.

  34. FRUS/800.8830/1601, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 6, 1942.

  35. Ibid.

  36. FRUS/832.8595/4, Welles to Caffery, March 27, 1942.

  37. Vargas, Diário, 475.

  38. McCann, “Brazil and World War II,” 13.

  39. Ibid.

  Chapter 10: A Question of Succession

  1. Robert M. Levine, Father of the Poor? Vargas and His Era (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 69.

  2. Jornal do Brasil, May 3, 1942, 6.

  3. PRO/FO/128/406, Charles to Foreign Office, June 26, 1942.

  4. PRO/FO/128/406, Charles to Foreign Office, June 8, 1942.

  5. Ibid.

  6. PRO/FO/128/406, Consul in Bahia to Charles, August 21, 1942.

  7. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 234.

  8. NARA/RG84/147, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Speech by Caffery, July 4, 1942.

  9. NARA/RG84/153, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 29, 1942.

  10. FGV/CPDOC, Biography of Vargas.

  11. NARA/RG84/147, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Dowling to Secretary of State, July 13, 1942.

  12. Ibid.

  13. FGV/CPDOC, Biography of Vargas.

  14. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 230.

  15. Ibid., 229.

  16. PRO/FO/128/406, British Consulate in São Paulo to Embassy in Rio, October 12, 1942.

  17. NARA/RG84/261, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Memorandum, American Embassy in Rio, February 4, 1944.

  18. Ibid.

  19. Ibid.

  20. Robert M. Levine, “Brazil’s Jews During the Vargas Era and After,” Luso-Brazilian Review 5, no. 1 (Summer 1968): 54.

  21. For more details on Einstein’s quest for visas for Jewish refugees, see Jeffrey Lesser, Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 130–131.

  22. NARA/RG84/261, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Confidential Memorandum, American Consular Section in Rio, February 11, 1944.

  23. NARA/RG84/261, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Simmons to Secretary of State, February 12, 1944.

  24. Ibid.

  25. Ibid.

  26. NARA/RG84/261, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Simmons to Secretary of State, June 20, 1944.

  27. NARA/RG84/261, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Confidential Memorandum, American Consular Section in Rio, February 11, 1944.

  28. Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro, O Anti-Semitismo na Era Vargas (São Paulo: Editora Perspectiva, 2001), 218.

  29. Ibid.

  30. Isabel Vincent, “Luis Martins de Souza Dantas: Brazil’s Schindler,” Macleans, May 15, 2005.

  31. Lesser, Welcoming the Undesirables, 141.

  32. Ibid., 139.

  33. Germans in Paris arrested the ambassador after he tried to resist the German occupation of the embassy following Brazil’s declaration of war in August 1942. He was imprisoned in Germany and was eventually released as part of a prisoner swap in 1944, after which he returned briefly to Rio. He spent his retirement living in Paris in a modest apartment following the death of his wife. He died on April 16, 1954. His work in helping to save Jewish refugees was never officially recognized by the Estado Novo or subsequent Brazilian governments.

  34. Jeffery Lesser highlights two figures for Jews entering Brazil with permanent or temporary visas in 1939: 4,601 according to Jewish groups and 4,223 according to official Brazilian figures. In 1942, the number of Jews entering Brazil was 108 out of a total of less than 2,500 immigrants to Brazil in that year. See Lesser, Welcoming the Undesirables, 124, 144.

  35. Lesser, Welcoming the Undesirables, 136.

  36. NARA/RG84/137, Simmons to Secretary of State, October 27, 1942.

  Chapter 11: The Decision

  1. PRO/FO/128/406, Memorandum, September 1, 1942.

  2. Ibid.

  3. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Press C
utting, August 19, 1942.

  4. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Estimate of the Effects of the Declaration of War by Brazil, September 22, 1942, 1.

  5. Ibid.

  6. Ibid., 4.

  7. PRO/FO/128/406, Memorandum, September 1, 1942.

  8. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Press Cutting, August 19, 1942.

  9. PRO/FO/128/406, Memorandum, September 1, 1942.

  10. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Memorandum for the Assistant Chief of Staff, August 20, 1942.

  11. NARA/RG165/264, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Brazil at War, September 4, 1942, 6.

  12. Ibid.

  13. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Memorandum for the Assistant Chief of Staff, August 20, 1942.

  14. Ibid.

  15. NARA/RG84/135, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Simmons to Undersecretary of State, August 19, 1942.

  16. Ibid.

  17. Ibid.

  18. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Note Handed to Representatives of the Governments of Germany and Italy by the Brazilian Government, August 24, 1942, 2.

  19. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 235.

  20. NARA/RG165/264, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Brazil at War, September 4, 1942, 5.

  21. NARA/RG84/136, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Brazilian Declaration of War, August 24, 1942.

  22. NARA/RG84/136, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Radio Broadcast from Berlin to Brazil, August 22, 1942.

  23. Ibid.

  24. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Estimate of the Effects of the Declaration of War by Brazil, September 22, 1942.

  25. Ibid., 2.

  26. Ibid.

  27. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Memorandum for the Assistant Chief of Staff, August 20, 1942.

  28. Ibid.

  29. Cary Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds To Conquer, 1908–1958 (New York and London: Doubleday, 1996), 241.

  30. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Brazil and the War, September 24, 1942.

  31. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 235.

  32. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 236.

 

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