33. Ibid.
34. New York Times, November 8, 1942.
35. NARA/RG165/264, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Brazil’s Reaction to the American Offensive, December 4, 1942, 3.
36. NARA/RG165/264, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Reactions in Brazil to the Allied Victory in Tunisia, May 31, 1943, 1.
37. Ibid.
Chapter 12: Lights Out over Rio
1. NARA/RG165/261, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 7, 1942.
2. Ibid.
3. NARA/RG165/261, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Simmons to Secretary of State, September 4, 1942.
4. PRO/FO/128/406, Blackout, August 21, 1942.
5. Ibid.
6. NARA/RG165/261, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Blackout in Rio, May 17, 1943.
7. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 240.
8. FRUS/740.0011/27475, Caffery to Secretary of State, January 26, 1943.
9. FRUS/740.0011/27586, Caffery to Secretary of State, January 29, 1943.
10. FRUS/740.0011/27588, Caffery to Secretary of State, January 30, 1943.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. FRUS/740.0011/27590, Caffery to Secretary of State, January 30, 1943.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. New York Times, January 29, 1943.
22. Ibid.
Chapter 13: The Dinner Party
1. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State and President Roosevelt, January 31, 1943.
2. NARA/RG84/247, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Request that Rio de Janeiro Be Reclassified for the Purpose of Cost of Living Allowances, Caffery to Secretary of State, January 31, 1944.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. NARA/RG84/247, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Notes to Cost of Living Statement, January 31, 1944, 1.
7. Ibid., 4.
8. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State and President Roosevelt, January 31, 1943.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. NARA/RG165/304, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, From Embassy in Rio to War Department, November 18, 1943.
15. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally. What Did You Do in the War, Zé Carioca?” Tel Aviv University, 1997, 20.
16. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State and President Roosevelt, January 31, 1943.
17. McCann, “Brazil and World War II,” 20.
18. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil, the United States, and World War II: A Commentary,” Diplomatic History 3, no. 1 (January 1979): 70.
19. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State and President Roosevelt, January 31, 1943.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. NARA/RG165/304, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, From Embassy in Rio to War Department, November 18, 1943.
25. Ibid.
26. NARA/RG165/304, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Brazilian Statements Regarding Argentina, November 23, 1943, 1.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., 2.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid., 3.
35. Ibid.
36. McCann, “Brazil, the United States, and World War II,” 72.
37. Antonio Pedro Tota, The Seduction of Brazil: The Americanization of Brazil During World War II (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009), 82.
38. Ibid., 38.
39. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, President Vargas Statement on National Rubber Month, June 1, 1943.
40. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Rubber Development Cooperation, June 1, 1943.
41. Ibid.
42. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, President Roosevelt to President Vargas, June 16, 1943.
43. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Record of Telephone Conversation with Associated Press, May 26, 1943.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Rubber Development Cooperation, April 14, 1943.
47. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Rubber Development Cooperation, June 11, 1943.
48. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Memorandum on Report on Synthetic Rubber as Published in Time Magazine, June 30, 1943.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Rubber Development Cooperation, July 10, 1943.
52. Ibid.
Chapter 14: Late Arrivals
1. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, American Consul, São Paulo, January 26, 1943.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally. What Did You Do in the War, Zé Carioca?” Tel Aviv University, 1997, 20.
5. Ibid.
6. FGV/CPDOC, Verbete, FEB.
7. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 8, 1943.
8. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Speech by President Vargas, September 7, 1943.
9. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 242.
10. McCann, “Brazil and World War II,” 23.
11. Ibid.
12. PRO/CAB/122/954, Halifax to Eden, December 23, 1943, 1.
13. FGV/CPDOC, Verbete, FEB.
14. Ibid.
15. PRO/CAB/122/954, Halifax to Eden, December 23, 1943, 2.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 242.
21. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Speech by President Vargas, November 10, 1943.
22. Ibid.
23. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Simmons to Secretary of State, November 11, 1943.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Neill Lochery, Lisbon: War in the Shadows of the City of Light, 1939–1945 (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011), 187.
27. NARA/RG84/208, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Letter to Aranha, September 20, 1943, 1–2.
28. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 2 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1948), 1336.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., 1337.
31. Ibid.
32. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 245.
33. Ibid.
34. George M. Lauderbaugh, “Bolivarian Nations: Securing the Northern Frontier,” in Latin America During World War II, eds. Thomas M. Leonard and John F. Bratzel (Plymouth, UK: Rowan and Littlefield Publishers, 2007), 113.
35. Max Paul Friedman, Nazis and Good Neighbors: The United States Campaign Against the Germans of Latin America in World War II (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2003), 91.
36. Ibid.
Chapter 15: The Promise
1. NARA/RG84/260, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Simmons to Secretary of State, February 1, 1944.
2. Ibid.
3. NARA/RG84/260, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Simmons to Secretary of State, February 19, 1944.
4. Ibid.
5. Diário Carioca, February 19, 1944.
6. NARA/RG84/260, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Simmons to Secretary of State, March 3, 1944.
7. Ibid.
8. NARA/RG84/262, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Address by President Vargas, April 15, 1944.
9. NARA/RG84/262, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Simmons to Secretary of State, April 17, 1944.
10. PRO/FO/371/37846, Broadmead to Eden, April 18, 1944, 2.
11. NARA/RG84/262, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Simmons to Secretary of State, April 17, 1944.
12. New York Times, July 13, 1944.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Washington Post, April 26, 1944.
17. PRO/FO/371/37846, Halifax to Eden, May 2, 1944.
18. Ibid.
19. PRO/FO/371/37846, Broadmead to Eden, June 12, 1944.
20. PRO/FO/371/37846, Foreign Office Minutes, June 30, 1943.
21. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 242–243.
22. PRO/WO/204/5588, Historical Account of the Brazilian Liaison Detachment, January 6, 1945, 3.
23. Ibid., 17.
24. Ibid., 15.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 16.
Chapter 16: A Farewell to Aranha
1. NARA/RG84/260, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 13, 1944.
2. Ibid.
3. PRO/FO/371/37846, Gainer to Cabinet Office, August 23, 1944.
4. Ibid.
5. PRO/FO/371/37846, Gainer to Secretary of State, August 16, 1944.
6. NARA/RG84/260, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 13, 1944.
7. PRO/FO/371/37846, Gainer to Secretary of State, August 16, 1944.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. PRO/FO/371/37846, Gainer to Cabinet Office, August 23, 1944.
12. Ibid.
13. NARA/RG84/260, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 13, 1944.
14. NARA/RG84/260, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 8, 1944.
15. PRO/FO/371/37846, Gainer to Cabinet Office, August 23, 1944.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 255.
21. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946.
22. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 256.
23. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 1.
24. PRO/FO/371/51938, Records of Leading Personalities in Brazil in 1946, 5.
25. Ibid.
Chapter 17: The Challenge
1. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 259.
2. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 2.
3. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 258.
4. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 2.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. PRO/FO/371/51938, Records of Leading Personalities in Brazil in 1946, 6.
8. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 2.
9. Ibid., 7–8.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 257.
13. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 8.
14. Ibid.
15. Correio de Manhã, April 13, 1945, 1.
16. Ibid.
17. FRUS/810.20/7-2645, Berle to Secretary of State, July 26, 1945.
18. Ibid.
19. Correio de Manhã, April 14, 1945, 1.
20. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally. What Did You Do in the War, Zé Carioca?” Tel Aviv University, 1997, 25.
21. O Cruzeiro do Sul, February 25, 1945, 1.
22. Correio de Manhã, February 24, 1945, 1.
23. McCann, “Brazil and World War II,” 25.
24. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 244.
Chapter 18: The Exit
1. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 274.
2. Ibid., 273.
3. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 2.
4. Stanley E. Hilton, “The Overthrow of Getúlio Vargas in 1945: Diplomatic Intervention, Defense of Democracy, or Political Retribution?” Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 1 (February 1987): 15.
5. Ibid.
6. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 267.
7. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 2.
8. Ibid., 3.
9. Hilton, “The Overthrow of Getúlio Vargas in 1945,” 32.
10. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 3.
11. Hilton, “The Overthrow of Getúlio Vargas in 1945,” 33.
12. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 273.
13. Hilton, “The Overthrow of Getúlio Vargas in 1945,” 33.
14. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 3.
15. Hilton, “The Overthrow of Getúlio Vargas in 1945,” 34.
16. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 273.
17. Correio de Manhã, October 30, 1945, 1.
18. Jornal do Brasil, October 30, 1945, 1.
19. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 3.
20. Ibid., 8.
21. Hilton, “The Overthrow of Getúlio Vargas in 1945,” 34.
22. PRO/FO/371/51900, Gainer to Bevin, February 22, 1946, 2.
23. Ibid.
24. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 281.
25. PRO/FO/371/51902, Memorandum on Brazilian Elections, August 16, 1946, 2.
26. Ibid.
27. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 280.
28. PRO/FO/371/51902, Political Situation in Brazil, August 14, 1946.
Chapter 19: The Final Act
1. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 305.
2. NARA/RG84/37/General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Secretary of State, March 28, 1938, 5–6. See also PRO/FO/371/30362, Charles to Foreign Office, September 8, 1942.
3. Ibid.
4. Robert M. Levine, Father of the Poor? Vargas and His Era (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 82.
5. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 313.
6. Ibid., 318.
7. Levine, Father of the Poor? Vargas and His Era, 87.
8. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 320.
9. Correio de Manhã, August 24, 1954, 1.
10. F. Zenha Machado, Os Últimas Dias do Govêrno de Vargas: A Crise Política de Agôsto de 1954 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Lux, 1955), 81.
11. FGV/CPDOC/AVAP/VPR/EA, Alzira Vargas, Fatos e Fotos, July 5, 1963.
12. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 328.
; 13. Ibid.
14. FGV/CPDOC/AVAP/VPR/EA, Alzira Vargas, Fatos e Fotos.
15. Ibid.
16. Correio de Manhã, August 25, 1954, 1.
17. FGV/CPDOC/AVAP/VPR/EA, Alzira Vargas, Fatos e Fotos.
18. Ibid.
19. Levine, Father of the Poor? Vargas and His Era, 88.
20. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 333.
21. Correio de Manhã, August 25, 1954, 1.
22. Ibid.
23. Correio de Manhã, August 25, 1954, 3.
24. Jornal do Brasil, August 24, 1954, 1.
25. Correio de Manhã, August 25, 1954, 1.
26. Correio de Manhã, August 26, 1954, 1.
Epilogue: The Legacy
1. FGV/CPDOC/AVAP/VPR/EA, Alzira Vargas, Fatos e Fotos, July 5, 1963.
2. Ibid.
3. FGV/CPDOC/Belmiro Aranha/Verbete.
Index
Abwehr (Army Intelligence Service), 65
Ação Integralista Brasileira. See Integralistas
Airlines, Brazilian control of, 78, 112, 137
Allies
Azores, strategic importance to, 109–110, 187–188, 196, 217–218
Battle of the Atlantic, 176
Operation Torch, 177–178
propaganda program of, 104
use of Brazilian bases and ports by, 70, 182
Alsina, 158
Americo, José, 248
Aníbal Benévolo, 165
Anti-Semitism, 7, 154–159
Anti-Totalitarian Student Rally, 152
Aranha, Manuel, 25
Aranha, Osvaldo
aboard USS General Mann, Photo 12
Brazil-US partnership, vision of, 195–196
break with Axis powers, blame for, 135
Caffrey, relationship with, 31, 32, 39, 53, 58, 62, 73, 107–108, 116, 185, 203
declaration of war, call for, 166
disparagement of on German radio broadcasts, 152
Dutra, dispute with over student rally, 152–153
Dutra, relationship with, 116
Eduardo Gomes, support for as president, 249–250
expeditionary force, support for, 211
as first president of United Nations, xiv
with Jefferson Caffery, Photo 4
joint radio address with Orson Welles, 28, 143–144
leadership during Vargas recuperation, 150–151
as “left eye of Vargas,” 27, 210
letter to Sumner Welles about arms, 39–40
on list of armaments from US, 134–136
Manuel Aranha conflict and, 25
as minister of finance, 277
Navy Day speech, handling of reactions to, 58–60
Nazi invasion of Brazil, fear of, 40
Brazil : The Fortunes of War (9780465080700) Page 40
