Stalin and the Scientists

by Simon Ings

  ———, ‘Love–Hate for Man–Machine Metaphors in Soviet Physiology: From Pavlov to “Physiological Cybernetics”’, Science in Context, 15 (2002), 339–74

  ———, ‘“Russian Scandals”: Soviet Readings of American Cybernetics in the Early Years of the Cold War’, The Russian Review, 60 (2001), 545–68

  Gershenson, S. M., ‘The Grim Heritage of Lysenkoism: Four Personal Accounts. IV. Difficult Years in Soviet Genetics’, Quarterly Review of Biology 65, no. 4 (1990), 447–56

  Gerson, Lennard D., The Secret Police in Lenins’s Russia (Temple University Press, 1976)

  Getty, John Archibald, Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938 (Cambridge University Press, 1987)

  ———, ‘Samokritika Rituals in the Stalinist Central Committee, 1933–38’, The Russian Review, 58 (1999), 49–70

  Gill, Graeme J., The Origins of the Stalinist Political System (Cambridge University Press, 2002)

  Glad, John, ‘Hermann J. Muller’s 1936 Letter to Stalin’, Mankind Quarterly, 43 (2003)

  Glants, Musya, and Joyce Stetson Toomre, Food in Russian History and Culture (Indiana University Press, 1997)

  Gleason, Abbott, and Richard Stites, Bolshevik Culture: Experiment and Order in the Russian Revolution (Indiana University Press, 1989)

  Gloveli, Georgii D., ‘“Socialism of Science” versus “Socialism of Feelings”: Bogdanov and Lunacharsky’, Studies in Soviet Thought, 42 (1991), 29–55

  Golubev, G. N., Nikolai Vavilov: The Great Sower: Pages from the Life of the Scientist (Mir, 1987)

  Gordin, Michael D., Karl Hall and A. B. Kojevnikov (eds), Intelligentsia Science: The Russian Century, 1860–1960 (University of Chicago Press, 2008)

  Gorelik, George E., ‘Bogdanov’s Tektology: Its Nature, Development and Influence’, Studies in Soviet Thought, 26 (1983), 39–57

  Gorelik, George E., and Antonina W. Bouis, The World of Andrei Sakharov: A Russian Physicist’s Path to Freedom (Oxford University Press, 2005)

  Gorky, Maxim W., The White Sea Canal: Being an Account of the Construction of the New Canal between the White Sea and the Baltic Sea, ed. Amabel Williams-Ellis, trans. L Averbakh and S. G. Firin (John Lane, 1935)

  ———, ‘V. I. Lenin’, trans. David Walters, 1924, Lenin Museum and Maxim Gorky Internet Archive (https://www.marxists.org/archive/gorky-maxim/1924/01/x01.htm)

  ———, Sobranie sochinenij [Collected Works], vol. 27, p. 43.

  Gormley, Melinda, ‘Geneticist L. C. Dunn: Politics, Activism, and Community’ (Oregon State University, 2006)

  Graham, Loren R., Moscow Stories (Indiana University Press, 2006)

  ———, Science and Philosophy in the Soviet Union (Knopf, 1972)

  ———, Science and the Soviet Social Order (Harvard University Press, 1990)

  ———, ‘Science and Values: The Eugenics Movement in Germany and Russia in the 1920s’, American Historical Review, 82 (1977), 1133–64

  ———, Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History (Cambridge University Press, 1994)

  ———, Science, Philosophy, and Human Behavior in the Soviet Union (Columbia University Press, 1987)

  ———, ‘The Formation of Soviet Research Institutes: A Combination of Revolutionary Innovation and International Borrowing’, Social Studies of Science, 5 (1975), 303–29

  ———, The Ghost of the Executed Engineer: Technology and the Fall of the Soviet Union (Harvard University Press, 1993)

  ———, ‘The Socio-Political Roots of Boris Hessen: Soviet Marxism and the History of Science’, Social Studies of Science, 15 (1985)

  ———, What Have We Learned about Science and Technology from the Russian Experience? (Stanford University Press, 1998)

  ———, Lysenko’s Ghost: Epigenetics and Russia (Harvard University Press, 2016)

  Granin, Daniil Aleksandrovich, The Bison: A Novel About the Scientist Who Defied Stalin (Doubleday, 1990)

  Gratzer, W. B., The Undergrowth of Science: Delusion, Self-Deception, and Human Frailty (Oxford University Press, 2000)

  Green, Judy, and Jeanne LaDuke, Pioneering Women in American Mathematics: The Pre-1940 PhD’s (American Mathematical Society, 2009)

  Gregory, Paul R., Lenin’s Brain and Other Tales from the Secret Soviet Archives (Hoover Institution Press, 2008)

  Grigorenko, Elena L., Patricia Ruzgis and Robert J. Sternberg, Psychology of Russia: Past, Present, Future (Nova Science Publishers, 1997)

  Grigorian, N. A., ‘L. A. Orbeli – Outstanding Physiologist and Science Leader of the Twentieth Century’, Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 16 (2007), 181–93

  ———, ‘N. K. Koltsov I Experimental’naya Genetika Vysshei Nervoi Deyatel’nosti’ [‘N. K. Koltsov and the Genetics of Higher Nervous Activity’], Priroda (1992), 93–7

  Grigoriev, A. I., and N. A. Grigorian, ‘The Difficult Years of the Leader of Physiology’, Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 77 (2007), 254–61

  Hachinski, Vladimir, ‘Stalin’s Last Years: Delusions or Dementia?’, European Journal of Neurology, 6 (1999), 129–32

  Hagemeister, Michael, ‘Die Eroberung des Raums und die Beherrschung der Zeit: utopische, apokalyptische und magisch-okkulte Elemente in den Zukunftsentwürfen der Sowjetzeit’, Die Musen der Macht, 2003, 257–84

  Haldane, J. B. S, ‘In Defense of Genetics’, Modern Quarterly, 1949, 14–20

  ———, ‘Lysenko and Genetics’, Science and Society, 4 (1940)

  Hall, Karl, ‘The Schooling of Lev Landau: The European Context of Postrevolutionary Soviet Theoretical Physics’, Osiris, 23 (2008), 230–59

  Hamilton, David, The Monkey Gland Affair (Chatto & Windus, 1986)

  Hardcastle, John, ‘Of Dogs and Martyrs. Sherrington, Richards, Pavlov and Vygotsky’, Changing English, 12 (2005), 31–42

  Harlan, Jack R., The Living Fields: Our Agricultural Heritage (Cambridge University Press, 1995)

  Harland, S. C., ‘Nicolai Ivanovitch Vavilov, 1885–1942’, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, 9 (1954), 259–64

  Harré, Rom, Pavlov’s Dogs and Schrödinger’s Cat: Tales from the Living Laboratory (Oxford University Press, 2008)

  Harrison, Mark, The Soviet Economy in the 1920’s and 1930’s: A Survey of New Research in Britain and the U.S.A (1966–1976) (Department of Economics, University of Warwick, 1977)

  Harwood, William Sumner, The New Earth: A Recital of the Triumphs of Modern Agriculture in America (Macmillan, 1906)

  Haymaker, W., ‘Cécile and Oskar Vogt, on the Occasion of Her 75th and His 80th Birthday’, Neurology, 1 (1951)

  Haynal, André, Psychoanalysis and the Sciences: Epistemology–History (University of California Press, 1993)

  Haynes, Michael, and Rumy Husan, A Century of State Murder?: Death and Policy in Twentieth-Century Russia (Pluto Press, 2003)

  Healey, Dan, ‘Russian and Soviet Forensic Psychiatry: Troubled and Troubling’, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 37 (2014), 71–81

  Hellebust, Rolf, Flesh to Metal: Soviet Literature and the Alchemy of Revolution (Cornell University Press, 2003)

  Herlihy, Patricia, The Alcoholic Empire: Vodka and Politics in Late Imperial Russia (Oxford University Press, 2002).

  Herriot, Édouard, Eastward from Paris, trans. Phyllis Marks Mégroz (V. Gollancz, 1934)

  Hessen, Boris, Henryk Grossmann, Gideon Freudenthal and Peter McLaughlin, The Social and Economic Roots of the Scientific Revolution: Texts by Boris Hessen and Henryk Grossmann (Springer, 2009)

  Hill, Alexander, ‘Soviet Planning for War, 1928–June 1941’, in A Companion to World War II, ed. Thomas W. Zeiler and Daniel M. DuBois (Blackwell, 2012), 91–101

  Hill, Fiona, and Clifford G. Gaddy, The Siberian Curse: How Communist Planners Left Russia out in the Cold (Brookings Institution Press, 2003)

  Hindus, Maurice, Broken Earth (Read Books, 2006)

  ———, ‘Henry Ford Conquers Russia’, The Outlook, 1927, 280–2


  ———, Red Bread: Collectivization in a Russian Village (J. Cape & H. Smith, 1931)

  Hoffmann, David L., Cultivating the Masses: Modern State Practices and Soviet Socialism, 1914–1939 (Cornell University Press, 2011)

  Holloway, David, ‘Scientific Truth and Political Authority in the Soviet Union’, Government and Opposition, 5 (1970), 345–67

  ———, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956 (Yale University Press, 1994)

  ———, ‘The Scientist and the Tyrant’, New York Review of Books (1 March 1990)

  Horvath, Robert, ‘The Poet of Terror: Dem’ian Bednyi and Stalinist Culture’, The Russian Review, 65 (2006), 53–71

  Huestis, Douglas W., ‘Alexander Bogdanov: The Forgotten Pioneer of Blood Transfusion’, Transfusion Medicine Reviews, 21 (2007), 337–40

  Husband, William B., ‘“Correcting Nature’s Mistakes”: Transforming the Environment and Soviet Children’s Literature, 1928–1941’, Environmental History, 11 (2006), 300–18

  Huschtscha, Lily, ‘“I Am Not a Supporter of Simplistic Explanations …”, An Interview with Zhores Medvedev’, Biogerontology, 5 (2004), 129–36

  Huxley, Julian, Soviet Genetics and World Science: Lysenko and the Meaning of Heredity (Chatto & Windus, 1949)

  ‘“I Lived a Happy Life” – In Honor of the 90th Anniversary of the Birth of Timofeev-Resovskij’, Priroda (1990), 68–104

  International Congress of Genetics, and Reginald Crundall Punnett, eds., Proceedings of the Seventh International Genetical Congress: Edinburgh, Scotland, 23–30 August 1939 (Cambridge University Press, 1941)

  Ivanov, Valery I., ‘A True Scientist and a Most Amiable Person: To the Centenary of the Birthday of H. A. Timofeeff-Ressovsky’, trans. Irina V. Kronshtadtova, 1999; available at http://bit.ly/1Pn7uEo

  Ivanov, Valery I., and N. A. Liapunova, ‘Nikolay W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky (1900–1981): An Essay on His Life and Scientific Achievements’, Advances in Mutagenesis Research, ed. Günter Obe, Vol. 4 (Springer, 1993)

  Ivanov, Viacheslav, ‘Why Did Stalin Kill Gorky?’, Russian Social Science Review, 35 (1994), 49–92

  James, William, Psychology: The Briefer Course (Dover Publications, 2003)

  ———, The Principles of Psychology: Volume 1 (Dover Publications, 2000)

  Jensen, Kenneth Martin, Beyond Marx and Mach: Aleksandr Bogdanov’s Philosophy of Living Experience (Springer Science & Business, 1978)

  ———, ‘Red Star: Bogdanov Builds a Utopia’, Studies in East European Thought, 23 (1982), 1–34

  Johansson, Kurt, and A. K. Gastev, Aleksej Gastev, Proletarian Bard of the Machine Age (Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1983)

  Jones, Donald F., Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Genetics: Ithaca, New York, 1932, 1 1 (Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1932)

  Jones, Gareth Stedman, ‘Engels and the Genesis of Marxism’, New Left Review, 1 (1977)

  Joravsky, David, Cultural Revolution and the Fortress Mentality (Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, 1981)

  ———, Russian Psychology: A Critical History (Blackwell, 1989)

  ———, ‘Soviet Marxism and Biology before Lysenko’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 20 (1959), 85–104

  ———, Soviet Marxism and Natural Science 1917–1932 (Columbia University Press, 1961)

  ———, ‘Soviet Views on the History of Science’, Isis, 46 (1955), 3–13

  ———, ‘The Impossible Project of Ivan Pavlov (and William James and Sigmund Freud)’, Science in Context, 5 (1992), 265–80

  ———, The Lysenko Affair (Harvard University Press, 1970)

  ———, ‘The Mechanical Spirit: The Stalinist Marriage of Pavlov to Marx’, Theory and Society, 4 (1977)

  ———, ‘The Stalinist Mentality and the Higher Learning’, Slavic Review, 42 (1983), 575–600

  Josephson, Paul R., Industrialized Nature: Brute Force Technology and the Transformation of the Natural World (Island Press/Shearwater Books, 2002)

  ———, Physics and Politics in Revolutionary Russia (University of California Press, 1991)

  ———, Resources under Regimes: Technology, Environment, and the State (Harvard University Press, 2006)

  ———, ‘Science Policy in the Soviet Union, 1917–1927’, Minerva, 26 (1988), 342–69

  ———, Would Trotsky Wear a Bluetooth?: Technological Utopianism under Socialism, 1917–1989 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010)

  Kammerer, Paul, The Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (Boni & Liveright, 1924)

  Kapitsa, Petr Leonidovich, Letters to Mother: The Early Cambridge Period, ed. David J. Lockwood (National Research Council Canada, 1989)

  Kapitsa, Petr Leonidovich, J. W. Boag, P. E. Rubinin and D. Shoenberg, Kapitza in Cambridge and Moscow: Life and Letters of a Russian Physicist (Elsevier, 1990)

  Kassow, Samuel D., Students, Professors, and the State in Tsarist Russia (University of California Press, 1989)

  Kats, Yefim, ‘Bogdanov, Marx, and the Limits to Growth Debate’, The European Legacy, 9 (2004), 305–16

  Kedrov, F. B., Kapitza – Life and discoveries, trans. Mark Fradkin, ed. John Crowfoot (Mir, 1984)

  Kepley, Vance, ‘The Scientist as Magician: Dovzhenko’s “Michurin” and the Lysenko Cult’, Journal of Popular Film and Television, 8 (1980), 19

  Kevles, Daniel J., In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Harvard University Press, 2001)

  Khlevnyuk, Oleg V., ‘The Objectives of the Great Terror, 1937–1938’, in Stalinism, ed. David L. Hoffmann (Blackwell, 2003), 82–104

  Khlevnyuk, Oleg V., and Nora Seligman Favorov, Stalin: New Biography of a dictator, 2015

  Khomskaia, E. D., and David E. Tupper, Alexander Romanovich Luria: A Scientific Biography (Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001)

  Khrushchev, N. S., Khrushchev Remembers (André Deutsch, 1971), pp. 200–15.

  ———, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, Volume 1: Commissar, 1918–1945, ed. Sergei Khrushchev (Penn State University Press, 2004)

  Kichigina, Galina, The Imperial Laboratory: Experimental Physiology and Clinical Medicine in Post-Crimean Russia (Rodopi, 2009)

  Kirschenmann, P., ‘On the Kinship of Cybernetics to Dialectical Materialism’, Studies in Soviet Thought, 6 (1966), 37–41

  Kitson, H. D., ‘Report of the Seventh International Congress on Psychotechnics’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 15 (1931), 593

  Kneen, Peter, ‘Physics, Genetics and the Zhdanovshchina’, Europe–Asia Studies, 50 (1998), 1183–1202

  Koblitz, Ann, Science, Women and Revolution in Russia (Routledge, 2014)

  Koenker, Diane, William Rosenberg and Ronald Suny, Party, State and Society in the Russian Civil War: Explorations in Social History (Indiana University Press, 1989)

  Koestler, Arthur, The Case of the Midwife Toad (Picador, 1975)

  Kohler, Robert E., Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life (University of Chicago Press, 1994)

  Kojevnikov, Alexei B., ‘Piotr Kapitza and Stalin’s Government: A Study in Moral Choice’, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 22 (1991), 131–64

  ———, ‘President of Stalin’s Academy: The Mask and Responsibility of Sergei Vavilov’, Isis, 87 (1996), 18–50

  ———, ‘Rituals of Stalinist Culture at Work: Science and the Games of Intraparty Democracy circa 1948’, Russian Review, 57 (1998), 25–52

  ———, Stalin’s Great Science: The Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists (Imperial College Press, 2004)

  ———, ‘The Great War, the Russian Civil War, and the Invention of Big Science’, Science in Context, 15 (2002), 239–75

  Kolchinsky, Eduard I., ‘Nikolai Vavilov in the Years of Stalin’s “Revolution from Above” (1929–1932)’, Centaurus, Vol. 56, Issue 4 (2014)

  Kolman, Arnost, ‘A Life-Time in Soviet Science Reconsidered: The Adventure of Cybernetics in the Soviet Union’, Minerva, 16 (1978), 416–24


  ———, Zhizn’ I Tekhnika Budushchego (Moscow, 1928)

  Kopelev, Lev, Ease My Sorrows: A Memoir (Random House, 1983)

  Kornilov, K. N., Psikhologiia i marksizm: sbornik stateĭ sotrudnikov moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo instituta ėksperimental’nogo psikhologii (Gos. izd-vo, 1925)

  Korochkin, L. I., ‘Behavioral Genetics and Neurogenetics and Their Development in Russia’, Russian Journal of Genetics, 40 (2004), 585–9

  Korogodin, V. I., ‘Master: Recollection about N.V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky’ (http://wwwinfo.jinr.ru/~drrr/Timofeeff/auto/korogodin_e.html)

  Korogodin, V. I., G. G. Polikarpov and V. V. Velkov, ‘The Blazing Life of N. V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky’, Journal of Biosciences, 25 (2000), 125–31

  Korolenko, Caesar P., and Dennis V. Kensin, ‘Reflections on the Past and Present State of Russian Psychiatry’, Anthropology and Medicine, 9 (2002), 51–64

  Koshtoyants, Kh. S., and Donald B. Lindsey, Essays on the History of Physiology in Russia (American Institute of Biological Sciences, 1964)

  Kotkin, Stephen, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (University of California Press, 1995)

  ———, Steeltown, USSR: Soviet Society in the Gorbachev Era (University of California Press, 1991)

  Kozulin, Alex, Psychology in Utopia: Toward a Social History of Soviet Psychology (MIT Press, 1984)

  Krementsov, Nikolai L., A Martian Stranded on Earth: Alexander Bogdanov, Blood Transfusions, and Proletarian Science (University of Chicago Press, 2011)

  ———, ‘A “Second Front” in Soviet Genetics: The International Dimension of the Lysenko Controversy, 1944–1947’, Journal of the History of Biology, 29 (1996), 229–50

  ———, ‘Big Revolution, Little Revolution: Science and Politics in Bolshevik Russia’, Social Research, 73 (2006), 1173–1204

  ———, ‘Darwinism, Marxism, and Genetics in the Soviet Union’, in Denis Alexander and Ronald L. Numbers, Biology and Ideology from Descartes to Dawkins (Chicago University Press, 2010)

  ———, ‘From “Beastly Philosophy” to Medical Genetics: Eugenics in Russia and the Soviet Union’, Annals of Science, 68 (2011), 61–92

  ———, ‘Hormones and the Bolsheviks: From Organotherapy to Experimental Endocrinology, 1918–1929’, Isis, 99 (2008), 486–518