Ice Ship: The Epic Voyages of the Polar Adventurer Fram
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fulmar, 60, 70, 100, 112
Gerlache, Adrien de, 208, 210
Gjertsen, Hjalmar, 219, 220, 221, 222, 239, 240–42, 247, 262
Gjøa, 209, 211–14, 215, 218, 243, 275, 294, 297
Gjøa Haven (Gjøahavn), 212
Gjøa Museum, 214, 292
glacier, 8, 104, 136, 186, 191, 249. See also Beardmore Glacier Godhavn (Qeqertarsuaq), 136, 201
Godthaab, 6, 135, 136
Good Friday Bay, 174, 175
Goose Fjord (Gaasefjord): discovery, 168; fourth winter, 198; overland route to, 175, 177, 178; sledge trips, 186, 194; third winter, 183; winter harbors, 128, 129, 183, 184, 195, 200
Graham Island, 182, 186, 187, 189
Great Ice Barrier (Ross Ice Shelf): described, 8, 255; Fram at, 226, 229, 232, 233, 235, 241, 255; Scott South Pole trip, 260; South Pole trip, 249, 250; Terra Nova at, 229, 232, 233, 255
Great War (World War I), 269, 277, 283, 288, 290
Greely, Adolphus, 12, 124, 142, 144–46, 150
Greely Fjord, 128, 172, 186, 191, 194, 198
Greenland: Gjøa expedition, 211; Hall expedition, 138; ice sheet, 8, 231; Jeannette remains, 1, 4, 12, 296; and Nansen, 5, 7, 10, 33, 40, 41, 73; Nares expedition, 141; Peary expedition, 150, 152, 158; Second Expedition, 28, 29, 134–36, 138, 153, 198, 201; Sverdrup’s plan, 129, 148, 152, 155, 158–59, 179
guillemot, black, 70, 165
gull: glaucous, 193; ivory, 112; Ross’s (Arctic rose), 70, 104
gyre, 49, 50, 53
Hall, Charles Francis, 17, 138, 146
Hammerfest, 95, 118
Hansen, Ludvig, 219, 220, 240, 262
Hanssen, Helmer: on Gjøa, 218; on Maud, 273–74; South Pole party, 243, 244–45, 246, 250, 259; Third Expedition, 219, 262
Harbor Fjord, 128, 129, 162–63, 164, 171, 184–85, 231
hare, Arctic, 137, 145, 149, 163, 165, 184–85, 231
Hassel, Sverre: death, 280; at Johansen’s funeral, 265; Second Expedition, 132, 168; sledging, 164, 173–74, 178, 179, 184, 190, 198–99; South Pole party, 243–46, 250, 251, 259; Third Expedition, 218, 219, 222, 260, 262; visits Peary, 152
Hayes Sound (Fjord), 148, 149, 150, 157
Heiberg, Axel, 13, 129
Heimdal, 202
Helland-Hansen, Bjørn, 221, 263
Hell Gate, 128, 169–71, 173, 175, 180, 183, 199
Hendriksen, Peder: bear attack, 62–63; First Expedition, 36, 37, 58, 61, 67, 71, 80–81, 83, 121–22; illness, 162, 166; injured, 201; Second Expedition, 130, 132, 137, 151, 168; sledging, 173, 177, 190–91, 199, 200
Heyerdahl, Thor, 13, 297
Hobart, 206, 258, 259, 260, 261
Høyer, Liv Nansen, 124. See also Nansen, Liv Huntford, Roland, 18, 34, 35, 221
hurricane, 236, 237
ice: -blink, 48, 134; cap, 8; drift, 8, 28, 147; for drinking water, 9; fast, 8; floe, 8; foot, 8; land, 8; lead in, 9; old, 8, 9, 174; pack, 8, 9, 28, 44; rotten, 9; sea, 8; sheet, 8; shelf, 8; young, 8. See also pressure ridge iceberg, 8, 136, 172, 186, 235
Iceland, 4, 7, 28
igloo, 9
Indian Ocean, 18, 225, 226
Inuit: Arctic life, 6–7, 16, 124, 135, 231, 298; Axel Heiberg Island, 192; diet, 59, 60; Greenland, 1, 136, 140, 152, 153, 201; Second Expedition, 152–53; travel, 146
Isachsen, Gunerius “Gunnar”: at Fram Museum dedication, 293; Second Expedition, 132, 133, 137, 168, 187, 199; sledging, 162, 173, 174, 178–79, 194; surveying/mapping, 128, 129, 164, 198
Italia, 276, 279–80, 289
Jackson, Frederick, 93, 110, 115, 116–17, 208
Jacobsen, Theodor, 35, 63, 81, 82, 122
Jeannette: drift, 6, 7, 12, 17; failed expedition, 3–4; Fram route, 10, 18, 29, 173; lost, 3, 50; Maud expedition, 275; relics, 1, 6, 7, 135, 296; renamed, 142
Johansen, Hjalmar: on Fram, 56, 62, 64, 65, 68, 85, 122; at Framheim, 244–45; leaves Fram, 260, 262; problems, 37, 67, 112, 122, 260, 262–63; qualities, 37, 218; relationship with Amundsen, 244–46, 260; relationship with Nansen, 79, 111, 123, 262, 265; return to Norway, 95, 118–19, 262; sledge/kayak trip, 28, 72, 79 (see also Nansen/Johansen sledge/kayak trip); suicide, 265, 283; Third Expedition, 218, 219, 244; as writer, 112. See also First Expedition, Third Expedition Jones Sound, 128, 161–62, 167, 169–70, 179–80, 183, 194, 198–200
Joy, Alexander, 287
Juell, Adolf, 39, 55, 58, 65, 67, 73, 84, 122
Julianehaab (Qaqortoq), 1, 4
Kaifas (dog), 103, 104
Kainan Maru, 248
Kane Basin, 128, 138–39, 143, 147, 150, 155, 158–59, 179
Kara Sea, 28, 44, 45–46, 289–90
Kennedy Channel, 138
Khabarova, 45
King Edward VII Land, 206, 232, 241, 245, 247, 255
King Haakon VII, 250, 257, 273, 293. See also King of Norway King Haakon VII Plateau, 250
King Halfdan, 95
King of Norway, 13, 121, 211, 218, 235, 250, 263
King William Island, 2, 212
kittiwake, 70, 115. See also gull
Kobalenko, Jerry, 34, 163, 177
Kolotengva, 152–53
Kon-Tiki, 13, 297
Kristensen, Halvardus, 219, 220, 262
Kristiansen, Kristian, 39, 40, 41
Kutschin, Alexander, 219, 220, 239
Lady Ann Strait, 161
Lady Franklin Bay, 141, 143
Lancaster Sound, 211
Land’s End (Hell Gate), 171, 175
Land’s End (Lands Lokk), 128, 198
Laptev Sea, 28, 29, 47
Larvik, 13, 15, 25, 31, 34, 130, 291, 202
League of Nations, 283, 285
lemming, 231
Lena River, 3, 47, 50
Lifeboat Cove, 140
Lincoln Sea, 138, 155
Lindstrøm, Adolf Henrik: as cook, 135, 148, 211, 243; on Fram, 132, 168, 195, 219, 226; at Framheim, 241, 243, 246, 247; at Fram Museum dedication, 293; on Gjøa, 211; qualities, 133, 164, 178, 226, 243, 245; Second Expedition, 132, 133, 168, 170; at Sverdrup’s funeral, 291; Third Expedition, 218, 243, 262
Littleton Island, 138, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145
Lyttelton, 225, 226, 228, 258
Lytzen, Carl, 1, 4
Madeira, 206, 218, 222–23, 225, 236, 237
Mary, 198
Maud, 273, 277, 279, 283, 291
Maud expedition, 273–75, 277
Mawson, Douglas, 226, 248, 296
McMurdo Sound, 229, 232, 265
Melville Bay, 136, 140, 152
Melville, George, 3, 145
Mogstad, Ivar: bear attack, 62–63; duties, 38, 55, 73, 76, 80, 86; on Fram, 38, 58, 61, 111, 122; qualities, 38, 84; return to Norway, 95, 122
Mohn, Henrik, 4, 6, 118
Montevideo, 261, 269
musk ox: in Arctic, 149, 231; as food/clothing, 59, 145, 149, 155, 172, 187; hunting, 115, 147–48, 156, 165, 183, 193, 197
Musk-ox Fjord, 165
Nansen, Alexander, 33, 263, 291
Nansen, Åsmund, 265, 282, 283
Nansen bottle, 55
Nansen, Eigil, 293
Nansen, Eva: christens Fram, 25; death, 282; during First Expedition, 30, 95, 116, 118; marriage, 30, 67, 96, 123, 215–16, 261; reunion with Fridtjof, 95–96, 118, 123; Third Expedition, 216
Nansen, Fridtjof: adopts Inuit ways, 6, 59; and Amundsen, 215–17, 218, 239, 266; Arctic crossing plan, 7, 10, 18; as artist, 63; at Bergen’s Museum, 4, 5; children, 282; conceives of Fram, 7, 18; death, 291; depression, 50, 53, 215, 282; disapproves of crew’s behavior, 41, 42; expedition commander, 30; finances Fram, 13; on Fram, 39, 65, 122; Greenland crossing, 5–6; helps Blessing, 123; injured, 103; Johansen’s funeral, 265; marriage (see Nansen, Eva); moodiness, 66, 71, 79, 100–1, 111, 123; Nobel Prize, 4, 284, 285; plan opposed, 10–12; qualities, 50, 53, 73, 98, 123, 285; relationship with Johansen, 111, 123, 218, 263; return to Norway, 95, 117–18; reunion with Fram, 95, 96, 118; as scientist, 4–5, 53, 55, 68, 283–84; seeks North Pole, 66, 69, 105 (see also Nansen/Johanse
n sledge/kayak trip); seeks South Pole, 215–16, 266; as statesman, 215, 281, 283–85, 284; as writer, 50, 123, 215 (see also Farthest North); youth, 4
Nansen, Irmelin, 282
Nansen/Johansen sledge/kayak trip: adapts sledges, 104; bear attack, 103; departs Fram, 78, 79–81; in Franz Josef Land, 107–17; journey, 72, 97–108; kills last dogs, 103; meets Jackson, 115, 116; plan, 113; returns to Norway, 117–19; route, 28, 29; weight gain, 117; winter hut, 109–12, 110
Nansen, Kåre, 282
Nansen, Liv, 29, 30, 123, 282, 285
Nansen, Odd, 282
Nansen Sound, 128, 191
Nares expedition (British Arctic Expedition), 74, 140–42, 198
Nares, George, 11, 140, 146, 167, 253
Nares Strait, 11, 179
narwhal, 86, 99
National Day, 84, 90, 99
New Land, 129, 148, 157
New Siberian Islands, 3, 28, 47, 48, 50, 275
Nilsen, Thorvald: to Antarctica, 228, 235–36, 240, 248; Antarctica to Buenos Aires, 235, 236, 237; in Buenos Aires, 218, 237–38, 261, 267, 293; as captain, 219, 220, 222; death, 293; at Johansen’s funeral, 265; oceanographic trip, 239
Nobel Prize, 4, 119, 284, 285
Nobile, Umberto, 279–80, 289
Nødtvedt, Jacob, 131–32, 151, 162, 164, 168, 170, 218–19, 239
Nordahl, Bernhard: duties, 38, 55, 57, 74, 88; on Fram, 38, 49, 58, 62, 81, 122; qualities, 67, 84
Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, 2, 3, 5, 18, 29, 45, 46
Nordstrand, 186, 187, 189, 190
Norge, 279, 280
Northbrook Island, 93, 108, 115, 116
North Cornwall Island, 172, 189
North Devon Island, 28, 161, 180, 198, 199, 211
Northeast Passage, 5, 18, 42, 46, 269, 273, 274
Northwest Passage, 2–3, 11, 180, 207, 209, 211–13, 215, 297
Norwegian Sea, 28, 29, 80, 128, 183
Novaya Zemlya, 28, 44, 118
Oates, Lawrence “Titus,” 252, 255
Olsen, Karenius, 219, 220, 240, 262
Olsen, Karl, 131, 132, 164, 168, 170, 186–87, 201, 291
Omdal, Oskar, 277, 278, 279
Örnen, 92, 93, 94
Oslo, 4, 213, 278, 280, 290, 291, 292, 294. See also Christiania Oslofjord, 119, 269
Otaria, 95, 96, 118
Panama, 268
Panama Canal, 267–68
Pandora, 11–12, 140, 142
Peary, Robert, 136, 149, 150, 152–53, 158–59, 210, 217, 267
permafrost, 231
Pettersen, Lars: death, 125; duties, 39, 54, 55, 83, 86, 87; on Fram, 49, 58, 65, 122; qualities, 36, 68
Pim Island, 128, 138–39, 142, 143–44, 147, 158–59
polar day, 106–7
polar fever, 1, 4, 15
Polaris, 138–41, 146
polar season, 106–7
Polheim (Polar Home), 249, 250, 252
Polhøgda (Polar Heights), 281, 282
pressure ridge: defined, 8, 54, 70; First Expedition, 54, 75–76, 82, 85, 91: Second Expedition, 130, 168–69, 175, 193; sledge/kayak trip, 97, 101
Prestrud, Kristian: 219, 222, 223, 241, 243, 244–45, 247, 262
primus stove, 191
Proteus, 143–44
purpura nautica, see scurvy
Queen Maud Range, 250. See also Transantarctic Mountains
Raanes, Oluf: at Beechey Island, 199; on Fram, 132, 168, 195; injury, 166; as mate, 131, 133, 164; at Nordstrand, 186; sledging, 181–82, 183, 190, 191, 194, 198; at Sverdrup’s funeral, 291
Rae, John, 17
Reindeer Bay, 175–76
reindeer (caribou), 23, 24, 45, 46, 137, 185, 289
Rice Strait, 128, 129, 142, 147, 158
Riiser-Larsen, Hjalmar, 277, 278–79
Ringnes, Amund, 13, 129, 194
Ringnes Brewing Company, 13, 58, 64
Ringnes, Ellef, 13, 129, 194
Rønne, Martin, 219, 220, 240, 262, 273–74
Ross Ice Shelf, see Great Ice Barrier
Ross Island, 206, 229, 232, 255
Ross, James Clark, 211
Ross, John, 198
Ross Sea, 226, 255
Rutherford Cape, 148
Sandefjord, 209, 291
San Francisco, 3, 213, 258, 263, 264, 268, 269
Sannikoff Land, 48, 50
Schei, Per: at Bear Fort, 177; on Fram, 132, 168, 200; frostbite, 152; as geologist, 133, 193; sledging, 157, 164, 167, 173, 190–91, 194, 198
Schröer, Adolf Hermann, 219, 221
Scott expedition: base station (Hut), 229; bodies found, 257; deaths, 254–56; difficulties, 228–29, 252–54; fossil collecting, 230, 257; ponies, 228, 229, 252, 253, 256; at South Pole, 250–52; South Pole trip, 228–29, 243, 248–49, 252–54; voyage to Antarctica, 217, 225–26, 230; ways of polar travel, 228–29, 252–54
Scott-Hansen, Sigurd: on Fram, 64, 65, 80–81, 82, 84, 87, 122; Fram Museum dedication, 293; on Heimdal, 202; scientific work, 34, 38, 53, 57, 68, 88; as second-in-command, 32, 34
Scott, Robert Falcon, 8, 217, 225–26, 252, 253, 256–57. See also Scott expedition
scurvy, 59, 61, 94, 141, 144, 187, 210, 254–55
seal: bearded, 91, 101, 102, 105; bladdernose (hooded), 135; harbor, 135; ringed, 60, 100
Second Expedition: Braskerud’s death, 163, 164; crew, 131–34, 132, 168; departs Ellesmere, 200; departs Norway, 134; encounters Peary, 150, 153; financing, 129; fire onboard, 171, 172; Inuit visitors, 153; mission, 133; original plan, 129, 155; returns to Norway, 201–3, 202–3; route, 28, 128, 134–35, 137–38, 147, 158–62, 179–83, 201–3; routines, 151, 166, 188, 197; sledging explorations, 155–57, 156, 167, 169–71, 172–77, 186–88, 190–94, 198; Svendsen’s suicide, 157–58; winter harbors, 128, 129, 142, 147, 162–63, 183–84, 196–97
sector principle, 286–87, 300
Severnaya Zemlya, 28, 289
Shackleton, Ernest, 216, 217, 225, 226, 228, 249, 253
Shetland Islands, 201
Siberia: First Expedition, 7, 10, 28, 29, 41, 45–46; Jeannette expedition, 3, 29; Maud expedition, 273–75; and Northeast Passage, 2, 18; Sverdrup’s later missions, 289
Simmons, Herman Georg: as botanist, 133, 161, 195, 199; as doctor, 187; fire on Fram, 171–72; on Fram, 132, 133, 164, 168, 170, 184, 195; illness, 166; sledging, 157, 184
Simmons Peninsula, 172, 186
Skjervøy, 94, 95
Skreia Island, 162, 163, 166
skua, 70, 112
Smith, Leigh, 108, 115
Smith Sound, 142, 150, 158, 161, 179, 250
snadd, see seal, harbor
snow blindness, 157
snowfield, 8
Søstrene, 92, 95
South America, 206, 223, 226, 237–38, 267–69
South Cape, 163
South Pole, 1, 2, 106–7, 230–31, 255. See also Amundsen expedition; Nansen, Fridtjof; Scott expedition
South Pole, The, 226, 251, 260
Spitsbergen, 7, 28, 92, 93, 277, 279. See also Svalbard
starvation, 59, 94, 99, 140, 144
Stavanger, 202, 203
Stolz, Rudolf, 132, 157, 162, 164, 167–68, 173, 198
St. Paul, 265
Straits of Magellan, 268
Stubberud, Jørgen: death, 294; duties, 220, 243; on Fram, 219, 262; at Johansen’s funeral, 265; King Edward VII Land trip, 241, 246; South Pole party, 244–45
Suggen (dog), 85, 103, 104
Sundbeck, Knut, 219, 220, 240, 262, 273–74
Svalbard: Amundsen flight, 278; Andrée expedition, 94; currents, 7; First Expedition, 28; Nansen/Johansen sledge/kayak trip, 72–73, 92–94, 101, 104–5, 112–13; ownership, 287; tourists, 130
Svendsen, Johan, 132, 134, 151, 157, 164, 168, 269
Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik, 275
Sverdrup Island (Russia), 46
Sverdrup Islands (Canada), 28, 128, 129, 280, 287
Sverdrup, Otto: adopts Inuit ways, 253; and Alexander Nansen, 33; captain/commander First Expedition, 33–34, 40, 64–65,
67, 76, 80, 125; claims Sverdrup Islands for Norway, 287, 299; commander Second Expedition, 129, 132, 168; death, 287, 291; disagrees with Nansen, 39, 50, 73, 82; after First Expedition, 130; First Expedition return, 122; on Fram, First Expedition, 61, 64, 65; and Fram’s design/construction, 15, 22, 34; Greenland crossing, 15, 33, 34; as hunter, 137, 147, 165, 167, 197; in ice-cave, 176–77; meets Peary, 150; in old age, 288; other duties, 55, 73, 78, 83, 133; on Pim Island, 142, 147, 158; qualities, 33, 67, 73, 78–79, 82, 186, 187, 192; saves Fram, 290–92; search for Nansen/Johansen, 92–93, 95, 130; after Second Expedition, 288–90; Second Expedition return, 202, 288; sledging, 155, 156, 164, 175–76, 186, 190, 197–98; Svendsen’s suicide, 157; as writer, 84, 88, 148, 160, 184, 185, 192–93. See also First Expedition, Second Expedition
Svyatogor, 289, 290
Taimyr, 289
Taimyr Peninsula, 28, 46, 47, 289
Telemark, 34
Terra Nova, 225–26, 228–29, 232, 233, 252, 255, 265, 296
Thank God Harbor (Hall Bay), 138
Third Expedition
— King Edward VII Land trip: 245, 246, 247
— oceanographic trip: 206, 238–39
— South Pole trip: collects fossils, 257; departure, 246; members, 250, 259; names features, 249; premature departure, 45, 243; return, 248, 254; at South Pole, 249, 250. See also Framheim
— to/from Antarctica: Antarctica to Buenos Aires, 235–37; Arctic trip plan, 217, 266; Beck dies, 268; crew, 218–19, 220–21, 262; crew returns to Buenos Aires, 267; crew returns to Norway, 261; departs Norway, 218, 221; at Great Ice Barrier, 229, 232–33; in Madeira, 222–23; to Panama, 267–68; routes, 206; in South America, 267–69; voyage from Norway, 221, 226–27, 229
Titanic, 266
Toll, Baron Eduard von, 45, 47, 48, 50
Transantarctic Mountains, 249, 250
trichinosis, 94
Tromsø, 31, 38, 40–41, 93–95, 119, 133, 211, 280
Trondheim, 40, 41, 291
tundra, 45, 231
Turn-Back (Vendom) Fjord, 128, 190
Tyson, George, 139–40, 142
Upernivik (Upernavik), 136
Urania, 45
Vardø, 41, 42, 44, 47, 95, 117
Vaygach Island, 44
Vega, 5, 18, 29
Viking, 4, 5
Virgo, 92, 93
Virgo Harbor, 93
vitamin C, 59
walrus: attacks, 99, 104, 114; as food, 61, 113, 145, 165, 194; habitat, 110, 137, 149; hunting, 46, 109, 114, 137, 147, 160, 170, 197; use of parts, 109, 125, 197