12. Branda & Lentz, 139–40
13. Ibid., 171; see also Napoleon, Mémoires, III/259–76; Las Cases, 1905, II/522–3; Gourgaud, I/278
14. Alexander Rodger, 287
15. Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/680; Grainger, 147, 161; for the plots against Bonaparte, see also: Desmarest, 10; Marquis and Sparrow
16. Marquis, 135, 142ff; quoted in Lentz, GC, 297
17. Grainger, 125; CG, IV/30–2
18. Grainger, 153, 160
19. Ibid., 171, 175, 185
20. CG, IV/122, 127, 131–2, passim; see also Girardin, I/291–5
21. Miot de Melito, II/73; Grainger, 188–9; Browning
22. Thibaudeau, 21; Hortense, I/326
23. Versini, 118–19
24. Thibaudeau, 391–2; see also Bourrienne, 1829, III/214; Lentz, GC, 401–2
25. Branda & Lentz, 181; Grainger, 184–5
26. Alexander Rodger, 293; Miot de Melito, II/119–20
26: Towards Empire
1. Uglow, 340–5. Many managed to avoid arrest through their connections, and while some were locked up in fortresses, most remained on parole and continued to enjoy the pleasures of Paris; Fontaine, II/63
2. Tulard & Garros, 244; CG, IV/291ff, 426–7, 448; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/285
3. Lentz, GC, 517–18
4. Uglow, 335ff, 367–71; Zamoyski, Phantom Terror, 58–75
5. Branda & Lentz, 164–7
6. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, II/229–33
7. Ibid., 241; CG, IV/439
8. George, 81, 95, 116–17, 126; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/206, II/88; Roederer, III/332
9. CG, IV/439; Josephine, Correspondance, 137
10. Lentz, GC, 518
11. CG, IV/583–8, 594, 598, 601, 604–5, 610–12, 616, 621–7, etc.; Tulard, Fouché, 203ff; Lentz, GC, 514–15
12. Lentz, GC, 532; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/33–4; Thibaudeau, 322–3; Ségur, Un aide de camp, 80
13. Lentz, GC, 538, 530–1; Desmarest, 102
14. Lentz, GC, 538
15. Méneval, I/264; Desmarest, 99; see also Girardin, I/322–35; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/738; Lentz, GC, 510–11, 517; Raza, 208; see also CG, IV/646–7
16. CG, IV/633–4; Pasquier, I/178, 200; Desmarest, 116–25; Waresquiel, 320–34; Talleyrand, Mémoires, 62–5; Bertrand, Cahiers, 1818–1819, 248; Fouché, 1957, 135; Méneval, I/305–6; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/711–12; Lentz, GC, 543
17. Garros, 215
18. Lentz, GC, 540–1
19. Joseph, I/97–9; Ségur, Un aide de camp, 94–7
20. Savary, I/48–65, 337–479; Murat, Lettres, III/83–103
21. Savary, I/66; Méneval, I/298–9; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/711–12; Las Cases, II/1983, 627; Beauharnais, I/91
22. CG, IV/646; Murat, Lettres, III/90
23. Lentz, GC, 550
24. Ibid., 557
25. Waresquiel, 324; Pasquier, I/200; Barante, I/118, attributes the line to Boulay de la Meurthe
26. Quoted by Waresquiel, 334; Tulard, Fouché, 199
27. Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/345–6
28. Jourdan, Mythes, 25
29. Lentz, GC, 521
30. Thibaudeau, 234; Ernouf, 228; Méneval, I/99
31. Boudon, Histoire, 146; Lentz, GC, 562
32. Lentz, GC, 562
33. Roederer, III/461; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/720; Thibaudeau, 462
34. Lentz, NHPE, I/25
35. Miot de Melito, II/194
36. Lentz, GC, 573
27: Napoleon I
1. NA, Jackson Papers, FO 353/18, p. 15; Bailleu, I/273; CG, IV/769; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/756
2. Boudon, Histoire, 239
3. Vigo-Roussillon, 133; Rapp, 5, 12–13; Durand, 49
4. Pelleport, I/200; Davout, I/79; Murat, Lettres, III/90; see also Marmont, II/226
5. On the suicide/murder issue, see: J-F Chiappe, Georges Cadoudal et la liberté, 1970; E. Erlannig, La résistance bretonne à Napoléon Bonaparte, 1980; B. Saugier, Pichegru. De la gloire de la Hollande à la prison du Temple, Strasbourg 1995; Lentz, GC, 554
6. Quoted in Boudon, Histoire, 238
7. Miot de Melito, II/166
8. Bouillé, 487–95, 531; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/10
9. Jourdan, Napoléon, 27–31
10. Ségur, Un aide de camp, 68, 93, 75, 103
11. Morrissey, 2, 140–1; Burney, 273
12. McMahon, 122–3; Las Cases, 1983, I/568
13. Waresquiel, 306
14. Thiard, 40
15. Boudon, Histoire, 153
16. Napoleon, Vues Politiques, 58; Lentz, GC, 585; Lentz, NHPE, I/57–9; see also Tulard, Sacre, xix
17. See Lentz, NHPE, I/74; Tulard, Sacre, xix; Jourdan, Napoléon, 190
18. Lentz, GC, 416–18, 421ff
19. CG, IV/775
20. Ibid., 774, 780; Ségur, Un aide de camp, 104
21. Pouget, 64–5
22. CG, IV/794
23. Ibid., CG, V/583–4; Las Cases, 1983, I/411–13; Cambacérès, Mémoires, I/564–5; Bausset, I/49–50; Savary, II/10–11; Mollien, I/404; Claire de Rémusat, Lettres, I/112, 139–40; Miot de Melito, II/128, 214; Bertrand, Lettres, 29ff; Puget, 64; Bailleu, I/59–60; Méneval, I/411–14; Campbell, 228–30; Rose, 114ff, 129–31, 145ff
24. Marmont, II/226
25. Bailly, 589; Miot de Melito, II/241; see also Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, I/245 and Fouché, 1957, 156
26. CG, IV/828, 837
27. Ibid., 856–7, 886; Méneval, I/379
28. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, II/344, 363; Bailleu, II/301
29. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, II/354; Hortense, Mémoires, I/229; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, II/398
30. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, II/397–9, 400–1, 448–9, 451–2, 454–5; Miot de Melito, II/235–7; Hortense, I/165, 397–9
31. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, III/94–5
32. Ibid., II/451–2
33. Roederer, III/511; Hortense, II/58–9, 88–9; Chevallier & Pincemaille, 282
34. Fontaine, II/87; Charles de Rémusat, 50; see also Tulard, Sacre
35. Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, II/71
36. Ibid., 71–2; Boulart, 124; Bailly, 591
37. Frénilly, 296–7; Miot de Melito, II/245; see also Lentz, NHPE, I/94
38. Barrès, 14
28: Austerlitz
1. CG, V/21
2. Ibid., 20–1
3. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, II/17
4. Claire de Rémusat, Lettres, I/65–6; Fain, Mémoires, 230
5. CG, V/274
6. Bigarré, 155–6; Avrillon, I/186
7. CG, V/22
8. Boudon, Le roi, 109
9. Skowronek, 94; see also Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/39
10. CG, V/197–208, 343, 459–62, 400, 415, 570; Pelet de la Lozère, 195
11. Miot de Melito, II/259; CG, V/530, 565–7
12. CG, V/601, 607, 618
13. Bigarré, 162; Raymond de Montesquiou, 32–4, 103
14. Bausset, I/87; Barrès, 51; CG, V/797; Raza, 227–8
15. CG, V/808
16. Comeau de Charry, 205, 207; Raymond de Montesquiou, 69
17. Comeau de Charry, 208, 219; Pouget, 85
18. CG, V/850
19. Ibid., 837
20. Joseph, Mémoires, I/314, 291, 311, 317, 304; see also Cambacérès, Lettres, I/287ff, 308; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/51; Claire de Rémusat, Lettres, I/384, 394
21. Ségur, Un aide de camp, 157
22. CG, V/866–7; Ségur, Un aide de camp, 157–60; Savary, II/174–98
23. CG, V/869
24. Malye, 24; Ségur, Un aide de camp, 165–7; Bulletins, 205–6; Barrès, 55; Fantin des Odoards, 71; Marbot, I/258–9
25. Barrès, 55–6; Lejeune, I/35–6
26. Lentz, NHPE, I/188
27. CG, V/876; Lentz, NHPE, I/189; Tulard, Napoléon ou le mythe, 185
28. Lentz, NHPE, I/192–3
29. CG, V/873�
��4; Lentz, NHPE, I/193; Ségur, Un aide de camp, 178
30. Méneval, I/452–7; Savary, I/320–3; CG, V/875; Hartley, 74
31. Waresquiel, 351; Dumonceau, I/145–7; Ligne, Fragments, II/114
32. Archives Caulaincourt, AN, 95 AP 34, annexe no 2 (henceforth Annexe 2)
33. Cambacérès, Lettres, I/319; Claire de Rémusat, Lettres, I/384–94
29: The Emperor of the West
1. Branda, Le Prix, 259–80; Joseph, Mémoires, I/314, 219, 311
2. Quoted in Lentz, NHPE, I/199
3. Branda, Le Prix, 279–80
4. Pelet de la Lozère, 236; Molé, I/59–60; Fain, Mémoires, 92–3
5. Fain, Mémoires, 114; Branda, Secrets, 92–4, 97
6. Chaptal, 337; Lavalette, 256; Mollien, II/150
7. Pelet de la Lozère, 7; Molé, I/55
8. Lentz, NHPE, I/94; Pelet de la Lozère, 155, 162–3, 166, 170; Molé, I/55; Bergeron, 46
9. Pelet de la Lozère, 187, 213–18; Molé, I/96–7
10. Las Cases, 1983, I/408
11. Fain, Mémoires, 3, 6–7
12. Ibid., 10–11
13. Ibid., 41–55
14. Ibid., 39–40
15. Ibid., 62–3, 109; Bausset, I/3
16. Fain, Mémoires, 202, 180
17. Avrillon, I/121–3, 196–8, 204–5, 375–6; Hortense, I/202, 207–8, 209–11; Fain, Mémoires, 307; Revel; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, III/333; Masson, Napoléon et les Femmes, 166–70
18. Méneval, I/424
19. Lentz, NHPE, I/232
20. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/89
21. Las Cases, 1983, I/583
22. Molé, I/60; see also Lucien’s conversation in Masséna, V/146
23. Fouché, 1957, 155
24. Barante, I/274–5; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, VI/36
25. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/93; Bausset, I/14, 68; Fain, Mémoires, 293–4; Avrillon, I/251
26. Lentz, NHPE, III/423
30: Master of Europe
1. Bailleu, I/505, 561; CG, VI/724
2. Annexe 2; CG, VI/826–8
3. CG, VI/826–8; Annexe 2
4. Annexe 2
5. CG, VI/823–4
6. Bodinier, 347–9; Lentz, NHPE, I/247–255
7. CG, VI/1032; Boulart, 138; Coignet, 127; Savary, II/310
8. Napoleon, Mémoires, III/281–2; Savary, II/292; Raza, 175–6
9. Annexe 2; Savary, II/300
10. Metternich, Mémoires, I/54
11. CG, VI/190
12. Ibid., 909, 924, 1078; Byrne, II/40; Tulard & Garros, 317
13. Murat, Lettres, IV/483, 488
14. Ibid., V/64–5; CG, VI/1213; Potocka, 102
15. Barrès, 79; Raymond de Montesquiou, 163; Rumigny, 35–6; Berthezène, I/118
16. Annexe 2; Raymond de Montesquiou, 168
17. Potocka, 122; Savary, III/26; Boulart, 147
18. Potocka, 120; Kicka, 98
19. CG, VII/27, 46, 52, 63–4, 97, 102
20. Ibid., 105, 111; see also Trembicka, II/38
21. CG, VII/116, 118–19, 126, 127, 129–30, 132–3, passim; Sutherland, 108
22. Rapp, 106; Waresquiel, 365; Comeau de Charry, 281
23. Coignet, 143, 136; Wołowski; see also Berthezène, I/123ff
24. CG, VII/176, 191; Bodinier, 349–50; Lentz, NHPE, I/275; Raymond de Montesquiou, 464; Rumigny, 44
25. CG, VII/472
26. Potocka, 146–9
27. Sutherland, 126–8; CG, VII/531; Constant Wairy, I/417
28. Bodinier, 349–50; Rothenberg, Emperor’s, 48; Lejeune, 1/81
29. Hartley, 76
30. CG, VII/916; Coignet, 148; Rumigny, 48; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, IV/93–4
31. Lentz, NHPE, I/306; see also Raza, 151; Radziwiłł, 255, 268–86
31: The Sun Emperor
1. Claire de Rémusat, Lettres, II/88, 105–6; Metternich, Mémoires, I/57
2. Driault, Tilsit, 241, 209; Lentz, NHPE, I/348; Bergeron, 85; Fouché, 1957, 160
3. Pontécoulant, III/165–6; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, III/218–221
4. Crouzet, I/69
5. Fouché, 1957, 160
6. CG, VI/113–14; Consalvi, 65–7; Pelet de la Lozère, 205–8
7. Consalvi, 672–4
8. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, IV/46, V/60–5; Haegele, 300–3
9. Fontaine, I/187; CG, VIII/120
10. Englund, 339; Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 275
11. CG, VIII/36
12. See: Talleyrand, Mémoires, 97ff; Waresquiel, 378–83; Pasquier, I/329, 351; Beugnot, I/346; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/189
13. Savary, II/250–7; CG, VIII/305–6, 314, 326, 333
14. Chłapowski, 66; Avrillon, I/363
15. CG, VIII/402, 423; Metternich, Mémoires, II/245; Broglie, 59; see also Bausset, I/217–19; Avrillon, II/2
16. Ernouf, 249; CG, VIII/448
17. Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 272; Fraser, Cursed War, 487
18. Garros, 296; Dumas, III/316; CG, VIII/470, 487, 489
19. Brandt, 11; Vandal, Napoléon et Alexandre, I/365; Fain, Mémoires, 70–3; Avrillon, I/372; Josephine, Correspondance, 225
20. Joseph, Mémoires, IV/336; Lentz, NHPE, I/404; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, IV/245–6; Haegele, 342
21. Haegele, 203–80; Bigarré, 201; Joseph, Mémoires, III/324
22. Joseph, Mémoires, IV/343, 366–7, 375
23. Ibid., 382–3, 366–98
24. CG, VIII/940–1
25. Joseph, Mémoires, IV/412–13, 420–3
26. Dumas, III/321–2
32: The Emperor of the East
1. Metternich, Mémoires, II/194–9, 207–14
2. Beugnot, I/388
3. Driault, Tilsit, 291
4. Lentz, NHPE, I/435–6
5. Fouché, 1957, 156–7; CG, VII/1337–8; Chevallier & Pincemaille, 333–5; Josephine, Correspondance, 219–20, 217; see also Metternich, Mémoires, II/140ff
6. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/231
7. Talleyrand, Mémoires, 152–3, 168–70
8. Alexander I, 20
9. Müffling, 23–5; Lentz, NHPE, I/416
10. Bausset, II/313, 316; Talleyrand, Mémoires, 161, 170, 183; Constant Wairy’s account, II/9–10, of the bad dream should be treated with scepticism
11. Müffling, 21–2; Caulaincourt, I/258, 270, 273
12. Bausset, II/319–20, 321; Talleyrand, Mémoires, 178–82; CG, VIII/1126
13. Bausset, I/325
14. Branda, Secrets, 153–7; Savary, V/59–67; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, IV, 327; Beugnot, I/344–5; Chevallier & Pincemaille, 274; Boulart, 181
15. Crouzet, I/393; Caulaincourt, I/274; Napoleon’s suggestion (Bertrand, Cahiers, 1818–1819) can be dismissed, so can Talleyrand’s convoluted account in Mémoires, 183
16. Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 284; Metternich, Mémoires, II/248
17. Metternich, Mémoires, II/247–9
18. CG, VIII/1130, 1131–2; Savary, IV/6
19. Chaptal, 216–17; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, II/271; Ségur, Histoire, IV/87, 79; Beugnot, I/460; Rapp, 4; Mollien, II/325; Choiseul-Gouffier, 94
20. Chaptal, 216–17; see also: Masséna, V/146; Mollien, I/40, 316–17; Ségur, Histoire, IV/78
21. See Savary, IV/47
22. Garros, 304; Bigarré, 229; Miot de Melito, II/18–19
23. Ségur, Un aide de camp, 257
24. Joseph, Mémoires, V/265–6, 281; also Miot de Melito, II/24
25. CG, VIII/1352, 1374–6, 1306, 1314; Constant Wairy, II/22; Branda, Le Prix, 57
26. CG, VIII/1359–60
27. Ibid., 1377; Bodinier, 286; see also Petiteau, 49
28. Cambacérès, Lettres, II/604; Le Moniteur, 15 December 1808, quoted in Lentz, NHPE, I/427
29. Pasquier, I/353–4
30. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/250; Waresquiel, 398; Tulard, Fouché, 222–6; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, IV/393
31. Dumas, III/339; Garros, 310; Malye, 65–6; Lentz, NHPE, I/422�
�3; CG, VIII/1438
32. Waresquiel, 400
33. Anatole de Montesquiou, 155; Pasquier, I/358; Waresquiel, 400–1, 402ff; Lentz, NHPE, I/434; Hortense, II/30
34. Langsam, 32, 64
35. Ibid., 43–4; Bodinier, 252–3
36. Wołowski; Comeau de Charry, 291; Bausset, I/88
37. Las Cases, 1983, II/142; Lentz, NHPE, I/445; Lejeune, I/302; Cambacérès, Lettres, II/659
38. The figures given here, as elsewhere, are approximative. See Bodinier, 352–3; Lentz, NHPE, I/463
39. Anatole de Montesquiou, 168; Savary, IV/143; Marbot, II/201–12; Lejeune, I/357; Fouché, 1957, 168; Berthezène, I/235–6; Cadet de Gassicourt, 126–7; Chłapowski, 162
33: The Cost of Power
1. Costa de Beauregard, 336; Chłapowski, 183–4
2. CG, IX/833
3. Bodinier, 353; there is much disagreement on the number of casualties and prisoners; Bulletins, 472–4; Garros, 326; Savary, IV/185; Chłapowski, 133, 193, etc.
4. Marmont, III/243
5. CG, VII/1321
6. Boudon, Le roi, 198–202
7. Ibid., 145
8. Potocka, 319; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, IV/304–5
9. Beugnot, I/371–2, 337
10. Rapp, 143
11. Tulard, Napoléon ou le mythe, 197; Grunewald, 139–41; Comeau de Charry, 318–19
12. Savary, IV/231; Joseph, Mémoires, VI/259, 274, 381–9, 59–73
13. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/268–72; Cambacérès, Lettres, II/685–7
14. CG, V/927; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, VII/29
15. CG, IX/599
16. Ibid., 885; quoted by Lentz, NHPE, I/493; Fouché, 1957, 154, 169; Boigne, I/291
17. Berthezène, I/264; Macdonald, 152–9; Marbot, II/272–3; Boulart, 227
18. Pouget, 151–2
19. Abrantès, VII/93; Fantin des Odoards, 143
20. Broglie, I/73–4; Marmont, III/337; Berthezène, I/239–40
21. Dumas, III/363; Cambacérès, Lettres, II/749
22. Cadet de Gassicourt, 108–9; Załuski, 176
23. CG, IX/1083, 1148, 1254, 1363, 1366; Branda, Le Prix, 57
24. Rapp, 125–9; see also Dumas, III/384–5 and Savary, IV/223–4
25. Cambacérès, Lettres, II/718
26. Tulard, Fouché, 235–46; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/279–87
27. Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, II/265; Girardin, II/339; Branda, Secrets, 82–90
28. Chevallier & Pincemaille, 338–9; Bausset, II/368ff; see also Constant Wairy, I/197–9
29. Lentz, NHPE, I/496–7
30. Constant Wairy, II/100–4; Hortense, II/42, 44–5
31. Lentz, NHPE, I/497–8; see also Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, III/279–314
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