32. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/315; Lentz, NHPE, I/499
33. CG, IX/1506, 1510, 1421, 1522, 1532, 1535
34. Chevallier & Pincemaille, 347, 343; Avrillon, I/166
34: Apotheosis
1. Ernouf, 272–3; Talleyrand, Mémoires, 195–7; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/326–7; Lentz, NHPE, I/502, 506; Metternich, Mémoires, II/312
2. Ligne, II/222; Metternich, Mémoires, I/100; Beugnot, I/428
3. Savary, IV/317–18; Coignet, 187; Parquin, 176–7; Beugnot, I/423–4
4. Hortense, II/62; Garros, 341; Pontécoulant, III/123; Lejeune, II/30–1
5. Masson, Marie-Louise, 82–4; Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 331–4
6. Pontécoulant, III/124; Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 334
7. Constant Wairy, II/125–6; Boudon, Histoire, 314; Clary, 48
8. Lejeune, I/32; Clary, 83
9. Boigne, I/274; Pasquier, I/381; Pontécoulant, III/129–30; Masson, Marie-Louise, 112–19
10. Consalvi, 211, 218, 238, 242, 246–7
11. Constant Wairy, II/132–3; Thibaudeau, 278; Coignet, 191
12. Bertrand, Cahiers, 1818–1819, 18, 100, 263, 408, 411; Claire de Rémusat, Mémoires, II/336
13. Jerome, Mémoires, IV/402
14. Ernouf, 282, also: Fouché, 1957, 173, 181–3; Savary, IV/320–40; Pasquier, I/390–404; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/340; Boudon, Histoire, 310; Lentz, NHPE, I/512; Garros, 343; Jérôme, Mémoires, IV/401
15. Potocka, 200; Chastenay, 421; Masson, Marie-Louise, 233
16. Potocka, 215–18
17. Ibid., 281
18. Jourdan, Louis, 11–12, 18, 20, 31ff, 81ff
19. Savary, IV/346; Jourdan, Louis, 150; CG, X/422
20. Savary, IV/353; Jourdan, Louis, 22
21. Lejeune, II/39, 33–4; see also Metternich, Mémoires, I/301–7
22. Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 336; Lejeune, I/252–3; Marmont, V/2–3
23. Metternich, Mémoires, I/287, 286; Lentz, NHPE, I/522–3; Boigne, I/275
24. Chastenay, 420–1; Hortense, II/113–14, 116; Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, I/353
25. Fontaine, I/219, 249–50, 275; see also Branda, Secrets, 105 and Le Prix, 44–8
26. Thibaudeau, 278
27. Savary, IV/355; Lentz, NHPE, I/516; Fouché, 1957, 298; Tulard, Fouché, 255
28. Savary, IV/311, 406; Hortense, II/117
29. Savary, IV/314, V/99; Lentz, NHPE, I/520; Pasquier, I/517; Hauterive, Napoléon et sa Police, 43
30. Jérôme, Mémoires, IV/410; Metternich, Mémoires, I/279; Chastenay, 433; Ségur, Un aide de camp, 280; Sutherland, 197–8; Josephine, Correspondance, 274; Hortense, II/116; Chaptal, 340
31. Metternich, Mémoires, I/283–4
32. Canova, 418; Lentz, NHPE, II/125
33. Lentz, NHPE, I/529; Marmont, III/340
35: Apogee
1. Las Cases, 1983, I/619
2. Metternich, Mémoires, I/286; Masson, Marie-Louise, 208–9
3. Metternich, Mémoires, I/297; Ségur, Histoire, III/476; Kemble, 165, 170
4. Vandal, Napoléon et Alexandre, II/318
5. Méneval, II/436; Hortense, II/127; Savary, V.146–9; Raza, 202–6; Castellane, I/83; Kemble, 182–4
6. Boigne, I/291–2; Lentz, NHPE, II/13–14; Goethe, Karlsbader Stanzen
7. Hortense, II/125–8, 97; Constant Wairy, II/154–5; Savary, V/147–9; Méneval, II/438; Avrillon, II/275, 307–8; Josephine, Correspondance, 267; Chevallier & Pincemaille, 348–51; Mollien, III/76
8. Driault, Grand Empire, 323
9. Ibid., 126; Miot de Melito, III/187
10. Branda & Lentz, 187; Bodinier, 385
11. Lentz, NHPE, II/85; Branda, Le Prix, 307–8, 365, 301–3, 308–11
12. Metternich, Mémoires, II/328; Savary, IV/318–19
13. Bigarré, 315; Haegele, 399; for a contrary view: Marbot, II/482–3
14. Haegele, 420; Joseph, Mémoires, VII/306, 488ff, VIII/42–272
15. Branda, Secrets, 153–7
16. Metternich, Mémoires, II/329
17. CG, VII/924
18. Comeau de Charry, 281; Rapp, 106; Broglie, I/177–9; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/400
19. Napoleon, Correspondance, XX/149–54
20. Ibid., 159
21. Zamoyski, 1812, 111
22. Kartsov & Voenskii, 50–1
23. Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/3; Palmer, 199
24. Zamoyski, 1812, 70–1; Bignon, 46ff; Metternich, Mémoires, II/407
25. Metternich, Mémoires, II/412–13; Ernouf, 319
26. Zamoyski, 1812, 72
27. Caulaincourt, I/281–316
28. Zamoyski, 1812, 75–6
29. Ibid., 76–7
30. Chastenay, 471; Branda, Secrets, 184; Beugnot, I/480–5; Pasquier, I/430–1; Lignereux, 142; Heine, 114
31. Metternich, Mémoires, II/422
36: Blinding Power
1. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIII/191
2. Villemain, I/155–67; Zamoyski, 1812, 106; Ségur, Histoire, IV/74
3. Bodinier, 309–12; Zamoyski, 1812, 85, 88; Bégos, 175
4. Zamoyski, 1812, 88–9
5. Berthezène, I/328
6. Baudus, I/336; Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/46; Ségur, Histoire, III/65–9, 447–8, IV/125; Laugier, 9; Dumonceau, II/17, 48; Davout, III/155; Fantin des Odoards, 303
7. Jérôme, V/247; see also Zamoyski, 1812, 83–4
8. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIII/388
9. Fontaine, I/316
10. Pasquier, I/525
11. Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/61
12. Castellane, I/93
13. Beauharnais, VII/340; Savary, V/226; Comeau de Charry, 439; Lejeune, II/174
14. Méneval, III/25, 109; Caulaincourt, I/315
15. Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/68
16. Metternich, Mémoires, I/122; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/395
17. Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/75; Pradt, 56–7; Savary, V/226
18. Villemain, I/163, 165–6; Chłapowski, 235
19. Zamoyski, 1812, 132–3
20. Caulaincourt, I/342; Zamoyski, 1812, 133–4
21. Zamoyski, 1812, 132–7
22. Ibid., 117
23. Lejeune, I/172
24. Zamoyski, 1812, 142–3
25. Bulletins, 487–8
37: The Rubicon
1. Caulaincourt, I/344
2. Zamoyski, 1812, 147; Bulletins, 488–9
3. Lejeune, II/175
4. Planat de la Faye, Vie, 71
5. Zamoyski, 1812, 156–7
6. Anatole de Montesquiou, 208
7. Caulaincourt, I/354
8. Dubrovin, 20–5; CG, XII/787–9
9. Zamoyski, 1812, 160; Bulletins, 501–3
10. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/61
11. Zamoyski, 1812, 161–4
12. Ibid., 166–8
13. Ibid., 168
14. CG, XII/879, 899
15. Ibid., 923–4
16. Zamoyski, 1812, 190–2
17. Méneval, III/43; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/128, 133; Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/289, 306; Dumas, III/429; Castellane, I/126–7; La Flise, LXXI/465; Bourgoing, 98–100
18. Zamoyski, 1812, 194–5; Dedem de Gelder, 295; Caulaincourt, I/379, 407
19. Caulaincourt, I/382; Villemain, I/203–4, 208; also Zamoyski, 1812, 196
20. Załuski, 241; Brandt, 261, 289; Chevalier, 189; Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/323
21. Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/394; Caulaincourt, I/393
22. Caulaincourt, I/406
23. Rapp, 167; Denniée, 62; Lejeune, II/199; Zamoyski, 1812, 229
24. Bourgoing, 100; Brandt, 252–3
25. Pion des Loches, 287; Chevalier, 190
26. Caulaincourt, I/411
27. Sołtyk, 198–9; Roguet, III/474
28. Zamoyski, 1812, 258–9
29. Bausset, II/84; Brandt, 272; CG, XII/1080
30. Rapp, 173–5
31. Ibid., 176; Thirion, 180; Vossler, 60–1; Holzhausen, 105
32. Zamoyski, 1812, 271–2; Lejeune, II/217
33. Dedem de Gelder, 240; Zamoyski, 1812, 287–8
34. Anatole de Montesquiou, 226–7; Sanguszko, 93; Thirion, 201
38: Nemesis
1. Bourgogne, 13
2. Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I/94–7; Rapp, 184
3. Ségur, Histoire, V/75
4. Caulaincourt, II/49
5. Zamoyski, 1812, 349–50
6. Caulaincourt, II/23
7. Zamoyski, 1812, 338–9
8. Ibid., 339
9. Belliard, I/112
10. Caulaincourt, II/26, 42, 56, 65
11. Fain, Manuscit de 1812, I/151–2
12. Zamoyski, 1812, 353–4
13. Ibid., 354–5
14. Ibid., 355; Rapp, 192–3
15. See Zamoyski, 1812, 364–8
16. Ibid., 370–5, 377
17. Denniée, 118, 114–15; Volkonskii, 199–203; Caulaincourt, II/104–5
18. Zamoyski, 1812, 379–81, 383–4
19. Ibid., 409
20. Pastoret, 470–1
21. Caulaincourt, II/141; Saint-Denis, 54; Méneval, II/93–4 writes that this was at Orsha
22. Bourgogne, 116; Roguet, III/518
23. Zamoyski, 1812, 425
24. Ibid., 455–6, 378; Bertin, 251–2; Anatole de Montesquiou, 254–5, 267
25. Zamoyski, 1812, 457
26. Caulaincourt, II/168, 173; also Zamoyski, 1812, 459–60
27. Rapp, 213; Zamoyski, 1812, 461ff
28. Zamoyski, 1812, 491–3; Bulletins, 556
29. Ernouf, 461–2
30. Caulaincourt, II/230ff
31. Ibid., 263; Pradt, 207–18
32. Potocka, 331–4; Niemcewicz, 383; Koźmian, III/311
33. Caulaincourt, II/315
34. Zamoyski, 1812, 522–3
39: Hollow Victories
1. Anatole de Montesquiou, 296–7
2. CG, XII/1305
3. Driault, Napoléon et l’Europe, 59
4. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, VII/342–3; CG, XII/1305; Caulaincourt, II/389–90, 393–4
5. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/369; for the losses, see Zamoyski, 1812, 536–40 and notes
6. Molé, I/155
7. Hortense, II/152; Mollien, III/169–70; GS, HA Ministerium, 10 February 1813; see also Collot, 50–4
8. Tulard, Fiévée, 154; Barante, I/371
9. Garros, 402
10. Lentz, NHPE, II/339; for Mallet Affair, see: Boudon, Histoire, 366ff; Savary, VI/2–35; Pasquier, II/12–34; Cambacérès, Lettres, II/914; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/434; Molé, I/118–25; Price, 29–31
11. Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/129; see Lavalette 328 for his annoyance at not being left the chance of reprieving Mallet
12. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/429; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/38
13. Caulaincourt, II/315; Molé, I/129, 131; Raumer, 23–4; Mollien, III/293–5
14. Lentz, NHPE, II/399, 403
15. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, VII/418, 448, 452, VI/74
16. Marmont, V/5; Durand, 144–5; Tulard, Fiévée, 150–1; Boussingault, I/53–5; Molé, I/144; Price, 91; Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/380–1
17. Haegele, 469–70; Lentz, NHPE, II/400
18. Hardenberg, XII/17, 13–15; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/210, 231–7
19. Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/238–41, 296–9, 301–3, 306–7; Abrantès, XI/90–1; Castellane, I/222; Broglie, I/214, 218, 220
20. Shishkov, I/167; Zorin, 251, 264
21. Angeberg, I/5–7
22. Kraehe, I/43
23. Gentz, Dépèches, I/8–9
24. Ibid., I/13; Oncken, I/416–20; Buckland, 459ff, 491ff; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/296–9
25. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/521; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/222; Lentz, NHPE, II/358–60
26. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, VII/344
27. Napoleon, Correspondance, XXIV/196–7; Driault, Napoléon et l’Europe, 76
28. Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/247–75; Driault, Napoléon et l’Europe, 76; Oncken, I/439; Méneval, III/129
29. Oncken, II/624; CG, XIII/860
30. Wojciechowski, 81; Bertrand, Lettres, 190; Pelleport, II/65; Chłapowski, 310; Mallardi, 404
31. Beauharnais, IX/94; Wojciechowski, 82; Dumas, III/499; Barrès, 158
32. Zamoyski, Rites, 52–3; Marmont, V/25
33. Oncken, II/673–8
34. Angeberg, I/13; Metternich, Mémoires, I/250; Driault, Napoléon et l’Europe, 91; Ernouf, 494, 533–4, 539; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/390
35. Price, 66; Gross, 88
36. Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/390; Price, 70; Chłapowski, 348
37. Chłapowski, 324–5
38. Zamoyski¸ Rites, 61–2
39. Fouché, 1945, 388–9
40. Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/426–7; Chłapowski, 341; Planat de la Faye, 43
41. Zamoyski, Rites, 63
40: Last Chance
1. Cambacérès, Lettres, II/922, 967, 973, 994; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, I/430; Price, 91–4; Belliard, I/125, 130
2. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/907, 938, 971–2; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, II/66–7; Fouché, 1824, II/196–7, 1945, 404; Potocka, 350
3. Metternich, Mémoires, I/147–53, II/461–2; Nesselrode, V/108–15; Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, II/36–44; Price, 83
4. SUA, 12, 33/9
5. Angeberg, I/18–19
6. Fain, Manuscrit de 1813, II/79–80
7. Nesselrode, I/99–100; Humboldt, IV/52, 76; Hardenberg, XII/207; Price, 99–101
8. Price, 103–4
9. Fleury, 317; Boulart, 287; Skałkowski, 136; Marbot, III/257
10. SUA, 12, 33/21; Humboldt, IV/92
11. PRONI, 74, 72; Angeberg, I/74; SUA, 12, 33/22; BL Aberdeen, 161–3; Webster, 157; see also Price 103–9
12. These figures are approximate, as calculations vary wildly; on the subject of Russia’s mobilisation, see Lieven
13. Beugnot, II/4–6; Beauharnais, IX/108, 117
14. See Nesselrode, I/103
15. Garros, 424
16. Hardenberg, XII/180
17. Lavalette, 278; Faucheur, 225; Dumas, III/524
18. Marmont, V/255–6; Boulart, 249; Dumas, III/524; Lentz, NHPE, II/443, 459; Szymanowski, 101–3
19. Macdonald, 224
20. Lentz, NHPE, II/467
21. Macdonald, 227; Pasquier, II/96–7; Dumonceau, II/387; Barrès, 194
22. Ginisty, 11–12; Macdonald, 232; Ségur, Histoire, VI/93; Sułkowski, Listy, 417–22
23. Lentz, NHPE, II/469–70; Masson, Marie-Louise, 509
24. Beugnot, II/38
25. Beauharnais, IX/299ff, 384–5, 295
26. Lentz, NHPE, II/516; Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, VIII/251–6
27. Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/491, 495; Cambacérès, Lettres, II/1099–112; Lentz, NHPE, II/498–9, 503; Bodinier, 307, 320, 329
28. Pasquier, II/99; Bausset, V/256–7; Waresquiel, 422; also Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/507; Lentz, NHPE, II/471
29. Beugnot, II/54; Pasquier, II/100; Molé, I/174–6; Cambacérès, Mémoires, II/507
30. Lavalette, 279–80; Marmont, VI/7–8
31. Josephine, Correspondance, 359–60; Beugnot, II/78–80
32. Pasquier, II/110
41: The Wounded Lion
1. Zamoyski, Rites, 125–8; Price, 154–61
2. Angeberg, I/77–8; Price, 161–9
3. Molé, I/139–40; Lentz, NHPE, II/511–12
4. Masson, Napoléon et sa Famille, IX/132, 84, 36ff, 76–7, 139, 150, 166–7, 175ff, 200, 259; Tulard, 291–2; Madelin, 295; Lentz, NHPE, II/491, 487–8; Beauharnais, IX/284–5, 295, 299ff; Josephine, Correspondance, 361–2
5. Pasquier, II/143; Lavalette, 282; Pontécoulant, III/187; Hortense, II/174, 177
6. Fain, Manuscrit de 1814, 72–5; Vionnet de Maringoné, 105
7. Ernouf, 623; Garros, 439; Caulaincourt, III/15–16; Montbas, 805–6; Fain, Manuscrit de 1814, 75–8, 284–5; Napoleon, Corresponda
nce, XXVII/223–4
8. Benckendorff, 349; FO 92, 3; Metternich, Mémoires, I/190; Méneval, III/213–15; Bertrand, Lettres, 375–94; Dumonceau, III/18, 29–30; Müffling, 469–71; Bodinier, 300; Ligneureux, 306–7; where the enemy had not been seen, the attitude was very different – see Lignereux, 310; Fontaine, I/385–6; Hauterive, 354; Price, 205–11
9. Joseph, Mémoires, X/63–149, 48
10. Ibid., 161; Ségur, Histoire, VI/248–9
11. Molé, I/286
12. Ségur, Histoire, VI/293–4
13. Grabowski, 179–83; Joseph, Mémoires, X/198
14. Cambacérès, Lettres, II/1131
15. Boulart, 319–20; Desmarest, 268
16. Joseph, Mémoires, X/31–3; Miot de Melito, II/353; Savary, VI/363–79; VII/3
17. Combe, 275–6; Pontécoulant, III/259–61; Béranger, 141; Savary, VII/12; Marmont, VI/240–9; Lavalette, 290
18. Belliard, I/171–2; Lentz, Vingt Jours, 31–2
19. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 41–4
20. Caulaincourt, III/167
21. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 57–69; Ségur, Histoire, VII/153
22. Marmont, VI/257–70; Belliard, I/180–6; Macdonald, 279, 286; Ségur, Histoire, VII/163–78; Caulaincourt, I/161–6; Lentz, Vingt Jours, 70–2, 107; the most coherent account is in Price, 234–8
23. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 79ff; Caulaincourt, III/233ff.; Masson, Marie-Louise, 568–82
24. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 220–1; Grabowski, 214–15; Szymanowski, 111–13; Boulart, 323
42: Rejection
1. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 217
2. cf. Caulaincourt, I/314
3. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 135–9
4. Ibid., 131–2
5. Chevallier & Laot, ed., 303
6. Caulaincourt, III/343, 357–73; Ségur, Histoire, VII/196–200; Saint-Denis, 55–8; Fain, Manuscrit de 1814, 255–8; Belly de Bussy, 237; Lentz, Vingt Jours, 159–168
7. Caulaincourt, III/366; Macdonald, 299
8. Chevallier & Laot, 303–4; Sutherland, 255–8
9. Tulard-Garros, 549
10. Masson, Marie-Louise, 541; Price, 241; Pasquier, II/237–8; Anatole de Montesquiou, 305–6
11. Masson, Marie-Louise, 573–5; Price, 242–3
12. Masson, Marie-Louise, 580; Anatole de Montesquiou, 334–5; Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 492; Lentz, Vingt Jours, 186–9
13. Chevallier, & Laot, ed., 303–4
14. Campbell, 157
15. Ibid., 157, 160, 171–2, 182; Schouvaloff; Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 493
16. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 202–3; Coignet, 331; Campbell, 185; Fain, Manuscrit de 1814, 398ff
17. Lentz, Vingt Jours, 170
18. Campbell, 190
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