by Cliff, Nigel
European access to, ref1
European adventure seekers and, ref1
Europeans blocked from, ref1, ref2
Gama and Western imperialism in, ref1
legend of Prester John, ref1
missionaries and route to, ref1, ref2n
Pax Mongolica, ref1, ref2, ref3n
sea route to, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8n
spices, gems, and myth, ref1, ref2
West’s view of, as magical realm, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n
Assassins, ref1, ref2n
Ataíde, Pêro de, ref1, ref2n
Augustine, Saint, ref1, ref2
Averroës (Ibn Rushd), ref1n
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), ref1n
Azores, ref1
Babur, ref1
Bacon, Roger, ref1
Baghdad, Iraq, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n
Barbarossa (Khayr ad-Din), ref1
Barreto, Francisco, ref1n
Baumgarten, Martin, ref1, ref2, ref3
Bayezid I, ref1, ref2
Bayezid II, ref1
Belém, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Gama buried at, ref1n
Berbers, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8n, ref9n
Bergamo, Matteo da, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12n, ref13n, ref14n, ref15n
report to employer, ref1, ref2n
betel leaves, ref1, ref2, ref3n
Book of Prophecies (Columbus), ref1n
Braga, Álvaro de, ref1
Brahmin, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n
Gama duped by, ref1, ref2n
Brazil, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Bruce, James, ref1n
bubonic plague (Black Death), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n, ref6n, ref7n
Budapest, ref1
Buonagrazia, Giovanni, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de, ref1n
Bush, George W., ref1, ref2n
Byzantine Empire, ref1, ref2n
Cabot, John, ref1n
Cabral, Pedro Álvares, ref1
attacks on Malabar Coast, ref1
Brazil found by, ref1, ref2
discovery of Sofala and Kilwa, ref1
disgrace of, ref1, ref2
gifts for Zamorin, ref1
at Kilwa, ref1
King Manuel’s mandate to, ref1, ref2
mishaps and lost ships, ref1, ref2
order to make war on Calicut, ref1
passed over for second voyage, ref1n
rounding Cape of Good Hope, ref1
seizure of Arab ship, ref1
spice trade and, ref1
Cadamosto, Alvise, ref1, ref2, ref3
Cairo, ref1, ref2
Calicut (Kozhikode), India, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n
alliance with Cannanore, ref1
Cabral and (1500), ref1
Cannanore at war with, ref1
caste system in, ref1, ref2n
Christianity in, ref1, ref2, ref3n
churches (Hindu temples), ref1, ref2n
customs, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n
Gama and, ref1, ref2
Gama and crew detained in, ref1
Gama demands expulsion of Arabs, ref1
Gama drawn into ambush, ref1
Gama pursued by war fleet, ref1
Gama’s bombardment, ref1, ref2
Gama’s captives, ref1, ref2, ref3
Gama’s grisly letter to, ref1, ref2n
Gama’s vengeance, ref1
gold of, ref1, ref2
Hinduism in, mistaken for Christianity, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
inhabitants of, ref1, ref2, ref3n
Mîrî massacre by Gama, ref1
Muslims in, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
palace, ref1, ref2n
persecution of Christians in, ref1, ref2n
Portuguese attack of 1506, ref1
Portuguese factory, ref1, ref2, ref3
Portuguese fort, ref1
Portuguese war on, ref1, ref2
sacred cows of, ref1
sexual practices and, ref1
Sodré left to blockade the harbor, ref1
spice trade and, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
wali, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Zamorin, ref1, ref2, ref3 (see also Zamorin)
Callistus III, Pope, ref1n
Cambay (Khambhat), India, ref1n
Camões, Luís Vas de, ref1n
Canary Islands, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Cannanore, ref1
Cabral voyage of 1500, ref1
Christians in, ref1
envoy to Gama, ref1
envoy to Portugal, ref1
Gama and, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Kolattiri (king) of, ref1, ref2
Nova’s mission and, ref1
Portuguese alliance with, ref1
Portuguese factor, ref1, ref2
Portuguese fort, ref1, ref2
spice trade and, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
war with Calicut, ref1, ref2
Cantino, Alberto, ref1
Cão, Diogo, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Cape of Good Hope
Cabral rounding and death of Dias, ref1
Dias voyage and, ref1, ref2n
Gama’s voyages, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Cape Verde Islands, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7n
Casas, Bartolemé de las, ref1n
Catarina de Ataíde, ref1
bestows Lord of Guinea on Afonso V, ref1
bulls granted to Portugal, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7n, ref8n, ref9n
call for new Crusade (1454), ref1
corruption in, ref1
demarcation line for Spain and Portugal, ref1, ref2, ref3n
Elizabeth I excommunicated, ref1
excommunication of Venice, ref1
failure to defend Constantinople, ref1
forced conversions of St. Thomas Christians, ref1
Great Schism, ref1
Henry the Navigator and, ref1
Inquisition in Portugal, ref1
Islamic threat to, ref1n
League of Cambrai, ref1, ref2n
mysteries of Islam and, ref1, ref2n
Ottoman Empire and, ref1, ref2n
papacy, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9n
papacy and the Crusades, ref1, ref2, ref3
Portuguese alliance with, ref1
prohibition against trade with Islamic world, ref1
reprisals against Venice, ref1
schism with Orthodox church, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n
slavery and slave trade, ref1n
Sultan’s ultimatum to, ref1, ref2n
war against Islam and, ref1
Ceuta, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n
al-Qaeda and, ref1
Monte Hacho, ref1
Portuguese atrocities in, ref1, ref2n
Portuguese Crusade, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n
Portuguese occupation of, ref1
in recent years, ref1
Seven Peaks, ref1, ref2n
Ceylon, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n
Charlemagne, ref1, ref2, ref3n
Charles I of Spain (Emperor Charles V), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Magellan and, ref1
rivalry with Francis I of France, ref1
Charles IV of France, ref1n
Charles Martel “the Hammer,” ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Chaucer, Geoffrey, ref1
Chaul, India, ref1, ref2
China, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Calicut and, ref1, ref2n
Christianity reaches, ref1n, ref2n, ref3n
as economic force, ref1n
European merchants reach, ref1n
Jesuits in, ref1
loss of sea power, 15th century, ref1
Malacca and, ref1, ref2n
Marco Polo and, ref1
opium for tea, ref1
Portuguese trade established, ref1, ref2n
ships of (junks), ref1
sinking of Portuguese ships and execution of envoys, ref1
trade by, ref1
Zheng He and treasure boats, ref1, ref2n
Christianity
Arianism, ref1, ref2n
in China, ref1n, ref2n, ref3n
conversion of Africans and, ref1
conversion of the East and, ref1, ref2, ref3
Copts, ref1
East (Asia), view of, ref1, ref2
in Ethiopia, ref1, ref2, ref3n
as European faith, ref1
forced conversions, ref1
fundamentalism, ref1
Great Schism, ref1
Iberians as zealots, ref1
in India, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7n, ref8n
Islam compared to, ref1
Islamic repression of, ref1
Jerusalem and, ref1
just war and, ref1
Monothelitism, ref1n
Mozarabs and, ref1
nature of Christ, ref1n
Nestorian, ref1, ref2n, ref3n, ref4n
as People of the Book, ref1
in Persia, ref1, ref2n
relics found by Helena, ref1, ref2n
relics in Constantinople, ref1, ref2n
relics in monastery of St. Catherine, ref1
“Rice Christians” and, ref1
saints, spicy smell of, ref1
seaborne trade as means of undermining Islam, ref1
spices, use of, ref1
superstition in, ref1
Syriac, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n
war against Islam, ref1, ref2 (see also Crusades; Portugal)
Clement V, Pope, ref1n
Cochin, ref1, ref2
Cabral’s voyage of 1500 and, ref1
first European fort in India at, ref1
Gama and, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Jewish merchants in, ref1
Nova’s Indian mission and, ref1
raja, Unni Goda Varma, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
spice trade and, ref1, ref2
treaty with Portuguese, ref1
war with Calicut, ref1
Coelho, Nicolau, ref1, ref2
on Anjediva, ref1
Cabral and, ref1
in Calicut, ref1, ref2, ref3
as captain, Berrio, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
encounter with pirates, ref1
in Malindi, ref1
in Mozambique, ref1, ref2, ref3n
report to the king, ref1, ref2
rewards for voyage of 1497, ref1
Coimbra, João de, ref1
Columbus, Bartholomew, ref1
Columbus, Christopher, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n, ref7n
as Admiral of the Ocean Sea, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
atrocities by men, ref1, ref2n
conditions of, ref1, ref2
disasters befalling, ref1
Ferdinand and Isabella backing, ref1
funding for, ref1, ref2, ref3n
Gama outshines, ref1
idea to sail west to the East, ref1, ref2n
imprisonment of, ref1, ref2n
journal of, ref1, ref2n
landing in New World, ref1
marriage of, ref1, ref2n
miscalculations by, ref1, ref2, ref3n
need for proof of Indies, ref1
Panama and, ref1
piety and religious writing, ref1, ref2n
voyage of 1492, ref1
voyage of 1493, ref1
voyage of 1498, ref1, ref2
waning of star, ref1
Comoros Islands, ref1n
Constantine the Great, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Constantinople, ref1, ref2
Battle of Manzikert, ref1n
Battle of Myriocephalum, ref1n
exodus of books and scholars, ref1
Fourth Crusade and razing of, ref1
Hagia Sophia, ref1, ref2, ref3
Hippodrome, ref1, ref2
holy relics in, ref1, ref2n
Islamic threat to, ref1, ref2n
the Mese, ref1
Mongols and, ref1
Ottoman conquest, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n
request for Rome’s help against the Turks, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Roman identity of, ref1
spice trade and, ref1
Turks defeat, ref1
Contarini, Gasparo, ref1n
Conti, Niccolò de’, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n
Corbinelli, Francesco, ref1n, ref2n
Córdoba, ref1, ref2, ref3n, ref4n, ref5
Corinthians, ref1n
Correia, Gaspar, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n, ref6n, ref7, ref8n, ref9, ref10n, ref11, ref12n
Corte-Real, Gaspar, ref1n
Corte-Real, Miguel, ref1n
Cortés, ref1n
Council of Constance, ref1, ref2n, ref3n
Council of Pisa, ref1
Coutinho, Luís, ref1, ref2
Couto, Diogo do, ref1n
Covilhã, Pêro da, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n
camel trek to Red Sea, ref1
dispatch to King John, ref1, ref2n
in east Africa, ref1
in Egypt, ref1
journey to Calicut, ref1
journey to Hormuz, ref1
posting to Fez and Tlemcen, ref1, ref2
return to Cairo (1491), ref1
return to Hormuz, wanderings in Arabia, and stay in Ethiopia, ref1, ref2n
spy mission, orders for, ref1
Cresques, Abraham, ref1n
Crimean War, ref1n
Crusader states (Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli), ref1, ref2, ref3
Crusades, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
First (1095), ref1, ref2
Second (1147), ref1, ref2n, ref3n
Third (1187), ref1
Fourth (1202), ref1, ref2n
Seventh (1248), ref1, ref2, ref3n
Age of Discovery as global, ref1
attempts to revive, ref1
Bush’s use of word, ref1, ref2n
going native and (poulins), ref1
indulgences granted to Christians on, ref1
Last Crusade, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Nicopolis (1396), ref1
papal bulls of Crusade granted to Portugal, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n
People’s Crusade, ref1
sentiment of, speech (1506), ref1
today’s Muslim extremists and, ref1
Damascus, ref1, ref2, ref3
Dark Ages, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The (Gibbon), ref1n
De modo Sarracenos extirpandi (Adam), ref1
Detti, Guido, ref1, ref2n, ref3n
Dias, Bartolomeu, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9n
Cabral’s mission of 1500 and, ref1
Cape of Good Hope discovered, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
cross erected on island, ref1, ref2n
lost at sea, ref1, ref2
overseer of new Gama ships, ref1
Dias, Diogo, ref1,
ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Dias, Pêro, ref1
Diu, Battle of, ref1
Drake, Sir Francis, ref1
Eanes, Gil, ref1
Eastern Orthodox church, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n, ref5n. See also Syriac Orthodox church
East India Company, ref1, ref2n
Edessa, ref1, ref2
Edward of Portugal, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Edward I of England, ref1n
Egypt, ref1
balsam trees wilting and, ref1, ref2n
Battle of Diu and, ref1
Copts, ref1
Covilhã and Paiva spying and, ref1
Fatimids in, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Islamic conquest of, ref1
Mamluk rule, ref1, ref2
mummy hunting by Europeans, ref1
Ottoman Empire and, ref1
Ottomans defeat Mamluks, ref1
Portuguese blockade, ref1, ref2, ref3
pyramids, ref1, ref2n
Saladin and, ref1, ref2
spice trade and, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Syria invades, ref1
Venetian alliance with, ref1, ref2
Eighty Years’ War, ref1
El Cid (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar), ref1
Elements of Astronomy (Alfraganus), ref1
Eli, Mount, ref1, ref2, ref3n
Elizabeth I of England, ref1, ref2, ref3
England
alliance with Dutch, ref1
alliance with Ottomans, ref1, ref2n
alliance with Portugal, ref1, ref2n
assault on Agincourt (1415), ref1, ref2
capture of Portuguese Madre de Deus and treasure, ref1
defeat of Spanish Armada, ref1
East India Company, ref1
exploration by, ref1
first fleet returns from India, ref1, ref2n
modern navy of, ref1
tea trade, ref1
Temple in, ref1, ref2n
Ephrem the Syrian, St., ref1n
Epiphanos, ref1
Erasmus, ref1
Eratosthenes, ref1
Escalante, Bernardino de, ref1n
Escobar, Pêro, ref1, ref2
Ethiopia, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n
Christianity in, ref1, ref2, ref3n
Covilhã in, ref1
Crusade to, ref1n
kings of, ref1
Prester John and, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Eugene IV, Pope, ref1n
Eulogius, ref1, ref2n
Europe
belief in second Great Flood, ref1, ref2n
bubonic plague in, ref1
Christianity and, ref1
desire for gold, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
East and balance of power, ref1
expanded world and adventure, ref1
expulsion of Islam, ref1, ref2n
first use of term “Europeans,” ref1, ref2n
geography and the Bible, ref1, ref2n
