111. Calvin S. Hall, A Primer of Freudian Psychology (Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Co., 1954) 13.
112. Ibid., 15.
113. Ira Progoff, Jung’s Psychology and Its Social Meaning, 2nd ed. (New York: The Julian Press, 1953), 39.
114. Frank Lloyd Wright, An Autobiography (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1943); Merle Secrest, Frank Lloyd Wright: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 1992).
115. Earl Nisbet, Taliesin Reflections: My Years Before, During, and After Living with Frank Lloyd Wright (Petaluma, CA: Meridian Press, 2006); Patrick Meehan, ed., Truth Against the World: Frank Lloyd Wright Speaks for an Organic Architecture (New York: John Wiley, 1987).
116. Franklin Toker, Fallingwater Rising: Frank Lloyd Wright, E. J. Kaufmann, and America’s Most Extraordinary House (New York: Knopf, 2003); William Allin Storrer, The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright: A Complete Catalog, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
117. A New York sheet-metal magnate, Joe Massaro, bought the house in 1991 and began a renovation project based entirely on Wright’s original designs that was completed in 2007. See David Coleman, “Loving Frank,” New York Home Design, September 10, 2007, http://architecturelab.net/2007/09/15/loving-frank/.
118. Gijs Van Hensbergen, Gaudí: A Biography (New York: Perennial, 2001), 14.
119. Van Hensbergen, Gaudí, 138.
120. Rainer Zervst. Antoni Gaudí: A Life Devoted to Architecture (Cologne: Benedikt Taschen Verlag, 1988), 162; Cesar Martinell, Antoni Gaudí: His Life, His Theories, His Work (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1975).
121. Van Hensbergen, Gaudí, xxxiii.
122. George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia (London: Secker and Warburg, 1938), quoted in Van Hensbergen, Gaudí, xxxiii.
123. Iain Boyd Whyte, ed., Crystal Chain Letters: Architectural Fantasies by Bruno Taut and His Circle (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985).
124. Modris Eksteins, Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 39; Igor Stravinsky and Robert Craft, Memories and Commentaries (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960), 29; Vera Stravinsky and Robert Craft, Stravinsky in Pictures and Documents (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978), 76–105.
125. Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 39.
126. Oron J. Hale, The Great Illusion, 1900–1914 (New York: Harper, 1971), 163.
127. Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August (New York: Bantam, 1979), 25.
128. Martin Gilbert, A History of the Twentieth Century, Vol. One: 1900–1933 (New York: Avon, 1997), 51.
129. Ibid., 52.
130. Carroll Quigley, Tragedy & Hope: A History of the World in Our Time (New York: Macmillan, 1966), 61.
131. Ibid., 135.
132. Ferguson, War of the World, 4.
133. Quigley, Tragedy & Hope, 103.
Chapter 2: Cataclysm
1. Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West (New York: Penguin, 2006), 93.
2. William L. Shirer, 20th Century Journey (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976), 216; Harold Rosenberg, The Tradition of the New (New York: Horizon, 1959), 209; Modris Eksteins, Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 44.
3. Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 44.
4. Ibid., 48.
5. Ibid., 91.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., 193.
8. Ibid., 91–92.
9. Ibid., 93.
10. Friedrich von Bernhardi, Germany in the Next War, trans. Allen H. Powles (Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2001), 17–18.
11. Paul Johnson, Modern Times: A History of the World from the Twenties to the Nineties, rev. ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 19.
12. Oron J. Hale, The Great Illusion, 1900–1914 (New York: Harper, 1971), 242.
13. Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August (New York: Bantam, 1979), 21.
14. Ferguson, War of the World, 102.
15. Ludwig Thoma, quoted in Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 92.
16. Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 93.
17. Ralph Freedman, Hermann Hesse: Pilgrim of Crisis (New York: Pantheon, 1978), 168.
18. Emile Ludwig, “Der moralische Gewinn” (“The Moral Victory”), Berliner Tageblatt, August 5, 1914, 392, and his novel Juli 14 (Berlin: E. Rowohit, 1929), 1–120.
19. Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 93.
20. Ibid.
21. Erich Kahler, The Germans (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), 272.
22. Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 119.
23. Tuchman, Guns of August, 105.
24. Barbara W. Tuchman, The Proud Tower (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1966), 462.
25. Tuchman, Guns of August, 140.
26. Ibid., 55.
27. Robert Blake, ed., The Private Papers of Douglas Haig, 1914–1919 (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1952), 84, citing Haig’s diary entry of January 22, 1915.
28. Tuchman, Guns of August, 38.
29. Ibid., 222.
30. Ibid., 223.
31. Ibid., 229.
32. Ibid., 231.
33. German Ministry of War, The Usages of War on Land, translated by J. H. Morgan (New York: 1915), 196–97, as referenced in Larry Zuckerman, The Rape of Belgium (New York: New York University Press, 2004), 41.
34. Tuchman, Guns of August, 193.
35. Holger H. Herwig, The Marne, 1914 (New York: Random House, 2009), 113.
36. Tuchman, Guns of August, 359.
37. Jeff Lipkes, Rehearsals: The German Army in Belgium, August 1914 (Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 2007).
38. John Horne and Alan Kramer, German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial (New York: Yale University Press, 2001), 74.
39. Horne and Kramer, German Atrocities, 371.
40. Larry Schweikart, America’s Victories: Why the U.S. Wins Wars and Will Win the War on Terror (New York: Sentinel, 2007), 184.
41. John S. D. Eisenhower, Yanks: The Epic Story of the American Army in World War I (New York: Free Press, 2001), 59–60; James Dunnigan and Albert Nofi, Dirty Little Secrets of World War II: Military Information No One Told You About the Greatest, Most Terrible War in History (New York: Quill, 1994), 26.
42. Herwig, The Marne, 37.
43. Ibid.
44. Tuchman, Guns of August, 359.
45. Ibid., 432.
46. Ibid., 467.
47. Walter Goerlitz, History of the German General Staff (New York: Praeger, 1953), 161–62.
48. Herwig, The Marne, 302.
49. Cyril Falls, The Great War, 1914–1918 (New York: Perigee, 1959), 72.
50. Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 106.
51. Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany, My War Experiences, in Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 110.
52. Martin Gilbert, A History of the Twentieth Century, Volume One: 1900–1933 (New York: Avon, 1997), 405.
53. Smyth, Pershing, 77, 113.
54. Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 162.
55. “Report of the Committee on Chemical Warfare Organisation,” in Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 164.
56. Carroll Quigley, Tragedy & Hope: A History of the World in Our Time (New York: Macmillan, 1966), 228.
57. John Ellis, Eye-Deep in Hell (New York: Pantheon, 1976), 94.
58. Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 146.
59. Herbert Read, “In Retreat: A Journal of the Retreat of the Fifth Army from St. Quintin, March 1918,” in The Contrary Experience: Autobiographies (London: Faber and Faber, 1983), 248.
60. Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 149.
61. Ibid.,
62. Ibid.
63. Louis Mairet, quoted in ibid., 153.
64. “Planning Total War? Falkenhayn and the Battle of Verdun, 1916,” in Roger Chickering and Stig Foerster, eds., Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914–1918 (New York: Cambridge, 2000)
65. Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 144.
66. Peter H. Smith, Talons of the Eagle: Dynamics of U.S.-Latin Ameri
can Relations (New York: Oxford, 1996), 55.
67. Max Boot, The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 2002), 201–2.
68. Ibid., 204.
69. Richard O’Connor, Ambrose Bierce: A Biography (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1967), 299.
70. Controversy persisted for years about whether the Lusitania was carrying explosives not considered small arms. The second explosion has been substantially confirmed by numerous studies as either coal dust or as the torpedo causing a boiler to blow up. Kent J. Layton, Lusitania: An Illustrated Biography (London: Amberley Books, 2010); Keith Allen, “Lusitania Controversy,” http://www.gwpda.org/naval/lusika05.htm; and most recently, Robert Ballard and Spencer Dunmore, “Exploring the LUSITANIA,” whose underwater investigations showed that the magazine spaces were undamaged, leading to the conclusion that coal dust or a nonweapons explosion caused the second gash in the vessel. See Robert D. Ballard and Spencer Dunmore, Exploring the Lusitania (New York: Warner Books, 1995).
71. Eksteins, Rites of Spring, 144.
72. Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen, A Patriot’s History of the United States from Columbus’s Great Discovery to the War on Terror (New York: Sentinel, 2006), 512.
73. Foster Rhea Dulles, The United States Since 1865 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), 263.
74. Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill, “Henry Ford and His Peace Ship,” American Heritage Magazine, 9, February 1958, http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1958/2/1958_2_65.shtml.
75. Barbara S. Kraft, The Peace Ship: Henry Ford’s Pacifist Adventure in the First World War (New York: Macmillan, 1978), 75.
76. Dr. Moses Stearns of Philadelphia was invited, then uninvited, as he was a mayoral candidate and Ford didn’t want any politicians on the voyage. Stearns threatened to sue for public embarrassment (Kraft, Peace Ship, 79).
77. Nevins and Hill, “Henry Ford and His Peace Ship.”
78. Ferguson, War of the World, 109.
79. Robert K. Massie, Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War at Sea (New York: Random House, 2003), 530.
80. W. Elliot Brownlee, Dynamics of Ascent: A History of the American Economy, 2nd ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), 369.
81. Larry Schweikart, The Entrepreneurial Adventure: A History of Business in the United States (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, 2000), 286.
82. Anne Trotter, “Development of the Merchants-of-Death Theory, in Benjamin Franklin Cooling, ed., War, Business, and American Society: Historical Perspectives on the Military-Industrial Complex (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1977), 93–104.
83. Barbara W. Tuchman, The Zimmermann Telegram, new ed. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1966), 199.
84. Ronald J. Pestritto, Woodrow Wilson and the Roots of Modern Liberalism (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), 255.
85. Woodrow Wilson, Constitutional Government in the United States (New York: Columbia, 1908), 56.
86. Wilson quoted in Jonah Goldberg, Liberal Fascism: The Secret History of the American Left from Mussolini to the Politics of Meaning (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 86; Wilson, Constitutional Government in the United States.
87. Goldberg, Liberal Fascism, 88.
88. Ibid., 86, 88.
89. Pestritto, Woodrow Wilson and the Roots of Modern Liberalism, 255.
90. Goldberg, Liberal Fascism, 87.
91. Ibid., 87.
92. Woodrow Wilson, Leaders of Men, T. H. Vail Motter, ed. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1952), 20–26.
93. Ibid., 25.
94. Woodrow Wilson, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson (New York: Harper, 1927), 1:6–10.
95. Murray N. Rothbard, “World War I as Fulfillment: Power and the Intellectuals,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, 9, Spring 1989, 81–125 (quotation on 103), and his “Richard T. Ely: Paladin of the Welfare-Warfare State,” Independent Review, 6, Spring 2002, 585–89.
96. Goldberg, Liberal Fascism, 107.
97. David M. Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 50.
98. Michael McGerr, A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920 (New York: Free Press, 2003), 282.
99. Ibid., 282–83.
100. Kennedy, Over Here, 11.
101. Goldberg, Liberal Fascism, 107.
102. “Gov. Wilson Stirs Spanish Veterans,” New York Times, September 11, 1912.
103. Kennedy, Over Here, 17.
104. www.policyalmanac.org/economic/archive/tax_history.shtml.
105. W. Elliot Brownlee, Federal Taxation in America: A Short History, new ed. (Cambridge: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996), 44.
106. Richard H. Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859–1877 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
107. Harold Evans with Gail Buckland and David Lefer, They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine: Two Centuries of Innovators (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2004), 58–69.
108. Keith L. Bryant, Jr., and Henry C. Dethloff, A History of American Business, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990), 143.
109. William Gibbs McAdoo, Crowded Years (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 296–97, 304–9.
110. Robert Hessen, Steel Titan: The Life of Charles M. Schwab (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 236–44.
111. Stanley L. Gaskins, “Bernard Baruch, Exponent of Preparedness,” master’s thesis, University of Cincinnati, 1950, 28.
112. Ibid., 31.
113. Bernard Baruch, Baruch: the Public Years, quoted in Sidney Ratner, James H. Soltow, and Richard Sylla, The Evolution of the American Economy: Growth, Welfare, and Decision Making (New York: MacMillan, 1993), 411.
114. Edward G. Lengel, To Conquer Hell: The Meuse-Argonne, 1918 (New York: Henry Holt, 2008), 34.
115. Kennedy, Over Here, 253.
116. Goldberg, Liberal Fascism, 111.
117. Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919).
118. Goldberg, Liberal Fascism, 114.
119. Arthur H. Joel, Under the Lorraine Cross: An Account of the Experiences of Infantrymen Who Fought with the Lorraine Cross Division in France during the World War (privately printed, 1921), 8.
120. Lengel, To Conquer Hell, 33–35.
121. Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen, A Patriot’s History of the United States (New York: Sentinel, 2007), 517.
122. Lengel, To Conquer Hell, 25.
123. Ibid., 25.
124. Donald Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 170.
125. Ibid., 12–13.
126. Schweikart, America’s Victories, 112.
127. John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War, 2 vols. (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1931), 1:37.
128. Smythe, Pershing, 10.
129. Lengel, To Conquer Hell, 43.
130. James H. Hallas, Doughboy War: The American Expeditionary Force in World War I (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000), 195.
131. Lengel, To Conquer Hell, 45.
132. Smythe, Pershing, 186–87.
133. Ibid., 175–76; Frank E. Vandiver, The Life and Times of John J. Pershing, 2 vols. (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1977), 2:937–39.
134. Ray N. Johnson, Heaven, Hell, or Hoboken (Cleveland: O. S. Hubbell Printing, 1919), 94.
135. Lengel, To Conquer Hell, 68–69.
136. Christopher Capozzola, Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 67–69.
137. Sergeant York Patriotic Foundation, “Sgt. Alvin C. York’s Diary: October 8, 1918.”
138. Ibid, 280–82.
139. There is much humbug about Edwards’s life, due in part to the sensationalized biography cowritten by Lowell Thomas (This Side of Hell: Dan Edwards, Adventurer [New York: Tribune Books, 1932]) and to a
n imposter who toured the country giving talks as Edwards. Other sources include “Legionnaire Has 70 Decorations to Pay for Arm, Leg,” Dallas Morning News, October 8, 1929, and “Fifteen War Heroes Get Medals Here,” New York Times, April 6, 1923. For a review of some of the claims and counterclaims, see “Daniel Edwards,” http://www.cemetery.state.tx.us/pub/user_form.asp?step=1&pers_id=1124.
140. Lengel, To Conquer Hell, 381.
141. Kennedy, Over Here, 200.
142. Lengel, To Conquer Hell, 385.
143. Evan Andrew Huelfer, The “Casualty Issue” in American Military Practice: The Impact of World War I (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003), passim.
144. Lengel, To Conquer Hell, 419.
145. Paul F. Braim, The Test of Battle: The American Expeditionary Forces in the Meuse-Argonne Campaign (Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1987), 145.
146. Smythe, Pershing, 220.
147. United States Army in the World War, 1917–1919, 17 vols. (Washington, DC: Center for Military History, 1988–92), 10:19–30.
148. Lengel, To Conquer Hell, 434.
149. Sheffield, “Shadow of the Somme,” 30.
150. G. D. Sheffield, “Oh! What a Futile War: Representations on the Western Front in Modern British Media and Popular Culture,” in Ian Stewart and Susan L. Carruthers, eds., War, Culture and the Media (Trowbridge, Wilts, 1996), 54–74 (quotation on 63). The most famous war poem, “In Flanders Field,” was written by Canadian John McCrae.
151. Sheffield, “Influence of the First World War,” 30; Sheffield, “Oh! What a Futile War,” 54.
152. Robert Service, Lenin: A Biography (London: Pan Books, 2002), 2.
153. Ibid., 8.
154. Ibid., 8–10.
155. Tuchman, Proud Tower, 413.
156. Paul Johnson, Modern Times: A History of the World from the Twenties to the Nineties (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 53; Service, Lenin, 243.
157. Service, Lenin, 273.
158. Ferguson, War of the World, 150.
159. Ibid., 151.
160. Johnson, Modern Times, 55.
161. Ferguson, War of the World, 150.
162. Service, Lenin, 273; Ferguson, War of the World, 151.
163. Service, Lenin, 322.
164. Ibid.
165. Johnson, Modern Times, 62.
166. Ferguson, War of the World, 151.
167. H. Montgomery Hyde, Stalin: the History of a Dictator (New York: Popular Library, 1971), 105.
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