155. Weitz, “From Vienna to the Paris System,” 1319.
156. Ibid., 1329.
157. Ibid., 1331.
158. Ibid., 1334.
159. Peter Balakian, The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America’s Response (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 43.
160. Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, 3rd rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Vahakn N. Dadrian, “The Documentation of the World War I Armenian Massacres in the Proceedings of the Turkish Military Tribunal,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 23, 1991, 549–76; Guenter Lewy, The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2005).
161. See Guenter Lewy, “Revisiting the Armenian Genocide,” Middle East Quarterly, 12, Fall 2005, 3–12.
162. Mazower, Dark Continent, 59.
163. Ibid., 64.
164. Max Boot, The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 176.
165. Ibid., 177.
166. Ibid., 234.
167. Peter H. Smith, Talons of the Eagle: Dynamics of U.S.-Latin American Relations (New York: Oxford, 1996), 63.
168. Victor Bulmer-Thomas, The Economic History of Latin America Since Independence, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 153, 163–74.
169. Ibid., 53.
170. Ibid., 126.
171. Ibid., 104–6.
172. Ibid., 212.
173. Thomas F. O’Brien, Making the Americas: The United States and Latin America in the Age of Revolutions to the Era of Globalization (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2007), 114.
174. Ibid., 104.
175. Ibid., 93.
176. Ibid., 113.
177. Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance Through 20th-Century Europe (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2005), 31.
178. Ibid., 29.
179. Ibid., 161.
180. Ibid., 109.
181. Larry Schweikart and Lynne Pierson Doti, The American Entrepreneur (New York: Amacom Press, 2009), 258–64; Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920–1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965); Stephen Fox, The Mirror Makers: A History of American Advertising and Its Creators (New York: Vintage, 1985).
182. Schweikart and Pierson, The American Entrepreneur, 262.
183. Bruce Barton, The Man Nobody Knows (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1925). Laurie Beth Jones wrote a modern version of the book, using terminology tailored to the 1990s, Jesus, CEO: Using Ancient Wisdom for Visionary Leadership (New York: Hyperion, 1992).
184. J. Murray Allison, “Continental Advertising,” Advertising World, May 1927, 17–18 (quotation on 18).
185. De Grazia, Irresistible Empire, 262.
186. Ibid., 265.
187. Ibid.
188. Ibid., 267.
189. Ibid., 288.
190. Ruth Vasey, “Beyond Sex and Violence: ‘Industry Policy’ and the Regulation of Hollywood Movies, 1922–39,” in Matthew Bernstein, ed., Controlling Hollywood: Censorship and the Regulation of the Studio Era (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1999). See also Ruth Vasey’s The World According to Hollywood, 1918–1939 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997).
191. Siegfried Kracauer, “Artistisches und Amerikanisches,” Frankfurter Zeitung, January 1926; Miriam Bratu Hansen, “The Mass Production of the Senses,” in Linda Williams and Christine Gledhill, eds., Reinventing Film Studies (London: Edward Arnold, 2000), 342–43.
192. De Grazia, Irresistible Empire, 284.
193. Paul Mazur, American Prosperity: Its Causes and Consequences (New York: Viking, 1928), 7.
194. De Grazia, Irresistible Empire, 284.
195. Smith, Talons of the Eagle, 83–84.
196. Ibid., 85.
197. Ibid., 109–10.
198. Alan Reynolds, “What Do We Know About the Great Crash Fifty Years Later?” National Review, November 9, 1979, 1416–21.
199. Paul Johnson, Modern Times: A History of the World from the Twenties to the Eighties (New York: HarperCollins, 1983), 216.
200. James Gwartney and Richard Stroup, “Tax Cuts: Who Shoulders the Burden,” Economic Review, March 1982, 19–27; and Warren Brookes, The Economy in Mind (New York: Universe Publishers, 1982).
201. Paul Johnson, Modern Times: A History of the World from the Twenties to the Nineties, rev. ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 225–27.
202. Thomas B. Silver, Coolidge and the Historians (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1982).
203. Johnson, Modern Times, 329.
204. Calvin Coolidge, “State of the Union Address to Congress,” December 4, 1928.
Chapter 4: The Totalitarian Moment
1. Douglas A. Irwin, Against the Tide: An Intellectual History of Free Trade (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997).
2. Lee E. Ohanian, “What—or Who—Started the Great Depression?” NBER Working Paper No. 15258, August 2009.
3. “Hoover’s Pro-Labor Stance Spurred Great Depression,” University of California newsroom, August 28, 2009.
4. The classic study of this remains Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobsen Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971).
5. Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West (New York: Penguin, 2006), 203.
6. Michael Ellman, “Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited,” Europe-Asia Studies, 59, June 2007, 663–93; Dana G. Dalrymple, Soviet Studies, 15, January 1964, 250–84; Joseph Stalin, speech in Pravda, January 17, 1933.
7. Tom Standage, An Edible History of Humanity (New York: Walker & Company, 2009), 177.
8. Ibid., 179; Dana Dalrymple, “The Soviet Famine of 1932–1934,” Soviet Studies, 15, January 1964, 250–84; Michael Ellman, “Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited,” Europe-Asia Studies, 59, June 2007, 663–93.
9. Standage, An Edible History of Humanity, 180.
10. Dalrymple, “Soviet Famine of 1932–34,” 261.
11. Ibid., 282.
12. Walter Duranty, “Russians Hungry, But Not Starving,” New York Times, March 31, 1933.
13. Standage, An Edible History of Humanity, 171.
14. Ibid., 181.
15. Ibid. Malcolm Muggeridge was one of the few who saw the evidence of famine as incontrovertible. Writing for the Manchester Guardian, he observed: “The struggle for bread in Russia has now reached an acute stage. All other questions are superfluous…the population is in the most literal sense, starving….” (Malcolm Muggeridge, “The Soviet’s [sic] War on the Peasants,” Fortnightly Review [London], May 1933). See also “The Soviet and the Peasantry, An Observer’s Notes,” Manchester Guardian, 1933; I, “Famine in North Caucasus,” March 25, 13–14; II, “Hunger in the Ukraine,” March 27, 9–10; III, “Poor Harvest in Prospect,” March 29, 9–10.
16. Standage, An Edible History of Humanity, 171.
17. Carroll Quigley, Tragedy & Hope: A History of the World in Our Time (New York: Macmillan, 1966), 258.
18. Larry Schweikart and Lynne Pierson Doti, Banking in the American West from the Gold Rush to Deregulation (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
19. Ibid., 105.
20. Peter Huntoon, “The National Bank Failures in Wyoming, 1924,” Annals of Wyoming, Fall 1982, 34–44.
21. Schweikart and Doti, Banking in the American West, 105.
22. Larry Schweikart, A History of Banking in Arizona (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982), 203–6.
23. Tom Messelt, Sr., “Montana’s Bank Failures of the Twenties,” n.d., pamphlet in the Montana Historical Society; Clarence W. Groth, “Savings and Reaping: Montana Banking, 1910–1925,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, 20, Autumn 1970, 28–35.
24. John G. Sproat and Larry Schweikart, Making Change: South Carolina Banking in the Twentieth Century (Columbia, SC:
South Carolina Bankers Association, 1990), 68–69.
25. Olin S. Pugh, Difficult Decades of Banking: A Comparative Study of Banking Developments in South Carolina and the United States, 1920–1940, Essays in Economics No. 10, University of South Carolina, March 1964, 61.
26. Charles Calomiris, “Deposit Insurance: Lessons from the Record,” Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Economic Perspectives, May–June 1989, 10–30; “Is Deposit Insurance Necessary? A Historical Perspective,” Journal of Economic History, 50, June 1990, 283–95, and “Do Vulnerable Economies Need Deposit Insurance? Lessons from U.S. Agriculture in the 1920s,” in Philip L. Brock, If Texas Were Chile: A Primer on Bank Regulation (San Francisco: The Sequoia Institute, 1992).
27. Alan Reynolds, “What Do We Know About the Great Crash Fifty Years Later?” National Review, November 9, 1979, 1416–21.
28. New York Times, January 23, 1920;William Wright, Harvard’s Secret Court: The Savage 1920 Purge of Campus Homosexuals (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2005); Lawrence R. Murphy, Perverts by Official Order: The Campaign Against Homosexuals by the United States Navy (Abingdon, Oxford, England: Harrington Park Press, 1988).
29. A number of biographies of Roosevelt exist, including Jean Edward Smith, FDR (New York: Random House, 2008); James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox, 1882–1940 (Boston: Mariner Books, 2002) and his Roosevelt: Soldier of Freedom, 1940–1945(New York: Mariner Books, 2002); Roy Jenkins and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The American Presidents Series: the 32nd President, 1933–1945 (New York: Times Books, 2003).
30. Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen, A Patriot’s History of the United States from Columbus’s Great Discovery to the War on Terror (New York: Sentinel, 2004); Burton W. Folsom, Jr., New Deal or Raw Deal? How FDR’s Economic Legacy Has Damaged America (New York: Threshold, 2009); Amity Shlaes, The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression (New York: Harper Perennial, 2008).
31. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495, 528.
32. H. W. Brands, Traitor to His Class (New York: Doubleday, 2008), 690.
33. See the discussions in Schweikart and Allen, Patriot’s History of the United States, (2004 ed.), chapter 16; Larry Schweikart and Lynne Pierson Doti, American Entrepreneur: The Fascinating Stories of the People Who Defined Business in the United States (New York: Amacom, 2009), chapter 9; and Stephen J. DeCanio, “Expectations and Business Confidence During the Great Depression,” in Barry N. Siegel, ed., Money in Crisis: The Federal Reserve, the Economy, and Monetary Reform (San Francisco: Pacific Institute, 1984). Extensive research done on trust in societies has shown a critical relationship between prosperity and levels of trust. Any minimum wage, by arbitrarily affixing value to someone’s work, promotes a tiny element of distrust, because it’s entirely likely that the employer and government are “lying” to the employee about what that employee truly produces. The wage may be too low, arbitrarily undervaluing the employee, but more likely is usually too high, providing a false sense of value when a lesser value is the reality. In that sense, a minimum wage is akin to a teacher being forced to give all students a B even if the students are failing the course, rather than providing a measure that accurately and honestly reflects performance.
34. Folsom, New Deal or Raw Deal, passim.
35. Paul N. Hehn, A Low Dishonest Decade (New York: Contiuum, 2002), 48–49.
36. Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (New York: Penguin, 2006), 31.
37. John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of Peace (New York: Old Chelsea Station, 2006).
38. Sally Marks, “1918 and After: The Postwar Era,” in Gordon Martel, The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: A. J. P. Taylor and the Historians (London: Routledge, 1999); and her “Smoke and Mirrors: In Smoke-Filled Rooms and the Galerie des Glaces Comment, From Armistice to Dolchstosslegende,” in Manfred Boemeke et al., The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998); and her article “The Myths of Reparations,” Central European History, September 1978, 231–55; Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War: Explaining World War I (New York: Basic Books, 2000); Stephen A. Schuker, The End of French Predominance in Europe: The Financial Crisis of 1924 and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1976); and Gerhard Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005). See also Etienne Mantoux, The Carthaginian Peace, or, The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes (New York: Scribners, 1952); and A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
39. Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 27.
40. A. J. Nicholls, Weimar and the Rise of Hitler (New York: St. Martin’s, 2000), 160.
41. Walter Goerlitz, History of the German General Staff (New York: Praeger, 1953), 272.
42. Ibid., 255.
43. Ibid, 274, 291.
44. Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 260.
45. Ibid., 62.
46. Jorg Baten and Andrea Wagner, “Autarchy, Market Disintegration, and Health: The Mortality and Nutritional Crisis in Nazi Germany, 1933–1937,” CESIFO Working Paper No. 800, October 2002, http://www.cesifo.de/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/1190050.pdf.
47. Ibid.
48. These and other analyses of Hitler’s psyche and anti-Semitism appear in Ron Rosenbaum, Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil (New York: Random House, 1998).
49. Among the more useful biographies of Hitler are Ian Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010); Thomas Fuchs, A Concise Biography of Adolf Hitler (New York: Penguin, 2000); John Toland, Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography (New York: Anchor, 1991); and Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (New York: Harper, 1991).
50. Paul Johnson, Modern Times from the Twenties to the Nineties, rev. ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 135.
51. “Hitler’s Cushy Prison Life in the 1920s Revealed,” The Independent, June 24, 2010.
52. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, trans. Ralph Manheim from the 1st edition (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1943), 643, 654.
53. Ibid., 606.
54. Adolf Hitler, Hitler’s Second Book: The Unpublished Sequel to Mein Kampf, Gerhard L. Weinberg, ed. (New York: Enigma Books, 2006), 7.
55. Ibid., 46.
56. Ibid., 29.
57. Rosenbaum, Explaining Hitler, passim.
58. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, trans. Ralph Manheim (New York: Houghton Mifflin/Sentry Edition, 1943), 300–29.
59. Robert J. Loewenberg, “The Trivialization of the Holocaust as an Aspect of Modern Idolatry,” St. John’s Review, Winter 1982, 33–43 (quotation on 33). Indeed, as philosopher Emil Fackenheim contended, Hitler’s proposed goal was not a Christian state devoid of Jews but a Nazi religion worshipping Volk, Reich, and Fuehrer. Emil Fackenheim, Encounters Between Judaism and Modern Philosophy: A Preface to Future Jewish Thought (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 217.
60. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1939), 288–89; Loewenberg, “Trivialization of the Holocaust,” 39.
61. Loewenberg, “Trivialization of the Holocaust,” 41.
62. Office of Strategic Services: Research and Analysis Branch, R&A No. 3114.4, “The Nazi Master Plan: Annex 4: The Persecution of the Christian Churches,” July 6, 1945, 1, in authors’ possession.
63. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1943 ed., 3.
64. Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 213.
65. Hitler, Hitler’s Second Book, 93.
66. Hehn, Low Dishonest Decade, 72.
67. Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 65.
68. Hitler, Hitler’s Second Book, 95.
69. Hehn, A Low Dishonest Decade, 124.
70. Ibid., 39.
71. Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 251.
72. Ibid., 156.
73. Ibid., 328.
74. Ibid., 337.
75. Ibid., 409.
76. Ibid.
77
. Ibid., 272.
78. Frank McDonough, Hitler, Chamberlain and Appeasement (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 22.
79. Hehn, Low Dishonest Decade, 124.
80. Nevile Henderson, Failure of a Mission (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1940), ix.
81. John David Lewis, Nothing Less Than Victory: Decisive Wars and the Lessons of History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010), 208.
82. Hehn, Low Dishonest Decade, 126.
83. Ibid., 59.
84. McDonough, Hitler, Chamberlain and Appeasement, 24.
85. Hehn, Low Dishonest Decade, 54.
86. John Gooch, Mussolini and His Generals (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 317–28.
87. Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (Greenwich, CT: Pan, 2002), 352–56.
88. James Gregor, The Search for Neofascism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 54.
89. Johnson, Modern Times, rev. ed., 321.
90. Hehn, Low Dishonest Decade, 174.
91. Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961), 27.
92. Ibid., 40.
93. Alban Butler, Peter Doyle, and Paul Burns, Lives of the Saints, New Full Edition, vol. 7 (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2000), 171–72.
94. Thomas, Spanish Civil War, 46.
95. Stanley Payne, The Spanish Revolution (New York: Littlehampton Book Services, 1970).
96. Peter Wyden, The Passionate War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), 30.
97. Charles Foltz, Jr., The Masquerade in Spain (Cambridge, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1948), 96–97.
98. Ibid., 96.
99. Thomas, Spanish Civil War, 631–32.
100. Raymond Carr, The Spanish Tragedy (London: Phoenix Press, 2001), 133–34.
101. Foltz, Masquerade in Spain, 347–48.
102. Ibid., 44.
103. Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, 621.
104. Lewis, Nothing Less Than Victory, 221.
105. Goerlitz, History of the German General Staff, 326–27.
106. Ibid., 329.
107. Carroll Quigley, Tragedy & Hope: A History of the World in Our Time (New York: Macmillan, 1966), 630–31.
108. Telford Taylor, Munich, The Price of Peace (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1979), 806.
109. Hehn, Low Dishonest Decade, 24.
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