North African campaign, in World War II, 334–35, 376–78
North Pole, Peary’s expedition to, 2, 61–62
Northwest Ordinance, 5, 37
Norway, in World War II, 317–19
Nuclear energy program, Nazi Germany, 319
Nuremberg trials, 264
Nzula, Albert, 202
Obama, Barack, 4
O’Connor, Richard, 374
Oil embargo, on Japan, 305, 349, 395
Okhrana (secret police), 140, 148
Okinawa, invasion of, 415–17
Olbricht, Friedrich, 413
Omdurman, Battle of, 1–2, 3, 38, 85, 328
O’Neill, Buckey, 26
Opel, Adam, 322
Open Door policy, 210
Operation Sea Lion (Battle of Britain), 326–30
Orlando, Vittorio, 157
Orteig, Raymond, 175
Orwell, George, 67
Ostend Manifesto of 1854, 16
Otis, Elwell, 31
Ottoman Empire, 154, 198, 220
Owen, Wilfred, 138
Pacific War
and atomic bomb, 417–18, 419, 421
Australian forces in, 393–94
battle map of, 364–65
Doolittle raid, 366–67, 391
Guadalcanal, Battle of, 368–69, 392–93
“Island Hopping” strategy in, 369, 393
Iwo Jima attack, 137, 415
Japanese defeats in, 394, 400–401, 404, 411
Japanese victories in, 362, 366, 370
and Japan home islands invasion plan, 417
MacArthur’s command in, 363
Midway, Battle of, 367–68, 381, 397
military preparedness for, 307–8
Nimitz’s command in, 395–97
Okinawa invasion, 415–17
outbreak of, 308, 350–51
in Philippines, 362–63, 362–66, 391, 405–6, 411–12
suicide tactics in, 416–17
surrender of Japan, 418–19
Palestine, 199–201
Palmerston, Lord, 50
Panama, 53, 57
Panama Canal project
Culebra Cut, 55, 56, 57, 58
opening of, 58
under de Lesseps, 49–51
under U.S., 51–58
yellow fever hazard to, 50, 54–55
Panama Canal Zone, 54, 57
Panic of 1873, 45
Papen, Franz von, 167, 257–58, 265
Paris, pre–World War I culture of, 76–77
Parrott, Robert, 119
Pasionaría, La (Dolores Ibárruri), 281
Passchendaele (Ypres), Battle of, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105
Patton, George S., 394, 395, 396
in Mexican War, 108, 109, 127
in North Africa campaign, 377, 378
removal by Eisenhower, 406–7
on Western Front, 412, 413
Paul-Boncour, Joseph, 167
Paulus, Friedrich, 398, 399
Pearl Harbor attack, 308, 349, 350–51, 396
Pearson, Drew, 407
Peary, Robert E., 2, 7, 61–62
Peck, Harry Thurston, 46–47
Péguy, Charles, 78
Pemberton, Francis, 123
Péralte, Masséna, 34
Pershing, John “Black Jack”
death of family, 127
in Mexican campaign, 107–8, 109, 127
military career of, 128
in Philippines campaign, 32–33
training concept and tactics of, 128–29, 131
in World War I, 91, 121, 126, 127, 128–32, 136, 137
Peru, 227
Pétain, Philippe, 104, 136, 325, 326
Philby, Harry St. John Bridger, 199
Philippines
Pacific War, 362–63, 362–66, 391, 405–6, 411–12
in Spanish-American War, 17, 26, 30–31, 107
U.S. bases in, 299, 307, 348
U.S. intervention in, 30–33, 127, 223
Picasso, Pablo, 66, 69
Pilsudski, Józef, 164, 165
Pius XII, Pope, 361
Pizarro, 38
Planned Parenthood, 184, 186
Platt Amendment of 1901, 28, 30
Plekhanov, Georgy, 143
Poincaré, Raymond, 168
Poison gas, in World War I, 101–2
Poland, 289
extermination camps in, 387–88
independence of, 154–55, 219, 273, 312
Nazi invasion of, 270, 294–95, 296, 312–13
and postwar settlement, 402, 411
under Pilsudski, 164, 165
Warsaw Ghetto, 387
Warsaw Uprising, 389
Popenoe, Paul, 183, 195–96
Popular Front, 278, 280
Population planning, 194
Populists, 43, 48
Portal, Charles, 357–58
Portugal, 165, 219, 284
Potsdam Conference, 403
Potter, David, 16
Powell, Adam Clayton, Sr., 185
Pravda (“Truth”), 147, 148
Prieto, Indalecio, 279, 280
Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 278
Princip, Gavrilo, 81, 82
Progressivism
and Bolshevism, 143
Constitutionalism versus, 3–4, 11
and eugenics movement, 179, 180–81
of Hoover, 241, 249
and industrial control, 120
and League of Nations, 157
and Social Darwinism, 186
and tax policy, 48–49, 118–19
of Theodore Roosevelt, 47, 49, 117, 118
and warfare’s social uses, 117–18
during World War I, 120, 124–25
of Woodrow Wilson, 116–19
Prohibition, 7
Property rights, and American exceptionalism, 5
Proportional representation, in Europe, 166
Protestantism, and American exceptionalism, 5
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 189–90, 200
Provisional Government, 145–46
Psychology, emergence of, 62–64
Public Works Administration (PWA), 252
Q-boats, 111
Quisling, Vidkun, 317
Rachkovsky, Pyotr, 189–90
Racism
and “blood” concepts, 194
of eugenics movement, 180–81, 183
and Holocaust, 329, 360, 383, 384, 387–90
in Japan, 297, 298
of Margaret Sanger, 184–86
and Nazi purification program, 386–87
See also Anti-Semitism
Raeder, Erich, 318
Railroads, 45, 72, 123
Rapallo Treaty of 1922, 169, 220
Rasputin, 140
Rathenau, Walter, 71, 215
Rauschenbusch, Walter, 117
Raw materials shortages
Japan, 300, 301, 311, 349
Nazi Germany, 268, 290, 311–12, 314, 372
Poland, 312
U.S., 304
Raynal, Abbé, 6
Reagan, Ronald, 4
Reche, Otto, 194
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), 241, 250
Redman, John, 397
Redman, Joseph, 397
Red Terror, 144–45, 146
Reed, John, 107
Reed, Thomas, 31
Reed, Walter, 29–30, 54, 55
Reparations, German, 161, 214–15, 217, 256–57, 264
Republican Party
post-Civil War dominance, 42–43
and tax policy, 49
Resor, Stanley and Helen, 230
Revenue Acts, 118–19
Reynaud, Paul, 323, 324, 325
Rhineland, invasion of, 276, 313–14
Rhodes, Cecil, 197
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 295, 296, 297, 307
Rite of Spring ballet, 68
Robles, Gil, 280
Rochefort, Joseph J., 397
Rockefeller, John D., 46, 119, 186, 187
; Rockefeller, Nelson, 233
Rockefeller Foundation, 194, 226
Rodman, Thomas, 119
Roessler, Rudolf, 337
Rokossovsky, Kontantin K., 347
Romania, 222, 256, 271, 272, 273, 334, 402, 410, 411, 414
Rommel, Erwin, 323, 336, 374–75, 377, 378
Roosevelt, Franklin
background and career of, 250–51
and British alliance, 331, 347–48
and business, 11, 354
at Casablanca Conference, 401–2
death of, 413
Hitler’s views of, 217, 292
and Holocaust, 390
Japan policy of, 305–8, 348–49, 395, 421
Latin American policy of, 223, 227, 233
on Lindbergh, 176
and military preparedness, 332, 333
and Nazi military expansion, 266
and Nazi persecution of Jews, 270
New Deal policies, 251–54, 266, 292–93
and Pearl Harbor attack intelligence, 349, 350
on Philippine bases, 348
at Tehran Conference, 402
wartime leadership of, 308, 363, 366, 376, 400
Roosevelt, Theodore, 3, 4, 7, 19, 44, 112, 137
American interests promoted by, 47–48
assassination attempt on, 82
business policies of, 45–47
and Caribbean/Latin American interventions, 33
as naval secretary, 16, 17
and Panama Canal project, 49, 53, 54, 55, 56
Progressivism of, 47, 48, 117, 118
and racial quotas, 180
in Spanish-American War, 26, 108, 128
Root, Elihu, 33
Rosenbaum, Ron, 262
Rosenberg, Harold, 76
Rosenberg, Isaac, 78
Rosenthal, Joe, 415
Ross, E.A., 180
Rotary International, 227–28
Rothschild, Edmond de, 201
Rothschild, Lionel, 249
Rough Riders, 26, 27, 29
Rüdin, Ernst, 194
Ruhr, occupation of, 169, 215, 265
Rupprecht of Bavaria, Prince, 93, 98
Ruskin, John, 197
Russia
anti-Semitism in, 189–90
Bolshevik seizure of power, 145–48
Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 127, 154, 173
coming of revolution, 73
Czarist reforms, 71, 72–73, 76, 140
–Japan wars, 59–60
Provisional Government, 145–46
in World War I, 106, 126, 140, 146–47, 154
See also Soviet Union
Russian Revolution of 1917, 115, 126, 145–46
Ruth, Babe, 7, 12
SA (Sturmabteilung), 257
Sagrada Familia, La (The Sacred Family), 67
Salazar, António, 165
Sanctity of life concept of war, 134
Sandino, Augusto, 234
Sanger, Margaret, and eugenics movement, 179, 184–86
Sanjuro, José, 281, 283
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 289
Sassoon, Siegfried, 138
Sauckel, Fritz, 185
Saudi Arabia, 199
Saud, Ibn, 199
Schacht, Hjálmar, 216, 249, 258
Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 252–53
Scheer, Reinhard, 110
Schleicher, Kurt von, 257, 258, 265
Schley, Winfield Scott, 25
Schlieffen Plan, 81, 87, 92–99, 106
Schmundt, Rudolf, 321
Schröder, Kurt von, 258
Schuker, Stephen, 256
Schwab, Charles, 20, 120–21
Schwalbe, Julius, 188
Schwieger, Walther, 111
Schwimmer, Rosika, 113
Scott, C.P., 200
Scott, Robert Falcon, 2, 61
Sebold, William, 331
Sedition Act, 124, 125
Seeckt, Hans von, 258, 312
Segua y Sáenz, Pedro, 279
Selby Group, 374
Senghor, Lamine, 37
Serbia, and Austria-Hungary, 82, 83
Sergi, Giuseppe, 190
Seversky, Alexander de, 174
Sex education, 193
Sexual dysfunction, Freud’s theories of, 63
Shafter, William, 27
Shaw, George Bernard, 150, 243–44
Sherman Antitrust Act, 46, 240
Sherriff, R.C., 78
Shintoism, 207–8, 300, 302
Shirer, William, 76
Shlaes, Amity, 252
Shonts, Theodore, 55
Short, Walter, 308
Showa Restoration, 302
Sicily, invasion of, 400
Sinclair, Upton, 113, 124
Singapore, 348, 362
Singer, Kurt, 303–4
Singer Sewing Machines, 205, 234
Sino-Japanese War, 304
Slave labor, in Nazi Germany, 360, 383, 384–86
Slayden, James, 396
Sledge, E.B., 416
Slovakia, 334
Smith-Dorrien, Horace, 100
Smith, Walter Bedell, 405
Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 217, 218, 226, 240, 245, 299, 311
Smuts, Jan Christiaan, 158
Sobibor extermination camp, 387
Social Darwinism, 186
Social Gospel movement, 117, 226
Social hygiene movement, in Germany, 182–83, 192–96
Socialism, 117, 124, 125
Social Security Act of 1935, 253
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 242
Somme, Battle of, 105
Soto, Hernando de, 39, 211
Sousley, Franklin, 415
South Africa, in World War I, 100
South Pole, expeditions to, 2, 61, 62
Soviet Union
and African nationalists, 202
agricultural collectivization, 242–43, 244
constitution of, 154
declaration of war on Japan, 418
de-Stalinization, 148
famine in, 149, 150, 242, 243, 244
German invasion (Eastern Front), 337–41, 343–47, 369–73, 380, 382, 397–400, 403–4, 410
Hitler-Stalin nonaggression pact, 295–97, 337
Lend-Lease aid to, 341–42, 402–4
military production of, 343, 356
in Spanish Civil War, 285, 286
succession to Lenin, 148–49
wartime alliance with U.S., 421
in wartime conferences, 402–3
See also Bolsheviks; Stalin, Joseph
Spaatz, Carl, 382
Spain
anarchist faction in, 279, 282, 283
Civil War, 278, 281–86
outbreak of Civil War, 280–81
republican government in, 278–80
under Franco, 165
Spanish-American War, 8, 15–30
in Cuba, 25–28
and Cuban reform policies, 28–30
European misjudgments about, 21–25
naval deepwater fleet in, 17–20
outbreak of, 16–17
in Philippines, 17, 26, 30–31, 107
Rough Riders, 26, 27, 29
Speculative fever, 234–35
Speer, Albert, 292, 339, 359, 370, 382
Spooner Act of 1902, 53
Spruance, Raymond, 367–68, 396, 397
SS (Schutzstaffel), 257
Stalin, Joseph, 11, 12
background of, 148
and Casablanca Conference, 401, 403
–Churchill talks, 403, 410–11
and de-Stalinization, 148
–Hitler nonaggression pact, 295–97, 337
purges of, 286, 340, 347, 398
state control under, 149, 150
succession to Lenin, 148–49
at Tehran Conference, 402, 403
wartime leadership of, 343, 346, 347, 398
Western supporters of, 149–50, 243–44
Stalingrad, Battle of, 347, 373, 398–99
&nbs
p; Standard Oil Trust, 46
Stark, Harold, 307–8
Stauffenberg, Claus von, 413
Stavisky Crisis, 294–95
Steffens, Lincoln, 244
Steinberg, Isaac, 146
Stekel, Wilhelm, 62
Sterilization programs, eugenic, 181–82, 183, 192–93, 195
Steuben, Baron von, 380
Stevens, John Frank, 54, 55, 56
Stimson, Henry, 227, 333
Stock market crash, 217–18, 240
Stock market speculation, 234–35
Stoddard, Lothrop, 184–85
Strank, Michael, 415
Strasser, Gregor, 265
Stravinsky, Igor, 68–69
Stresemann, Gustav, 216, 217, 256, 258
Strong, Benjamin, 249
Submarine warfare
in World War I, 110–11, 115, 116, 120, 169–70, 171
in World War II, 313, 331, 349, 369
Sudan, Britain in, 1–2, 37–38
Sudetenland, 286
Suez Canal, 50, 79, 200, 375
Suicide tactics, Japanese, 416–17
Sullivan, Louis, 65
Sullivan & Cromwell, 52
Sumner, William Graham, 186
Sun Yat-sen, 208–9
Suzuki, Kantaro, 418
Switzerland, 165
Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916, 199
Taft, William Howard, 32, 49, 106, 113
Taisho, Emperor (Prince Yoshihito), 207
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, 347–48
Tanaka, Taro, 302
Tandler, Julius, 188
Tannenberg, Battle of, 106, 140
Tarbell, Ida, 112
Tariff barriers (Smoot-Hawley), 42, 43, 49, 217, 218, 226, 240, 245
Tax policy
Harding/Coolidge cuts, 215, 236
Hoover increases, 241, 250
New Deal increases, 253
Progressive, 48–49, 118–19
in World War I, 123
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 250
Taylor, Zachary, 137
Tehran Conference, 402–3
Temple, William, 361
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 38
Ten-year rule, 277, 329
Thoma, Ludwig, 77–78
Thoma, Wilhelm von, 285
Thomas, Georg, 270, 339, 372
Thomas, Lowell, 133
Thomson, J. Edgar, 19
Timoshenko, Semyon, 369
Tirpitz, Alfred von, 23
Tobruk, siege of, 375
Todt, Fritz, 270
Togo, Heihachiro, 59
Tojo, Hideki, 349, 350, 416
Tolstoy, Leo, 73
Tooze, Adam, 217, 255, 259
Toynbee, Arnold, 197
Tracy, Benjamin F., 17, 20
Trade
colonial, 311
for raw materials, 268, 304, 311
restriction (Smoot-Hawley), 217, 218, 226, 240, 245, 299, 311
Trans-Siberian Railroad, 72
Treaty of Paris, 31
Treblinka extermination camp, 387
Trench warfare, 102–4
Tresckow, Henning von, 413
Tripartite Pact, 297, 331, 334, 335
Trotsky, 146, 148, 149
Truman, Harry S., 11, 158, 413, 417, 418
Trusts, regulation of, 45–47, 240
Tsurumi, Kazuko, 300
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