A Patriot's History of the Modern World

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A Patriot's History of the Modern World Page 65

by Larry Schweikart


  territorial demands of, 266–67, 286, 295, 312

  Tripartite Pact, 297, 331, 334, 335

  and U.S., views of, 216–17, 292, 315–17

  war preparations of, 270–71

  wartime leadership of, 323, 335, 337, 339, 343, 346, 359, 370, 373, 376, 382, 398, 399

  See also World War II

  Hitler Youth, 333

  Hoare, Samuel, 274

  Hoare-Laval Pact of 1935, 274–75, 329

  Hoche, Alfred, 179, 192

  Ho Chi Minh, 162

  Hodges, Courtney, 412

  Hoepner, Erich, 346

  Holland, John, 15

  Holland (Netherlands), 320, 321–22, 408, 414

  Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 124, 250

  Holocaust, 329, 360, 383, 384, 387–90

  Homma, Masararu, 362

  Honduras, 226, 227

  Hong Kong, 362

  Hoover, Herbert, 223, 237, 241, 249–50

  Hoover, J. Edgar, 331

  Horder, Lord, 192

  Hornbeck, Stanley, 304

  Horthy, Miklós, 288

  House, Edward, 113, 153, 155, 157, 159

  Huerta, Adolfo de, 106, 107, 109

  Hughes, Charles Evans, 115, 253

  Hughes, G.W.G., 102

  Hughes, Howard, 354–55

  Hugo, Victor, 50

  Hull, Cordell, 48, 266, 304, 305, 306, 307, 331, 350

  Human behavior, study of, 62–64

  Human Betterment Foundation, 182

  Hungary, 164, 165, 219, 256, 273, 289, 334, 402, 411, 414. See also Austro–Hungarian Empire

  Huntington, Collis, 52

  Husayni, Musa Kazim al-, 200

  Hussein bin Ali, 199

  Husseini, Kamel Bey al-, 200

  Ibárruri, Dolores (La Pasionaría), 281

  Imamura, Hitoshi, 400

  Immigration

  and eugenics theory, 180, 181, 184

  nativist reaction to, 6–7

  restriction, 184, 303

  Income tax, 48–49, 118–19, 123

  India, 100, 203, 204, 205

  Indian policy, U.S., 211–12

  Indochina, Japan in, 304–5, 306, 336, 348

  Inoue, Shigeyoshi, 171

  Insull, Samuel, 186–87

  International Brigades, 285

  International Workers of the World (IWW), 125

  Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), 158

  Inukai, Ki, 300

  Iraq, 336

  Ireland, Easter Rising, 42

  Isandlwana, Battle of, 38

  Isherwood, Benjamin, 18

  “Island Hopping” strategy, in Pacific War, 369, 393

  Isolationism, U.S, 112–13

  Italy

  Abyssinian (Ethiopian) conflict, 168, 273–75

  in Albania, 275

  armistice of, 400

  birth rate decline in, 190

  and fascist economic recovery, 254–55

  fascist ideology in, 178

  –Japan alliance, 297

  in Libya, 373

  Mussolini-Hitler pact, 273, 295

  persecution of Jews, 276

  in Spanish Civil War, 278, 284

  and “Third Europe” coalition, 271, 272–73

  and Treaty of Versailles, 155

  Tripartite Pact, 297, 331, 334

  in World War II, 331, 334–35, 373–74, 403, 404, 414

  Iwo Jima, attack on, 137, 415

  Izvestia (“News”), 147

  Janeway, Eliot, 304

  Japan

  assassination cult in, 300, 301

  atomic bombing of, 417–18, 419, 421

  as authoritarian state, 302–3

  Bushido/Shinto ethos in, 207–8, 300, 301–2, 391, 393

  in China, 209–10, 301, 304, 391

  imperial expansionism of, 209–10, 297–98, 299–300, 301, 303–5, 336

  in Indochina, 304–5, 306, 336, 348

  in Korea, 298

  modernization of, 206, 208

  naval buildup of, 170, 171–72

  Pearl Harbor attack, 308, 349, 350–51

  political system of, 58–59, 206–7, 208

  race policies of, 297, 298

  raw materials needs of, 300, 301, 311, 349

  in Russian wars, 59–60, 304

  and Treaty of Versailles, 155

  in Tripartite Pact, 297, 331

  U.S. oil embargo on, 305, 349, 395

  U.S. policy toward, 210, 305–8, 348–50, 395, 471

  U.S. as ultimate enemy, 299, 305

  war crimes of, 391, 421–22

  See also Pacific War

  Japanese American internment, 370, 419, 420

  Jaurès, Jean, 83

  Jefferson, Thomas, 5

  Jellicoe, John, 110

  Jews

  assimilation of, 188

  Bolsheviks, 189, 398

  deportation of, 389

  in eugenics movement, 188

  in ghettos, 387, 388

  Mussolini’s persecution of, 276

  Nazi extermination of, 329, 360, 383, 384, 387–90

  Nazi persecution of, 269–70, 389

  Orthodox isolationists, 188–89

  and Palestine state, 199, 200–201

  slave labor, 385, 386

  in U.S., Hitler’s view of, 216–17

  in Vichy France, 326

  See also Anti-Semitism

  Jodl, Alfred, 317, 414

  Joffre, Joseph, 85, 93–95, 96

  Johnson, Chandler, 415

  Johnson, Hiram, 115

  Johnson, Hugh, 253

  Johnson, Paul, 10, 145, 247, 419

  Joly, Maurice, 189

  Jones, Bill, 19

  Jones, Percy, 103

  Jordan, David Starr, 182

  Joseph, Chief, 107

  Jung, Carl, 62, 63–64

  Jünger, Ernst, 78, 105

  Jutland, Battle of, 110, 299

  J. Walter Thompson, 230

  Kaganovich, Lazar, 148, 398

  Kahn, Otto, 249

  Kaiser, Henry J., 353, 354

  Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, 194

  Kamenev, Lev, 148

  Kamikaze attacks, Japanese, 416–17

  Kammhuber, Josef, 382

  Kasserine, Battle of, 377–78, 379

  Kato, Tomosaburo, 171

  Keitel, Wilhelm, 372

  Keller, Helen, 112

  Kellogg, Frank, 173

  Kellogg-Briand Pact, 173

  Kennan, George, 295

  Kennedy, Joseph P., 251

  Kennedy, Julian, 19

  Kennedy, Robert F., 333

  Kenney, George, 400

  Kerensky, Aleksandr, 143, 145–46, 147

  Kershaw, Ian, 390

  Kesselring, Albert, 375

  Kettle Hill, Battle of, 27

  Keynes, John Maynard

  in eugenics movement, 179

  on German reparations, 256

  on globalization, 70–71

  on government spending, 250

  interventionism of, 248

  speculation theory of, 234

  on tax hikes, 250

  war aims of, 360

  Khalifa (Abdullah al-Taashi), 1–2, 34

  Kharkov, Battle of, 399

  Khartoum, Mahdi’s siege of, 36

  Khomiakov, Alexei, 73

  Khrushchev, Nikita, 148, 286, 398

  Kimmel, Husband, 350, 396

  King, Ernest J., 376, 396, 397, 401, 402, 406

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., 186

  Kipling, Rudyard, 196

  Kirchhoff, Walter, 99

  Kita, Ikki, 301–2

  Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, 1, 37–38, 84–85, 95, 96

  Kloman brothers, 19

  Kluck, Alexander von, 96, 97, 98

  Knappe, Siegfried, 343

  Knight (E.C.), 46

  Knox, Frank, 396

  Knox, Philander C., 46

  Kolchak, Aleksandr, 346

  Konev, Ivan Stepanovich, 347

  Konoe, Fumimaro, 349
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  Koo, Wellington, 162–63

  Korea, Japan in, 298

  Kornilov, Lavr, 146–47

  Kristallnacht, 269–70

  Krosigk, Schwerin von, 271

  Krulak, Victor “Brute,” 356

  Krupp (Friedrich) AG, 86

  Krupp-Thyssen, 217

  Kuhl, Charles H., 407

  Kulaks, in Soviet Union, 149, 242, 243

  Kuomintang, 209

  Kursk, Battle of, 382

  Kurusu, Saburo, 349–50

  Labor market

  full employment, 236, 239–40, 266

  and minimum wage, 180, 181, 253

  New Deal programs, 252

  racial quotas in, 180

  unemployment, 242, 250, 253, 254

  women in, 353–54

  Laffer Curve, 236

  Lagarde, Paul de, 189

  Lambert, Alexander, 55

  Land Ordinance of 1785, 5, 37

  Land ownership, in American colonies, 210–11

  Lansing, Robert, 116, 158, 162, 218

  Largo Caballero, Francisco, 279, 280

  Larsen, Frederick, 378

  Larson, Edward, 181

  Lasker, Albert, 230, 231

  Latin America

  missionary groups in, 226

  neutrality in World War II, 389

  obstacles to development in, 224–26

  U.S. companies in, 226–27

  U.S. cultural influence on, 233–34

  U.S. interventions in, 106, 107–8, 223–24

  U.S. investment in, 224

  See also Spanish-American War

  Lausanne Conference of 1932, 256

  Lausanne Treaty of 1923, 220

  Laval, Pierre, 274

  Lawrence, T. E., 162, 198–99, 200, 204

  Lawrence of Arabia, 198–99

  Layton, Edwin T., 350, 397

  League of Nations

  and Abyssinian (Ethiopian) conflict, 273

  and disarmament, 167–68

  mandate system of, 219

  and Versailles Conference, 158

  Wilson’s proposal for, 153–54, 157, 199

  Lean, David, 198–99

  Lebanon, 204

  Leiss, William, 231

  Lejeune, John, 223

  LeMay, Curtis, 174, 381

  Lend-Lease, 306, 331, 341–42, 402–3

  Leningrad, siege of, 344

  Lenin, Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov

  background of, 140–41

  cease-fire with Germany, 126–27

  death of, 149

  Marxist doctrine of, 141–43

  revolutionary agenda of, 143–45

  seizure of power, 145–46, 147

  succession to, 148–49

  Lévi, Sylvain, 201

  Lewis, John David, 300

  Lewis, Sinclair, 176

  Libya, 334–35, 373, 374, 375

  Liggett, Hunter, 131–32, 134, 135, 136

  Light Brigade, charge of, 38

  Lincoln, Abraham, 82

  Lindbergh, Charles, 7, 12, 175–77, 291

  Lipkes, Jeff, 89

  Lippmann, Walter, 125, 157, 218

  Literature, 137, 139, 176

  Lithuania, 294

  Lloyd George, David, 272

  and Dardanelles, 168–69

  at Versailles Conference, 155, 156, 159, 161

  wartime posts of, 161

  Locarno Pact of 1925, 173, 312

  Lodge, Henry Cabot, 116, 158

  Loewenberg, Robert, 263

  Lôme, Enrique Dupuy de, 16

  London, Jack, 226

  London Naval Treaty of 1930, 299

  London Protocol of 1830, 220

  Long, John D., 17

  Lord & Thomas, 230–31

  “Lost generation,” 138

  Lovett, “Wild Bill,” 125

  Low, Francis, 366

  Luce, Stephen B., 18

  Ludendorff, Erich, 86–87, 261

  Ludwig, Emil, 80

  Lugard, Frederick, 203

  Lusitania, sinking of, 111–12

  Lyautey, Hubert, 196, 203

  Macabulos, Francisco, 31

  McAdoo, William Gibbs, 120, 122, 123

  MacArthur, Arthur, 394

  MacArthur, Douglas

  early career and character of, 363, 394–95

  and Eisenhower, 404, 406

  “Island-Hopping” campaign of, 369

  in Japanese occupation, 207, 420

  in Philippine command, 362–63, 395

  and Philippine invasion, 363

  return to Philippines, 363, 393, 395, 411

  surrender of Japan, 418–19

  McCloy, John J., 390

  McCormick, Cyrus, 234

  McCullough, David, 50, 52, 53

  Mackinder, Halford, 18, 19

  McKinley, William, 3, 11, 52, 82

  election of, 32, 42, 44

  and Spanish American War, 16 17, 30, 31

  Macmillan, Harold, 402

  McNary-Haugen plan, 245

  Macpherson, Douglas, 27

  MAGIC (code-breaking project), 349, 350

  Maginot Line, 320, 322

  Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 17, 18, 19

  Mahdi (Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah), 1, 34, 35–36, 40, 85

  Malta, in World War II, 378

  Manchuria, Japan in, 301

  Mansoor, Peter R., 379

  Manstein, Erich von, 321, 346–47, 369, 373, 398, 399

  Marc, Franz, 80

  Maritain, Jacques, 360–61

  Marks, Sally, 215, 256

  Marne, Battles of, 97, 132

  Marriage clinics, in Germany, 194

  Marriage laws, in Germany, 193–94

  Marshall, George C., 129, 333, 376, 379, 393, 401, 402, 405, 406

  Marx, Karl, 64, 141, 143, 191, 262

  Marxism-Leninism, 140–45

  Masses, The, 124

  Mathias, Frank, 392

  Maunoury, Michel-Joseph, 96, 97

  Maurras, Charles, 166, 187, 222

  May, Karl, 316

  Maynard, John, 243

  Mazur, Paul, 233

  Meeker, Royal, 181

  Mehmed VI, 154

  Meiji Constitution, 58–59, 206

  Meinecke, Friedrich, 77

  Mein Kampf (Hitler), 261, 290, 337

  Mellon, Andrew, 235, 236, 241, 249

  Mencken, H.L., 192

  Merritt, Wesley, 30

  Metaxas, Ioannis, 165

  Meuse-Argonne offensive, 129, 131, 132, 135

  Mexico

  economic collapse of, 226

  nationalization of U.S. companies, 227

  obstacles to development, 225

  Pancho Villa’s campaign, 106–10, 116, 127

  and Zimmerman telegram, 116

  Mezes, Sidney, 153

  Middle East

  Balfour Declaration of 1917, 199, 200

  Britain in, 198–99, 200

  Palestine, Jewish state in, 200–201

  Suez Canal, 50, 79, 200, 375

  in World War II, 336, 373–74, 375–76

  Midway, Battle of, 367–68, 381, 397

  Militarism, pre-World War I, 75–76

  Military production

  Nazi Germany, 168, 271, 318

  and bombing raids, 359–60, 383

  myths of, 313–15

  nuclear energy, 319

  slave labor in, 360, 383, 384–86

  tanks, 322

  timetable for war, 267–69

  Soviet, 343, 356

  U.S.

  in Spanish-American War, 19-20

  in World War I, 119–20, 121–23

  in World War II, 353–56

  Millis, Walter, 113

  Milner, Alfred, 197

  Minami, Jiro, 301

  Minimum wage, 180, 181, 253

  Minobe, Tatsukichi, 302

  Minorities. See National minorities

  Miranda, Carmen, 234

  Mitchell, Billy, 129, 131, 135, 174–75

  Moffett, Billy, 175 />
  Mola, Emilio, 283–84

  Molotov, Vyacheslav, 148, 297

  Moltke, Helmut von, 84, 86, 93, 95–96, 98

  Monetary policy, in 1920s, 247–49

  Monist League, 186

  Monroe Doctrine, 21, 33

  Mons, Battle of, 95

  Montague, Edwin S., 197

  Monte Cassino, Battle of, 112

  Montgomery, Bernard, 375–76, 406–7, 408–9, 410, 412–13

  Montherlant, Henry de, 78

  Montojo y Pasarón, Patricio, 26

  Montseny, Federica, 282

  Moreau, Émile, 249

  Morgan, J.P., 44, 52, 113, 119, 248

  Morgan (J.P.) & Company, 53–54, 115

  Morgan, Frederick, 401

  Morgan, Jack, 115

  Morgenthau, Henry, 253

  Mori, Hirozo, 303

  Moroccan Crisis of 1905–6, 79

  Moscow, Battle of, 344, 345–46

  Movies

  American exports to Europe, 232–34

  of Howard Hughes, 355

  Mexican Revolution in, 109

  World War I in, 137, 139

  Muggeridge, Malcolm, 243

  Mukden Incident, 301, 304

  Munich agreement, 289, 330

  Mussolini, Benito

  and Ethiopian conflict, 275

  fascist ideology of, 178

  –Hitler pact, 273, 275, 276, 295

  on New Deal, 292–93

  persecution of Jews, 276

  and “Third Europe” coalition, 271, 272–73

  wartime leadership of, 335

  Mustard gas, 101, 102

  Myers, Oscar W., 381

  Nagasaki, atomic bombing of, 418, 421

  Nagumo, Chuichi, 351, 367, 368

  National Cash Register, 228

  National Guard, 333, 334

  National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 252–53

  National minorities

  Armenian, 220–22

  and citizenship regulations, 222–23

  in Czechoslovakia, 286

  postwar uprooting of, 220, 222

  treaty protection of, 219–20

  and Versailles Treaty, 219

  National Recovery Administration, 252–53

  Naval power

  Britain, 60–61, 170, 213–14, 357

  France, 377

  Germany, 171, 269, 272, 317, 357, 400

  Italy, 334

  Japan, 170, 171–72

  London Naval Treaty, 299

  postwar buildup, 170–73

  submarines in World War I, 110–11, 115, 116, 120, 169–70, 171

  submarines in World War II, 313, 331, 349, 369

  Washington Naval Conference, 8–9, 170–71, 173

  See also United States Navy

  Nazi Germany. See Hitler, Adolf; World War II

  Netherlands (Holland), 320, 321–22, 408, 414

  New Deal, 49, 251–54, 268, 292–93

  New Economic Policy, 149

  New Zealand, 100, 214, 335

  Ngo Dinh Diem, 306

  Nicaragua, 224, 227

  Nicholas II, Czar, 71, 140, 143, 145

  Nichols, Robert, 78

  Nicolson, Harold, 156

  Nimitz, Chester, 393, 395–97, 404

  Nomura, Kichisaburo, 307, 349, 350

  Normandy, Battle of, 410

  Norman, Montagu, 249

 

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