territorial demands of, 266–67, 286, 295, 312
Tripartite Pact, 297, 331, 334, 335
and U.S., views of, 216–17, 292, 315–17
war preparations of, 270–71
wartime leadership of, 323, 335, 337, 339, 343, 346, 359, 370, 373, 376, 382, 398, 399
See also World War II
Hitler Youth, 333
Hoare, Samuel, 274
Hoare-Laval Pact of 1935, 274–75, 329
Hoche, Alfred, 179, 192
Ho Chi Minh, 162
Hodges, Courtney, 412
Hoepner, Erich, 346
Holland, John, 15
Holland (Netherlands), 320, 321–22, 408, 414
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 124, 250
Holocaust, 329, 360, 383, 384, 387–90
Homma, Masararu, 362
Honduras, 226, 227
Hong Kong, 362
Hoover, Herbert, 223, 237, 241, 249–50
Hoover, J. Edgar, 331
Horder, Lord, 192
Hornbeck, Stanley, 304
Horthy, Miklós, 288
House, Edward, 113, 153, 155, 157, 159
Huerta, Adolfo de, 106, 107, 109
Hughes, Charles Evans, 115, 253
Hughes, G.W.G., 102
Hughes, Howard, 354–55
Hugo, Victor, 50
Hull, Cordell, 48, 266, 304, 305, 306, 307, 331, 350
Human behavior, study of, 62–64
Human Betterment Foundation, 182
Hungary, 164, 165, 219, 256, 273, 289, 334, 402, 411, 414. See also Austro–Hungarian Empire
Huntington, Collis, 52
Husayni, Musa Kazim al-, 200
Hussein bin Ali, 199
Husseini, Kamel Bey al-, 200
Ibárruri, Dolores (La Pasionaría), 281
Imamura, Hitoshi, 400
Immigration
and eugenics theory, 180, 181, 184
nativist reaction to, 6–7
restriction, 184, 303
Income tax, 48–49, 118–19, 123
India, 100, 203, 204, 205
Indian policy, U.S., 211–12
Indochina, Japan in, 304–5, 306, 336, 348
Inoue, Shigeyoshi, 171
Insull, Samuel, 186–87
International Brigades, 285
International Workers of the World (IWW), 125
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), 158
Inukai, Ki, 300
Iraq, 336
Ireland, Easter Rising, 42
Isandlwana, Battle of, 38
Isherwood, Benjamin, 18
“Island Hopping” strategy, in Pacific War, 369, 393
Isolationism, U.S, 112–13
Italy
Abyssinian (Ethiopian) conflict, 168, 273–75
in Albania, 275
armistice of, 400
birth rate decline in, 190
and fascist economic recovery, 254–55
fascist ideology in, 178
–Japan alliance, 297
in Libya, 373
Mussolini-Hitler pact, 273, 295
persecution of Jews, 276
in Spanish Civil War, 278, 284
and “Third Europe” coalition, 271, 272–73
and Treaty of Versailles, 155
Tripartite Pact, 297, 331, 334
in World War II, 331, 334–35, 373–74, 403, 404, 414
Iwo Jima, attack on, 137, 415
Izvestia (“News”), 147
Janeway, Eliot, 304
Japan
assassination cult in, 300, 301
atomic bombing of, 417–18, 419, 421
as authoritarian state, 302–3
Bushido/Shinto ethos in, 207–8, 300, 301–2, 391, 393
in China, 209–10, 301, 304, 391
imperial expansionism of, 209–10, 297–98, 299–300, 301, 303–5, 336
in Indochina, 304–5, 306, 336, 348
in Korea, 298
modernization of, 206, 208
naval buildup of, 170, 171–72
Pearl Harbor attack, 308, 349, 350–51
political system of, 58–59, 206–7, 208
race policies of, 297, 298
raw materials needs of, 300, 301, 311, 349
in Russian wars, 59–60, 304
and Treaty of Versailles, 155
in Tripartite Pact, 297, 331
U.S. oil embargo on, 305, 349, 395
U.S. policy toward, 210, 305–8, 348–50, 395, 471
U.S. as ultimate enemy, 299, 305
war crimes of, 391, 421–22
See also Pacific War
Japanese American internment, 370, 419, 420
Jaurès, Jean, 83
Jefferson, Thomas, 5
Jellicoe, John, 110
Jews
assimilation of, 188
Bolsheviks, 189, 398
deportation of, 389
in eugenics movement, 188
in ghettos, 387, 388
Mussolini’s persecution of, 276
Nazi extermination of, 329, 360, 383, 384, 387–90
Nazi persecution of, 269–70, 389
Orthodox isolationists, 188–89
and Palestine state, 199, 200–201
slave labor, 385, 386
in U.S., Hitler’s view of, 216–17
in Vichy France, 326
See also Anti-Semitism
Jodl, Alfred, 317, 414
Joffre, Joseph, 85, 93–95, 96
Johnson, Chandler, 415
Johnson, Hiram, 115
Johnson, Hugh, 253
Johnson, Paul, 10, 145, 247, 419
Joly, Maurice, 189
Jones, Bill, 19
Jones, Percy, 103
Jordan, David Starr, 182
Joseph, Chief, 107
Jung, Carl, 62, 63–64
Jünger, Ernst, 78, 105
Jutland, Battle of, 110, 299
J. Walter Thompson, 230
Kaganovich, Lazar, 148, 398
Kahn, Otto, 249
Kaiser, Henry J., 353, 354
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, 194
Kamenev, Lev, 148
Kamikaze attacks, Japanese, 416–17
Kammhuber, Josef, 382
Kasserine, Battle of, 377–78, 379
Kato, Tomosaburo, 171
Keitel, Wilhelm, 372
Keller, Helen, 112
Kellogg, Frank, 173
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 173
Kennan, George, 295
Kennedy, Joseph P., 251
Kennedy, Julian, 19
Kennedy, Robert F., 333
Kenney, George, 400
Kerensky, Aleksandr, 143, 145–46, 147
Kershaw, Ian, 390
Kesselring, Albert, 375
Kettle Hill, Battle of, 27
Keynes, John Maynard
in eugenics movement, 179
on German reparations, 256
on globalization, 70–71
on government spending, 250
interventionism of, 248
speculation theory of, 234
on tax hikes, 250
war aims of, 360
Khalifa (Abdullah al-Taashi), 1–2, 34
Kharkov, Battle of, 399
Khartoum, Mahdi’s siege of, 36
Khomiakov, Alexei, 73
Khrushchev, Nikita, 148, 286, 398
Kimmel, Husband, 350, 396
King, Ernest J., 376, 396, 397, 401, 402, 406
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 186
Kipling, Rudyard, 196
Kirchhoff, Walter, 99
Kita, Ikki, 301–2
Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, 1, 37–38, 84–85, 95, 96
Kloman brothers, 19
Kluck, Alexander von, 96, 97, 98
Knappe, Siegfried, 343
Knight (E.C.), 46
Knox, Frank, 396
Knox, Philander C., 46
Kolchak, Aleksandr, 346
Konev, Ivan Stepanovich, 347
Konoe, Fumimaro, 349
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Koo, Wellington, 162–63
Korea, Japan in, 298
Kornilov, Lavr, 146–47
Kristallnacht, 269–70
Krosigk, Schwerin von, 271
Krulak, Victor “Brute,” 356
Krupp (Friedrich) AG, 86
Krupp-Thyssen, 217
Kuhl, Charles H., 407
Kulaks, in Soviet Union, 149, 242, 243
Kuomintang, 209
Kursk, Battle of, 382
Kurusu, Saburo, 349–50
Labor market
full employment, 236, 239–40, 266
and minimum wage, 180, 181, 253
New Deal programs, 252
racial quotas in, 180
unemployment, 242, 250, 253, 254
women in, 353–54
Laffer Curve, 236
Lagarde, Paul de, 189
Lambert, Alexander, 55
Land Ordinance of 1785, 5, 37
Land ownership, in American colonies, 210–11
Lansing, Robert, 116, 158, 162, 218
Largo Caballero, Francisco, 279, 280
Larsen, Frederick, 378
Larson, Edward, 181
Lasker, Albert, 230, 231
Latin America
missionary groups in, 226
neutrality in World War II, 389
obstacles to development in, 224–26
U.S. companies in, 226–27
U.S. cultural influence on, 233–34
U.S. interventions in, 106, 107–8, 223–24
U.S. investment in, 224
See also Spanish-American War
Lausanne Conference of 1932, 256
Lausanne Treaty of 1923, 220
Laval, Pierre, 274
Lawrence, T. E., 162, 198–99, 200, 204
Lawrence of Arabia, 198–99
Layton, Edwin T., 350, 397
League of Nations
and Abyssinian (Ethiopian) conflict, 273
and disarmament, 167–68
mandate system of, 219
and Versailles Conference, 158
Wilson’s proposal for, 153–54, 157, 199
Lean, David, 198–99
Lebanon, 204
Leiss, William, 231
Lejeune, John, 223
LeMay, Curtis, 174, 381
Lend-Lease, 306, 331, 341–42, 402–3
Leningrad, siege of, 344
Lenin, Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov
background of, 140–41
cease-fire with Germany, 126–27
death of, 149
Marxist doctrine of, 141–43
revolutionary agenda of, 143–45
seizure of power, 145–46, 147
succession to, 148–49
Lévi, Sylvain, 201
Lewis, John David, 300
Lewis, Sinclair, 176
Libya, 334–35, 373, 374, 375
Liggett, Hunter, 131–32, 134, 135, 136
Light Brigade, charge of, 38
Lincoln, Abraham, 82
Lindbergh, Charles, 7, 12, 175–77, 291
Lipkes, Jeff, 89
Lippmann, Walter, 125, 157, 218
Literature, 137, 139, 176
Lithuania, 294
Lloyd George, David, 272
and Dardanelles, 168–69
at Versailles Conference, 155, 156, 159, 161
wartime posts of, 161
Locarno Pact of 1925, 173, 312
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 116, 158
Loewenberg, Robert, 263
Lôme, Enrique Dupuy de, 16
London, Jack, 226
London Naval Treaty of 1930, 299
London Protocol of 1830, 220
Long, John D., 17
Lord & Thomas, 230–31
“Lost generation,” 138
Lovett, “Wild Bill,” 125
Low, Francis, 366
Luce, Stephen B., 18
Ludendorff, Erich, 86–87, 261
Ludwig, Emil, 80
Lugard, Frederick, 203
Lusitania, sinking of, 111–12
Lyautey, Hubert, 196, 203
Macabulos, Francisco, 31
McAdoo, William Gibbs, 120, 122, 123
MacArthur, Arthur, 394
MacArthur, Douglas
early career and character of, 363, 394–95
and Eisenhower, 404, 406
“Island-Hopping” campaign of, 369
in Japanese occupation, 207, 420
in Philippine command, 362–63, 395
and Philippine invasion, 363
return to Philippines, 363, 393, 395, 411
surrender of Japan, 418–19
McCloy, John J., 390
McCormick, Cyrus, 234
McCullough, David, 50, 52, 53
Mackinder, Halford, 18, 19
McKinley, William, 3, 11, 52, 82
election of, 32, 42, 44
and Spanish American War, 16 17, 30, 31
Macmillan, Harold, 402
McNary-Haugen plan, 245
Macpherson, Douglas, 27
MAGIC (code-breaking project), 349, 350
Maginot Line, 320, 322
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 17, 18, 19
Mahdi (Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah), 1, 34, 35–36, 40, 85
Malta, in World War II, 378
Manchuria, Japan in, 301
Mansoor, Peter R., 379
Manstein, Erich von, 321, 346–47, 369, 373, 398, 399
Marc, Franz, 80
Maritain, Jacques, 360–61
Marks, Sally, 215, 256
Marne, Battles of, 97, 132
Marriage clinics, in Germany, 194
Marriage laws, in Germany, 193–94
Marshall, George C., 129, 333, 376, 379, 393, 401, 402, 405, 406
Marx, Karl, 64, 141, 143, 191, 262
Marxism-Leninism, 140–45
Masses, The, 124
Mathias, Frank, 392
Maunoury, Michel-Joseph, 96, 97
Maurras, Charles, 166, 187, 222
May, Karl, 316
Maynard, John, 243
Mazur, Paul, 233
Meeker, Royal, 181
Mehmed VI, 154
Meiji Constitution, 58–59, 206
Meinecke, Friedrich, 77
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 261, 290, 337
Mellon, Andrew, 235, 236, 241, 249
Mencken, H.L., 192
Merritt, Wesley, 30
Metaxas, Ioannis, 165
Meuse-Argonne offensive, 129, 131, 132, 135
Mexico
economic collapse of, 226
nationalization of U.S. companies, 227
obstacles to development, 225
Pancho Villa’s campaign, 106–10, 116, 127
and Zimmerman telegram, 116
Mezes, Sidney, 153
Middle East
Balfour Declaration of 1917, 199, 200
Britain in, 198–99, 200
Palestine, Jewish state in, 200–201
Suez Canal, 50, 79, 200, 375
in World War II, 336, 373–74, 375–76
Midway, Battle of, 367–68, 381, 397
Militarism, pre-World War I, 75–76
Military production
Nazi Germany, 168, 271, 318
and bombing raids, 359–60, 383
myths of, 313–15
nuclear energy, 319
slave labor in, 360, 383, 384–86
tanks, 322
timetable for war, 267–69
Soviet, 343, 356
U.S.
in Spanish-American War, 19-20
in World War I, 119–20, 121–23
in World War II, 353–56
Millis, Walter, 113
Milner, Alfred, 197
Minami, Jiro, 301
Minimum wage, 180, 181, 253
Minobe, Tatsukichi, 302
Minorities. See National minorities
Miranda, Carmen, 234
Mitchell, Billy, 129, 131, 135, 174–75
Moffett, Billy, 175
Mola, Emilio, 283–84
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 148, 297
Moltke, Helmut von, 84, 86, 93, 95–96, 98
Monetary policy, in 1920s, 247–49
Monist League, 186
Monroe Doctrine, 21, 33
Mons, Battle of, 95
Montague, Edwin S., 197
Monte Cassino, Battle of, 112
Montgomery, Bernard, 375–76, 406–7, 408–9, 410, 412–13
Montherlant, Henry de, 78
Montojo y Pasarón, Patricio, 26
Montseny, Federica, 282
Moreau, Émile, 249
Morgan, J.P., 44, 52, 113, 119, 248
Morgan (J.P.) & Company, 53–54, 115
Morgan, Frederick, 401
Morgan, Jack, 115
Morgenthau, Henry, 253
Mori, Hirozo, 303
Moroccan Crisis of 1905–6, 79
Moscow, Battle of, 344, 345–46
Movies
American exports to Europe, 232–34
of Howard Hughes, 355
Mexican Revolution in, 109
World War I in, 137, 139
Muggeridge, Malcolm, 243
Mukden Incident, 301, 304
Munich agreement, 289, 330
Mussolini, Benito
and Ethiopian conflict, 275
fascist ideology of, 178
–Hitler pact, 273, 275, 276, 295
on New Deal, 292–93
persecution of Jews, 276
and “Third Europe” coalition, 271, 272–73
wartime leadership of, 335
Mustard gas, 101, 102
Myers, Oscar W., 381
Nagasaki, atomic bombing of, 418, 421
Nagumo, Chuichi, 351, 367, 368
National Cash Register, 228
National Guard, 333, 334
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 252–53
National minorities
Armenian, 220–22
and citizenship regulations, 222–23
in Czechoslovakia, 286
postwar uprooting of, 220, 222
treaty protection of, 219–20
and Versailles Treaty, 219
National Recovery Administration, 252–53
Naval power
Britain, 60–61, 170, 213–14, 357
France, 377
Germany, 171, 269, 272, 317, 357, 400
Italy, 334
Japan, 170, 171–72
London Naval Treaty, 299
postwar buildup, 170–73
submarines in World War I, 110–11, 115, 116, 120, 169–70, 171
submarines in World War II, 313, 331, 349, 369
Washington Naval Conference, 8–9, 170–71, 173
See also United States Navy
Nazi Germany. See Hitler, Adolf; World War II
Netherlands (Holland), 320, 321–22, 408, 414
New Deal, 49, 251–54, 268, 292–93
New Economic Policy, 149
New Zealand, 100, 214, 335
Ngo Dinh Diem, 306
Nicaragua, 224, 227
Nicholas II, Czar, 71, 140, 143, 145
Nichols, Robert, 78
Nicolson, Harold, 156
Nimitz, Chester, 393, 395–97, 404
Nomura, Kichisaburo, 307, 349, 350
Normandy, Battle of, 410
Norman, Montagu, 249
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