at Casablanca Conference, 401–2
and fall of France, 323–26
and Holocaust, 390
and Middle East, 199
military adventures of, 1–2, 328
on obsolescence of war, 70, 75
opposition to Hitler, 199, 291, 293, 329–30
oratory of, 325–26, 330
political career of, 328, 329, 330
as prime minister, 330
and rearmament, 277, 329
and Stalin, 403, 410–11
at Tehran Conference, 402
wartime leadership of, 334, 358, 374, 376, 393–94
in World War I, 328
writings of, 330
Ciano, Galeazzo, 275
Citizenship, in U.S., 37
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 252
Civil War (U.S.)
casualties, 91–92
guerrilla warfare in, 89
Hitler’s view of, 316
regiment recruitment in, 134–35
weapons and supplies, 119–20
Clark, Mark, 396
Clausewitz, 419
Clayton Act, 240
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850, 53
Clemenceau, Georges
as antitraditionalist, 160–61
on French prewar malaise, 77
at Versailles Conference, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160
Cliveden set, 291
Cobb, Humphrey, 139
Coca-Cola, 227
Colindres, Vicente Mejía, 226
Colombia, 53
Colonies
and decolonization policy, 201–6, 213
dependency theory of, 225
economic costs of, 204–5
economic growth in, 205–6
European ruling class in, 196–97
and land ownership, 210–11
native administration in, 212
security requirements of, 213–14
trade with, 311
and Versailles Conference, 162, 198, 199
in World War I, 100–101, 102, 104, 196
See also British Empire
Colt, Samuel, 120
Common-law heritage, and American exceptionalism, 4–5
Commons, John R., 181
Communications technology, in World War I, 91
Communist International (Comintern), 296
Communist Party, Spanish, 280, 281
Comstock Law, 185
Condor Legion, 285
Conquest, Robert, 150, 244
Constitutionalists vs Progressives, 3–4, 11
Consumerism, American, 228–30
Cook, Frederick A., 61
Coolidge, Calvin, 4, 11, 308
agriculture policy of, 236–37, 245
and Hoover, 241
isolationism of, 224
Lindbergh honored by, 175
and Mitchell court-martial, 176
tax cuts of, 215, 236
Cortés, 38
Cox, James M., 119, 235
Creel, George, 124
Cremation, Nazi, 386, 387–88
Crete, in World War II, 335–36, 374
Creveld, Martin van, 379
Croly, Herbert, 180
Cromwell, William Nelson, 52–53
Crzellitzer, Arthur, 188
Cuba
in Spanish-American War, 25–38
U.S. bases in, 30
U.S. interventions in, 33
U.S. reform policies in, 28–30
Culin, Curtis, 381
Curtis, Lionel, 197
Curzon, George, 168
Czech Legion, 146
Czechoslovakia, 164, 219, 271, 402, 414
and appeasement of Hitler, 288–89
ethnic minorities in, 286
military defenses of, 286, 288
Munich agreement, 289, 330
Nazi occupation of, 291, 294, 295
Daladier, Édouard, 255, 289, 293–94, 324
Dales, Francis, 378
Dan, Fyodor, 143–44
Daniels, Josephus, 174
Darlan, Jean François, 325, 326, 377
Darrow, Clarence, 124
Davenport, Charles B., 179, 183, 187
David, Eduard, 188
Davies, James, 37
Dawes, Charles G., 216
Dawes Plan, 216, 217
Dawn Patrol, The, 137, 139
D-Day invasion, 409–10
Dearborn Independent, 187
Debs, Eugene V., 235
DeCanio, Stephen, 253
Decolonization, 201–6, 213
De Gaulle, Charles, 376, 377
De Lesseps, Ferdinand, 50–51
Democratic Party
and income tax, 48–49
and New Deal, 254
presidential election of 1896, 43, 44
southern solidarity with, 44–45
Denmark, 319
Dependency theory of undeveloped nations, 224–25
Dernburg, Bernhard, 114
Dervishes, 1–2
Dewey, George
in Caribbean, 33
naval commands of, 15–16
in Spanish-American War, 16, 17–18, 20, 25, 26, 30
Dewey, John, 117–18, 157
Digna, Osman, 39
Disney, Walt, 7, 234
Dodd, George, 107
Dodd, William, 292
Dollfus, Engelbert, 265, 271
Dominican Republic, U.S. intervention in, 33–34
Doolittle, Jimmy, 175, 366–67, 378, 391
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 73
Douhet, Giulio, 174, 357–58
Driu La Rochelle, Pierre, 78
Dulles, John Foster, 161
Dupuy, Roger-Louis, 231
Duranty, Walter, 149, 243
Eaker, Ira, 358, 381
Easter Rising, 42
Eastman, Max, 124
Eastman, “Monk,” 125
Ebert, Friedrich, 160
Economic stabilization model, 249
Eden, Anthony, 275, 277, 410
Edison, Thomas, 112, 113
Edwards, Daniel Richmond, 133–34
Edward VIII (Duke of Windsor), 291–92, 293
Egypt, in World War II, 373–74
Eichmann, Adolf, 388, 389
Eiffel, Gustave, 50
Einstein, Albert, 7
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 137, 355–56, 396
and Brooke, 378, 406, 407–8
invasion plan of, 376, 406
and MacArthur, 404, 406
military career of, 395, 404–5
on Philippines campaign, 405–6
as Supreme Commander, 377, 378, 402, 406–10, 412–13
El Alamein, 375
Ely, Richard, 117, 118
Employment. See Labor market
England. See Britain
Enigma machine, 327
Espionage, in World War II, 327, 331–32, 397
Espionage Act of 1917, 124
Ethiopian (Abyssinian) conflict, 168, 273–75
Eugenics movement
and anti-Semitism, 187, 188, 189
in Britain, 179, 188, 193
and European birth rate decline, 190–92
in European countries, 192
in Germany, 182–83, 192–96
Jews in, 188
and sterilization programs, 181–82, 183, 192–93, 195
in United States, 179–82, 183–87
Europe
aftermath of World War I, 138–39
aftermath of World War II, 310–11
American cultural influence in, 176–77, 228–30, 231–34
anti-Semitism in, 188–90
birth rate decline in, 190–92
eugenics movement in, 193–96
misunderstanding of American exceptionalism, 5–6
national boundaries redrawn by Versailles Treaty, 154, 155, 163–65, 218–19
nonaggression pacts, 173
nonnative minorities in, 219–22
political system in, 166–67, 201–2, 20
6
and Spanish-American War, 21–25
totalitarian movement in, 293–94
See also Colonies; Versailles Conference; World War I; World War II; specific countries
Euthanasia, 193
Exceptionalism, American. See American exceptionalism
Fabian Society, 243
Faisal bin Hussein, 162, 198
Faisal, Emir, 198, 199, 200
Falange party, 280
Falkenhayn, Erich von, 98, 104–5
Falkenhorst, Nikolaus, 317–18
Fallingwater, 65, 66
Famine, in Soviet Union, 149, 150, 242, 243, 244
Fanjul, Joaquín, 283
Farben (I.G.), 256, 385
Fascism
defined, 178–79
of Franco, 278
of Hitler, 262
of Mussolini, 178, 254–55
Federal Reserve System, 8, 118, 123, 241, 247
Ferguson, Niall, 10, 114, 189, 256
Fermi, Enrico, 7
Fernández Burríel, Alvaro, 283
Fertig, Wendell W., 411–12
Film. See Movies
Finland, 317, 341
Finlay, Carlos, 54
Firebird, The, 68
Fischer, Eugen, 194
Fisher, Irving, 183
Fisher, John, 60–61
Fitzmaurice, Edmond, 36
Fletcher, Frank Jack, 121, 367–68, 397
Flex, Walter, 78
Foch, Ferdinand, 104, 131, 136
Folsom, Burton, 252, 254
Ford, Henry, 7, 112–13, 187, 228
Ford Motor Company, 269, 353
Fourteen Points, 153–56, 159, 161
France
and Abyssinian (Ethiopian) conflict, 274
appeasement of Hitler, 289
–British relations, 168–69
colonies of, 196, 202, 203–4, 213, 311
D-Day invasion, 409–10
declaration of war against Hitler, 298
diplomatic response to Hitler, 271–72, 276–77
Free French forces, 336
labor problems in, 255
nationalism in, 165–66
navy of, 377
nonnative minorities in, 219, 222
at outbreak of World War I, 76–77
political instability in, 202
Ruhr occupation by, 169, 215, 265
and Spanish-American War, 21
Stavisky Crisis, 294–95
at Versailles Conference, 155, 159–61, 164, 199
Vichy, 326, 336, 348, 377
World War I aftermath, 138
in World War I combat, 81, 83–84, 90, 92–99, 104, 105, 126, 132
in World War II combat, 313, 317, 319–26
Franchet d’Espèry, Louis, 97
Franco, Francisco, 165
in Civil War, 278, 281–82, 284, 285
and fascism, 278
and Hitler, 284, 285
military career of, 281
Franco-Prussian War, 88, 161
Frank, Richard, 417
Franz Ferdinand, assassination of, 81, 82
Franz Josef, Emperor, 21
Fraser, Bruce, 357
Fredendall, Lloyd R., 377, 378
French, John, 94, 95, 96, 97
Freud, Sigmund, 62–63, 69
Friedman, Milton, 248
Full employment, 236, 239–40, 266
Funston, Frederick, 32
Gagnon, Rene, 415
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 234
Gallieni, Joseph-Simon, 96
Gallipoli, Battle of, 104
Gamble, Clarence, 185
Gamelin, Maurice, 324
Gandhi, Mahatma, 329
García de la Herrán, Miguel, 283
Garner, John Nance, 251
Gas chambers, 386, 387–88
Gaudí, Antoni, 65–67, 68
Gazala, Battle of, 375
General Motors, 353
George V, King of England, 193
George VI, King of England, 328
Germany
air power of, 258, 267, 291, 313–14, 327, 383
birth rate decline in, 191
Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 127, 154, 173
economic recovery of, 255–56, 258, 259
eugenics movement in, 182–83, 193–96
French occupation of Ruhr, 169, 215, 265
Hitler’s rise to power, 168, 257–58, 260–62
hyperinflation in, 215–16
Jewish assimilation in, 188
marriage clinics in, 194
marriage law in, 193–94
naval power of, 61, 269, 272, 317, 357
Nazi regime. See Hitler, Adolf; World War II
in nonaggression pacts, 173
at outbreak of World War I, 71, 75, 76, 77–78, 79
pacifism in, 138–39
rearmament of, 169, 258–59, 266, 267–69
reparations of, 161, 169, 214–15, 216, 217, 256–57, 264
and Spanish-American War, 21, 23
sterilization programs in, 192–93, 195
in World War I. See Versailles Conference; World War I
in World War II. See World War II
Ghana, 205
Giannini, A.P., 7
Gibson, Hugh, 88
Gilbert, Parker, 216
Giraud, Henri, 376
Glaser, Ernst, 80
Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, 253
Glazebrook, Arthur, 197
Gleiwitz incident, 312
Goded, Manuel, 283
Godet, Jean Pierre, 125-26
Goebbels, Joseph, 382, 384, 389
Goedsche, Hermann, 189
Goethals, George, 56–57
Goethe, Charles M., 183
Goldberg, Jonah, 124
Gold bullion, confiscation of, 253
Gold standard, 3, 42–44, 247–48
Gompers, Samuel, 180
Gordon, Charles “Chinese,” 34–35, 36
Gorgas, William, 54–55
Göring, Herman, 261, 267, 275, 289, 313, 314
Gorky, Maxim, 144
Gosney, E.S., 182, 183
Government regulation, of trusts, 46
Grant, Madison, 179–80, 183
Grant, Ulysses S., 137
Grapes of Wrath, 316
Graves, Robert, 78
Graziani, Rodolfo, 275, 374
Grazia, Victoria de, 229
Great Depression
and Hoover’s policies, 241, 249–50
and New Deal policies, 251–54, 266
onset of, 217–18, 223
stock speculation theory of, 234–35
unemployment during, 242, 250, 253, 254
Greece, 165, 220, 334, 335, 374, 411, 414
Grew, Joseph, 349
Grey, Albert, 197
Grey, Edward, 84
Griffith, D.W., 109
Gropius, Walter, 67, 68, 69
Grossman, Vasily, 242–43
Guadalcanal, Battle of, 368–69, 392–93
Guam, 362
Guatemala, 227
Guderian, Heinz, 321, 323, 344, 346
Güell, Eusebi, 67
Guggenheim (Solomon) Museum, New York City, 65
Gurney, Ivor, 138
Haakon VII, King of Norway, 319
Haber, Fritz, 101
Hague Convention of 1907, 101
Hague Conventions of 1899, 89
Hague Declaration of 1899, 101
Hahn, Martin, 188
Haig, Douglas, 84, 94, 100, 104,105, 136
Haile Selassie, 293
Haines, Thomas, 182
Haiti, U.S. intervention in, 34, 223
Halder, Franz, 270, 323, 344, 345, 372, 373
Hale, Edward, 291
Halifax, Lord, 270, 290, 291, 330
Halsey, William “Bull,” 367, 397
Hamaguchi, Osachi, 300, 301
Hammerstein-Equord, Kurt von, 258
Hanna, Mark, 52
Hanneken, Herman, 34
Hansen, Han
k, 415
Hanson, Victor Davis, 10, 92, 417
Harding, Warren, 11
cabinet of, 235, 241
and Haitian intervention, 223
and naval arms limitation, 170
tax cuts of, 215, 236
Harriman, Averell, 342
Harriman, Edward H., 52
Harriman, Mary, 187
Harris, Arthur “Bomber,” 358
Harrison, Benjamin, 17
Harrison, William Henry, 137
Hart, B. H. Liddell, 290
Hashimoto, Kingoro, 299
Hata, Shinki, 305
Hatch, F.W., 181–82
Hausen, Max von, 88
Hay, John, 210
Hayek, Friedrich, 360
Hayes, Ira, 137, 415
Hayford, J. E. Casely, 37
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, 53
Hearst, William Randolph, 251
Heisenberg, Werner, 319
Hell’s Angels, 137
Henderson, Arthur, 168
Henderson, Neville, 267, 272, 290
Henson, Mattthew, 61, 62
Hentsch, Richard, 98
Herzl, Theodore, 200
Hess, Rudolf, 261, 388
Hesse, Hermann, 80
Heydrich, Reinhard, 388
Heye, Wilhelm, 258
Hicks, William, 36
Higgins, Andrew Jackson, 354, 355–56
Hill, Alexander, 341
Hill, George Washington, 230–31
Hill, James J., 54
Himmler, Heinrich, 275, 384, 387, 388, 389
Hindenburg, Paul von, 257, 258
Hipper, Franz, 110
Hirohito, Emperor, 302, 349, 421
Hiroshima, bombing of, 417–18
Hirsch, Max, 188
Hitler, Adolf
agricultural policy of, 266
anti-Semitism of, 260, 262–64
appeasement of, 272, 286, 288–91
arms program of. See Military production, Nazi Germany
Austrian Anschluss, 286
background and early influences, 259–60
“Beer Hall” Putsch, 261, 265
Christian churches suppressed by, 264
Czechoslovakian occupation, 291, 294, 295
death of, 413–14
diplomatic response to, 271–72, 276–78
economic policy of, 255, 256, 258, 266, 269
Edward VIII’s links to, 291–92
eugenics language of, 192
foreign policy of, 261–62, 266
and Franco, 284, 285
German opponents of, 270–71
and Jewish extermination, 329, 360, 383, 384, 387–90
and Jewish persecution, 269–70
Marxist language of, 262
-Mussolini pact, 273, 275, 276, 295
nuclear energy program of, 319
plots against, 288, 361, 375, 413
Polish invasion, 294–95, 312–13
popular support for, 264–66
purge of leadership, 265
race policy of, 194, 195, 298
racial cleansing concept of, 186–87
and raw materials shortages, 268, 290, 311–12, 314, 372
Rhineland invasion, 276, 313–14
rise to power, 167, 257–58, 260–62
in Spanish Civil War, 278, 284, 285
“stab-in-the-back” theory of, 136, 260
–Stalin nonaggression pact, 295–97, 337
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