A Disability History of the United States
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43. Steve Bailey, Athlete First: A History of the Paralympic Movement (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2008); Victoria Ann Lewis, “Radical Wallflowers: Disability and the People’s Theater,” Radical History Review 94 (2006): 84–110; Victoria Ann Lewis, ed., Beyond Victims and Villains: Contemporary Plays by Disabled Playwrights (New York: Theatre Communications Group, 2006).
44. For more on the ADA, see: Barnartt and Scotch, Disability Protests, 169–74; Edward D. Berkowitz, “A Historical Preface to the Americans with Disabilities Act,” Journal of Policy History 6, no. 1 (1994): 96–119; H. McCarthy, “A Belated Appreciation of Justin Dart (1930–2002),” Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 46, no. 4 (June 2003): 242–44.
45. Eli Clare, Exile and Pride: Disability, Queerness, and Liberation (Boston: South End Press, 2009), 160.
46. Ibid., 107.
INDEX
Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.
Able-Disabled Club, 167
Ableism, xii, xiv, 48, 154–56, 179, 181–83; and citizenship, 52; education, 137; and immigration, 106, 109–10; and labor, 46–47, 74, 109–10, 128–29, 134–35, 151–52
Abolition, 52, 58–60, 67–68
Accessibility, 74, 146–47; Architectural Barriers Act, 165; disability rights movement, 150, 151, 161, 163, 165, 174–78, 181; Warm Springs, 140
ADA. See Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Adams, John, 33, 49
ADAPT, 176
Adaptive equipment, 129, 146; canes, 85; prostheses, 80, 85–86, 126–27; wheelchairs, 80, 139–41, 161, 163, 171, 180
African Americans, 80, 93, 100, 112, 136–38, 140–41, 160–62, 169; civic life, 50, 96; institutionalization, 91–93, 122–23; war, 82–83, 85–87, 133, 146. See also slavery
Alabama, 75, 91–92
Alabama Insane Hospital, 91–92
Alabama School for the Deaf, 98
Alcott, Louisa May, 79
Algonquin, 16–17
American Asylum for the Deaf, 67
American Federation of Labor. See AFL-CIO
American Federation of the Physically Handicapped (AFPH), 150–54
American Revolution, 38–39, 49–50, 52–56, 65–66, 68–69, 75–76, 80, 86
American Sign Language (ASL), 98, 133, 137, 177, 179
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 161, 180; ADA Amendments Act, 181
Amputation, 128, 149–50, 170; and industrialization, 125–26; and slavery, 59; and veterans, 53–54, 79, 84–85, 87
Apache, 4–5
Arc, 143–44
Architectural Barriers Act (ABA), 165, 180
Arkansas, 87, 92
Asian Americans, 3, 103, 105, 140. See also Chinese Americans
ASL. See American Sign Language (ASL)
Asylums, 35, 37, 66–67, 69–75, 92, 96, 98–99, 102, 115, 144, 164. See also individual asylums
Aztec, 41
Barnum, P. T., 89–90
Bassoff, Sylvia Flexer, 132–33
Beecher, Catharine, 94
Bell, Alexander Graham, 97
Benson, Audrey, 173, 175
Berkeley’s Center for Independent Living, 163
Berry, James H., 87
Biard, Pierre, 13, 19
Bjerkesett, Michael, 173–74
Blackham, Sandra, 170
Black Lung Association (BLA), 159
Black lung disease, 158–60
Black Panthers, 169
Blackwell’s Island, 144
Blatt, Burton, 145
Blind Veterans Association (BVA), 153–56
Blindness, 32, 54, 77, 84, 115, 151, 162, 178; and epidemics, 15, 18, 39, 45–46, 124; and First Nations, 4–6, 10; institutions, 68, 72–74, 92–93, 95–96, 129–30, 137; and labor, 35, 170; and slaves, 61, 63–66
Bly, Nellie, 144
Bradford, William, 16–17, 21
Brewster, John, Jr., 67
Bridgeman, Laura, 68
Brown, Ebenezer, 53–55
Buck, Carrie, 117
Buck, Mara and Benomi, 23–24
Buck, Pearl, 142–43
Buck v. Bell, 117, 131
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 120–21
Cabez de Vaca, Álvar Núñez, 14
Califano, Joseph, 168–69
California, 65, 76, 89, 105, 124, 146, 162, 168–69, 171–72, 175, 177
California Department of Rehabilitation, 162, 168
Capitalism, 20, 56, 125
Cartwright, Samuel, 57
Catawbas, 40, 65
Catholic Interracial Council (CIC), 173
Cayugas, 1
Census, 117; 1840 census, 63–64, 91; 1870 census, 72
Cerebral palsy, 4, 6, 20, 151, 172, 173
Cherokee, 40, 65, 72–73
Cherokee Asylum for the Insane, Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, 72–73
Cherry v. Matthews, 168
Chinese Americans, 105, 126
Chippewa, 120
Christmas in Purgatory (Blatt and Kaplan), 145
Chumash, 65
Citizenship, 49–52, 75–77, 88, 101–10, 129, 133, 136, 150, 160–61, 173
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 166, 180
Civil War, 42, 76, 79–88, 91–92, 94, 96–98, 111, 123, 125
Clarke, Edward H., 94, 95, 116
Class, 35, 47–48, 68, 86–89, 97, 101, 104, 109–13, 128–29, 151, 159
Clemens, Jean, 119
Clerc, Laurent, 67
Cleveland Cripple Survey, 127–28
Cleveland Placement Bureau, 148–49
Clow, Clara, 161, 165
Cognitive disabilities, 47, 130; and curative treatment, 38, 39; and disability rights movement, 176–77, 180; and European colonists, 19, 20, 22; and First Nations, 2, 3, 4, 18; institutions, 37–39, 71–72, 130, 144–45, 164; and parent advocacy groups, 142–45; and slavery, 46, 63. See also idiocy
Colonialism, 12–19, 40–41, 64–65, 69, 118, 123
Colorado, 126, 146, 167, 170, 175
Commission on Employment of the Handicapped (PCEH), 165–66
Committee on Vocational Training for Disabled Soldiers, 127
Cone, Kitty, 169
Confiscation Acts, 93
Connecticut, 25, 37–38, 67
Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons, 51, 68
Coolidge, Calvin, 100, 129–30
Coolidge, Samuel, 31–34, 36
Craig Colony for Epileptics, 118
Crownsville State Hospital, 92
Dakota Sioux, 120
Danforth, Thomas, 24
Dart, Justin, 181
Davenport, Charles, 101
Day, Mary L., 73–74
Deafness, 59, 64, 74, 127, 133–37, 149–50, 162, 176–77, 179; epidemics, 15, 18, 39; and First Nations, 4, 6, 8, 14; and immigration, 108, 115; institutions, 51, 66–68, 72–73, 92, 95–98, 129–30
Deaf President Now (DPN) campaign, 179
Deffner, Hugo, 165
Deinstitutionalization, 163–64
Delaware, 76
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 153
Department of Labor, 152–53
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 14
Disability: definition of, xiv–xv, 2, 48, 74–75, 95, 109
Disability Rag, 179
Disability rights activism, 132–34, 136–38, 142–44, 148, 150–81
Disability rights movement, 156–81
Disabled American Veterans, 154
Disabled Citizens of Frederick County United, 161
Disabled in Action, 166
Disabled Miners and Widows, 157–60
Disabled Students’ Program (DSP), 163
Disease, xiv, 53, 68, 88, 89, 113, 153; and European colonists, 20; and First Nations peoples, 9, 11, 15–19, 21, 40–41, 47, 65, 123–24; and immigration, 104, 107; and slavery, 43–46, 91. See also individual diseases
Dix, Dorothea L., 70–71, 144
Doctors. See physicians
Douglass, Frederick, 52, 63
/>
Dyer, Mary, 28–30
Easter Seals, 148, 165, 169
Eastman, Crystal, 125–26
Education, xiv, xvi, xix, 38, 54, 66, 71, 81, 118, 129, 132; and blind people, 67–68, 73–74, 137; and deaf people, 14–15; 51–52, 67, 94–98, 136–37; disability rights movement, 150–51, 161, 167, 181; higher education, 66–68, 82, 88, 141–42, 181; and Samuel Gridley Howe, 67–68; and idiocy, 67–68, 71–72; racially segregated, 136–37; women, xv, 52, 66, 94–96, 115–16
Education Act of 1975, 180
Ellis Island, 103–8
Emergency Relief Bureau, 132
Emerman, Anne, 141–42
Epidemics, 15–19, 39–40, 65, 138–40
Epilepsy, 110–13, 116–19, 151
Eugenics, 101, 110–13, 116, 143
Evans, Dale, 143
Fairchild, Lucius, 87
Family life, 55, 111–15, 125, 138–39; child custody, 172; and economic security, 25–27, 32–36, 47, 118, 133–34, 151; First Nations, 1–5, 8, 121–22; shame, 36, 72, 84, 119, 131
Faribault School for the Deaf. See Minnesota School for the Deaf
Federal Security Administration, 152–53
Feminism, 160–63, 177–78
First Nations, 1–11, 13–14, 15–19, 40–41, 58, 65, 69, 72–73, 97, 119–24. See also individual Native American tribes
Florida, 13–14, 167
Freak shows, 89–91
Freedom Riders, 141
Gallaudet, Edward, 67
Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins, 67
Gallaudet College, 67, 95–98, 149, 179
Gender, xiii, xvii, 35–36, 47, 50, 101, 129, 150, 155, 161–62, 180, 182; and femininity, 50, 52, 66, 94, 109–10, 115–16; and masculinity, 41, 84, 86–87; and monstrous births, 27–30; and race, 58
Georgia, 72, 92, 137–39
Gillette State Hospital for Crippled Children, 138–39
Goffman, Erving, 162
Goldsboro Hospital for the Colored Insane, 91–92
Great Depression, 131–37
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 141
Hamilton, Marilyn, 180
Handicapped American of the Year, 165
Hanger, James E., 85
Hanson, Olof, 97
Harrison, Benjamin, 124–25
Hebrew Immigrant Sheltering and Aid Society, 108
Henry, Sarah Shelton, 34, 36
Hiawatha Asylum for Insane Indians, 119–23
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 117
Homestead Steel Works, 125–26
Homosexuality, 104–5, 107, 115–16, 160–61, 169, 181–82
Hopi, 4, 10
Hospitals, 53–54, 66, 132, 137–39, 154–55. See also individual hospitals
Howe, Samuel Gridley, 67–68, 71–72
Huemann, Judy, 163
Hummer, Harry, 120–22
Humphrey, Hubert, 166
Huron, 13, 16
Hutchinson, Anne, 28–30
Idiocy, xix, 26, 27, 35, 37, 66, 70; citizenship, 50–51, 76; definition of, 21–22; and education, 67–68, 71–72, 92; and immigration, 75, 103; and legal rights, 21–25; and slavery, 64; and sterilization, 102, 110, 115. See also cognitive disabilities
Illinois, 89, 101, 128, 134, 154, 163, 169
Immigration, 51, 75–76, 97, 100–110, 115, 129; LPC clauses, 75–76, 109
Immigration Act of 1882, 103
Immigration Act of 1924, 103
Independent Living Movement, 35, 154, 162–64
Indiana, 102, 113, 115, 157
Indigenous North Americans. See First Nations
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), 167
Industrialization, 51, 56, 88–89, 98, 101, 110, 125–27, 129, 182
Infantile paralysis. See polio
Insanity. See lunacy; psychological disabilities
Institute for Deaf, Dumb and Blind Colored Youth, 137
Institutionalization, xix, 35–38, 50–52, 66–75, 84, 88, 92–93, 95–99, 111–23, 129–30, 142, 144–45; and First Nations peoples, 3, 72–73, 119–23; Warm Springs, 140–41. See also deinstitutionalization
Invalid Corps, 79–80, 82–83, 85
Iowa, 76, 134–35, 177
Iroquois, 1, 10, 16, 41
Jarvis, Edward, 64
Jefferson, Elizabeth, 35–36
Jefferson, Thomas, 35, 57
Johnson, Charles F., 79, 82–83
Kansas, 81
Kaplan, Fred, 145
Keller, Helen, 68, 137
Kemp, Evan, 181
Kennedy, Eunice Shriver, 143
Kennedy, John, 143
Kennedy, Robert, 145
Kennedy, Rosemary, 143
Kenny, Elizabeth, 140
Kentucky, 92, 157
Kiowa, 40
Knott, Josiah C., 57–58
Labor, 20, 26–27, 39, 51, 53–56, 70, 146–49; and disability rights movement, 151–54, 161, 167, 170–72, 175; and disease, 17–18; and immigration, 103, 105, 107–10; and industrial accidents, 125–27; and mine workers, 157–60; and sheltered workshops, 176–77; and slavery, 59–62; and veterans, 46, 53, 54–55, 76, 80–82, 86, 127–29, 150, 153–55; and women, 86–87. See also unemployment
Lakin State Hospital for the Colored Insane, 92
Lakota Sioux, 120, 123
Laughlin, Harry, 101–2, 113
League of the Physically Handicapped, 132–33, 136
Legal frameworks, 50, 56, 98, 182; colonial era, 21–23, 25–26, 27; and the Great Law, 1–2; and immigration, 75, 100, 105; and institutionalization, 68–69; and slavery, 61, 63; and sterilization, 102, 110, 113–15, 116–17.
Le Rodeur, 44–45
Lexington School for the Deaf, 134
Lights Out, 155
Lomax, Brad, 169
Longmore, Paul, 171–72
Louisiana, 16, 59, 64–65, 76, 87, 92
Lunacy: care for, 25, 27; and citizenship, xix, 50; cure of, 39, 40; definition of, 22; and immigration, 75, 102; institutions, 37, 84. See also psychological disabilities
Maine, 64, 70, 167
March of Dimes, 140–41
Maryland, 73, 76, 92, 161
Maryland Institute for the Blind, 73
Massachusetts, 53, 58, 69, 70, 76, 90, 145, 169; colonial, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 31–33, 36, 74; and Dorothea Dix, 72; and Samuel Gridley Howe, 68, 71–72; and LPC clause, 75
Massachusetts School for Idiotic Children and Youth, 72
Mather, Cotton, 26, 30, 36, 39
McKoy, Christine and Millie, 62
Measles, 15, 17
Media, 143–45, 164
Medicine, 11, 53, 66, 68, 70
Menominee, 120
Metropolitan Transit Commission of Minneapolis/St. Paul, 175–76
Mexican Americans, 104
Michigan, 79, 124
Miller, Paul S., 171
Miners for Democracy, 159
Minnesota, 76, 97, 138, 172–79
Minnesota School for the Deaf, 97
Mississippi, 85, 92–93, 141
Mohawks, 1
Montana, 124, 167
Montana Coalition of Handicapped Individuals (MCHI), 167
Morton, Samuel George, 57
Mount Vernon Hospital for the Colored Insane, 92
National Association for Retarded Children. See Arc
National Association for Retarded Citizens. See Arc
National Association of the Deaf (NAD), 97, 134, 136
National Deaf-Mute College. See Gallaudet College
National Employ the Physically Handicapped Week, 150, 152–53
National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. See March of Dimes
National Foundation for the Blind, 166
National Fraternal Society of the Deaf, 134
National Institutes of Health, 168
National Labor Relations Board, 177
Native Americans. See First Nations
Navajo, 4
Nebraska, 98
Nebraska School for the Deaf, 98
Neurol
ogical disabilities, xv, 83
New Jersey, 76, 110–11, 116, 138, 142
New Jersey Parents Group for Retarded Children, 142
New Jersey State Village for Epileptics, 110–111, 113, 117
New Mexico, 40, 65
New York, 81, 82, 89, 106, 132, 135; and activism, 141, 145, 163, 166, 167, 170, 175; and institutions, 37, 118–19, 134, 145; and polio, 138; and poor law, 25, 26, 32
Niven, Larry, 155
Nixon, Richard, 166–67
North Carolina, 16, 71, 91–92, 137, 140
North Carolina State School for the Colored Deaf and Blind, 137
North Dakota, 173
Office of Indian Affairs (OIA), 124
Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, 152
Ohio, 76, 81–82, 127, 131, 133, 148, 157, 167, 170–71
Oklahoma, 40, 72–73, 92, 124, 165
Oneidas, 1
Onondagas, 1
Oralism, 96–98
Oregon, 76, 89
Otis, James, Jr., 33–34, 36, 38, 49
Pain, 4, 9, 62, 127
Palmetto State Hospital, 92
Palsy, 24, 58–59
Parent advocates, 142–45, 164
Patuxet, 21
Payne, Robert, 157–60
Peacemaker, 1–2, 10
Pennsylvania, 25, 37–38, 79, 95, 125, 138
Pensions, 53–55, 66, 76, 83, 85–87, 111, 151
Perkins School for the Blind, 68
Perrine, Thomas A., 79–80, 84, 94
Phipps, Mary, 23–25
Physical disabilities, 19, 146–49, 156, 180; and First Nations, 3, 9–10; and immigration, 103–4; and industrial accidents, 39–40, 74, 124–25, 160–62; and institutions, 51, 115; and mobility, 93; and slavery, 46; and veterans, 76, 81–87, 128
Physicians, 38, 70, 84, 115–16, 138, 140, 142; and black lung activism, 159; in Colonial Army, 53–54; and homosexuality, 104–5; and professionalization, 66, 68; and scientific racism, 57–58, 62–63, 91–92; and trachoma treatment, 124
Pinn, Robert A., 81, 84, 86
Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL), 7
Polio, 137–41, 147, 162, 171
Poor laws, 22, 34–35
Popular culture, 9, 100–101, 143–45, 164, 181
Pregnancy, 27–30, 62, 70, 112
Psychological disabilities: and African Americans, 57, 91–92, 93, 122–23; and census, 64; and citizenship, 51, 76; cure of, 68, 70; and European colonists, 20, 22, 25–26, 31–34, 36–39; and First Nations, 5, 69, 72–73, 119–23; and homosexuality, 104, 114; and institutions, 69–70, 92, 102, 118, 119–23, 144; and legal frameworks, 69, 113, 114, 115; and war, 80, 84. See also lunacy