Asia Minor and Syria-Phoenicia, from immemorial time, were the great imperial, highly civilized,
ancient people generally known as Hittites, but who called themselves “Khatti” or “Catti,” which is
the self-same title which the early Briton kings of the pre-Roman period called themselves and their
race.”
The Amorites had been subjugated by the Hittites prior to the Egyptian invasion and may have been
the impetus for them leaving the Medeteranean for destinations in North Africa, Britain or North
America. A letter from the Hittite King, Mursilis, written about 1300 B.C. to the king of the Acheans,
Ahijawa, complained about one of the Amorite residents, who agreed to be a vassal of the Hittite King,
only to wage war on him. The name of this Amorite King was Tawagalawas. King Mursilis was
angered that he could not locate Tawagalawas, and presumed he and his people had left by sea.
An important aspect of the Amorites and their trading prowess was in the supply of materials to
arm the first large armies in history. They were engaged in trade with both the Egyptians to the south
and the Hittites to the north. In the Late Neolithic (3,500-2700 B.C). copper was first used for
personal ornaments and some spear heads. This was followed by adding tin to copper that used to make bronze, called the Early Bronze Age (2700-2000 B.C) While this early date is given for the use
of bronze, it isn't in widespread use until about 2000 B.C., and later in other western Medeteranean
areas. In many places, the use of copper remained in widespread use until the MBA.
The God Kings and Titans, Bailey, 1973 “ In the Bronze Age, the life and death struggles of
competing states, Egyptian, Syrian, Hittite, Hurrian, Cretan, Babylonian, Assyrian, Elamite and the
Indus peoples, among many others, demanded that they should have sufficient supplies of copper and
tin to make bronze weapons for their armies and bronze tools for their workers. They also built places
with walls of bronze. There was a fortune to be made supplying it; disaster overtook a state without it”
The Amorites were masters of the sea dedicated to the mining of copper and tin to make bronze.
Their sea captains and trading companies became rich. By 1900 B.C. their influence spread west across
the Medeteranean,where they built great cities in Carthage and Crete, where grand palaces were built
at Knosses, Phaistos and Mallia. The cities in Crete had running water and a sewage system that
wouldn't be duplicated for another 2000 years.
Weapons from from the EBA that carry over to the MBA were daggers, spears and javelins.
Daggers: the short strait untanged dagger, with rivit holes in the base for attaching the the haft,
common in the EBA remained in use in the MBA, however a new type that was longer with a
pronounced mid-rib and a tang in which several rivets were drivin to improve the attachment were new
to the IBA Weapons uncovered from the ancient city of Gezer. Weapons include tanged and socketed spears and knife with rivit holes. A practice that was used from the Early to the Intermediate Bronze Age. Archaeology and the Bible, George Barton, 1916,
The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, Yigael Yadin, 1963 “ In addition to the curved or sickle
swords, the MBA also produced a series of short strait swords, some what like daggers. They were
designed no doubt for defense in hand to hand combat. Unlike the strait narrow sword of the EBA, the
blades become broader during MBII, taking the shape of a pointed leaf. They were designed primarily
for stabbing and the blade was therefore strengthened by a central spine or rib.”
Spear-head from Israel with long tang for hafting, with a central spine or rib for additional strength. The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, Yigael Yadin, 1963
“At the end of third millennium 2,000 BC, the armorors were still grappling with the problem of
finding an effective method of attaching the spearhead and javelin-head to a wooden staff, and had
come up with nothing better than the tang. This also marked the type of spear and javelin in use at the
beginning of the second millennium, and not until a later stage in the first half of the second
millennium [1500BC] was the socketed type to be developed and more commonly used.” The socket, developed about 1500 B.C. was a revolutionary new method of hafting a spear to the wooden staff. The socket was also employed in the use of the hoe in agriculture, greatly improving the the productiveness of farming.
The Amorites were trading throughout the Medeteranean and had also secured and forged trading
routes that stretched from Japan to the Indus Valley to Northern Europe. The Amorites who travelled
by land into Europe would be known as the Beaker People; bringing with them the knowledge of the
metals and leaving their indelible mark upon the soil of Europe in the form of burial mounds.
The early Amorites buried their dead within burial mounds which contained megalithic dolmans
within their interior that acted as a sarcophagus. Archaeology and the Bible, George Barton, 1916,
“Megalithic tombs were constructed in the Land of Israel during phases of the Chalcolithic [The use of
stone and copper] and early Bronze periods. In the late third millennium, two types of the megalithic
tombs, extant already in the Early Bronze Age, became widespread: stone or earthen tumuli and
dolmens. The base of the tumulus was bounded with one or more rings of small stones.”
Dolman burial chamber located in Jordan, outside of Ammon. When constructed, the dolman would have been covered by an earthen mound. From the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1911.
Many of the burial mounds of the Amorites have long ago been effaced from the landscape of Israel,
Jordan, Palestine and Syria. But in the Persian Gulf, on an island once known as Tylos, Dilmun and
currently called Bahrain, over ten thousand burial mounds still exist. The Persian Gulf, Lt. Col. Sir
Arnold Wilson, 1928. “Of the mounds so far investigated, the entrance faces west; the building is two
storied, of carefully hewn blocks of stone, the lower story being more lofty than the upper. On both
sides of a passage or corridor, leading to the east, are niches or chambers which were designed to hold
cists, stacked one above the other.
“The plan on which the tombs are built agrees in striking fashion with those known of the
Phoenicians; this was noticed by Strabo, who says that “the islands of Tyrus and Aradus have temples
resembling those of the Phoenicians.” The use of the double chamber or sepulchre has a Phoenician
parallel, for there are examples of two-storied tombs in the cemetery of Amrit in Phoenicia, in Sardinia,
and at Carthage. The similarity of the place-names, Tylus-Tyrus and Aradus in the Persian Gulf, and
Sur and Arvad on the Phoenician coast, is also noteworthy.”
Burial mounds on the island of Tylos in the Persian Gulf. The mounds contained a two storied sarcophagus, similar to the mound at Moundsville, West Virginia.
Archaeology and the Bible, George Barton, 1916, “ Fields containing thousands of dolmans may be
found in Transjordan and the Golan. The Late Stone Age or Neolithic men in Palestine much more is
known. This knowledge comes in part from the numerous cromlechs, menhirs, dolmans, and “gilgals”
which are scattered over eastern Palestine. A cromlech is a heap of stones roughly resembling a
pyramid, a menhir is a group of unhewn stones so set in the earth as to stand upright like columns; a
dolman consists of a large unhewn stone which rests on two others which separate it from the earth,
/> and a “gilgal” is a group of menhirs set in a circle. On the west of the Jordan megalithic monuments
were probably once numerous, since traces of them still survive in Galillee and Judea, but the later
divergent civilizations have removed most of them. In the time of Amos, one of the “gilgals” was used
by the Hebrews as a place of worship, of which the prophet did not approve.
These monuments are the remains of men of the stone age who dwelt here before the dawn of history.
They were probably erected by some of those peoples whom the Hebrews called Rephaim or “shades,”
people who, having lived long before, were dead at the time of Hebrew occupation.”
Phoenician Origin of the Britons & Scots, 1925 “Rude stone avenues and remains,compared by De
Saulcey to Celtic dolmens, still exist among the hills of Moab. (Dead Sea, 1835, p. 546). Mr. Stanley
(pg. 272) describes a circle of rough upright stones, a few miles to the north of Tyre, of which people
have tradition, reminding us of similar tales at home, that they are “men turned into stone for scoffing
at ‘Nabi Zur.’” Remains of a megalithic stone tower located east of the Jordan River in Israel. From the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1911. Two similar stone towers are on each side of the Ohio River at Moundville, West Virginia.
Syria-Phoenicia is as yet little explored, " a circle of rough upright stones" is reported to stand a few
miles north of Tyre itself, and several "Stone Circles" have been reported by Conder, Oliphant and
other in South Syria as well as in Hittite Palestine, and especially to the east of Jordan; and Mcalister
has unearthed at Gaza, ect., rows of Megaliths, with the "cup marked rocks in their neighborhood." But
we have seen, that the later restricted Roman province of "Phoenicia" itself formed only a part of the
Eastern Phoenician empire, while the Persian Gulf are which the earlier Phoenicians occupied before
coming to the Levant, Stone Circles like Stonehenge, dolmans and other megaliths are reported along
with "Catti" names.
A series of stone circles surrounds a central stone cairn on the Golan Heights. It has been called the Circle of the Nephilim and Og's Circle.
Between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, in the district of Kasin, are reported three huge rude
Stone Circles, which are described as being "like Stonehenge" and, like it, composed of gigantic
trilithons about 15 ft. high; and several huge Stone Circles in the neighborhood of Mt. Sinai, some of
them measuring 100 ft. in diameter. On the old caravan route from the Cilican coast via "Jonah's
Pillar" to Persia (or Iran of the ancient Sun-worshippers), several megaliths are incidentally reported by
travellers. Near Tabriz, to the east of lake Van, are "several circles" of gigantic stones ascribed to the
giants "Caous" (Cassi?) of the Kainan dynasty. In Parthia, at Deh Ayeh, near Darabgerb, is a large
circle. On the N.W. frontier of India, on the route from Persia near Peshawar, is a large circle of
unhewn megaliths about 11 ft. high, and resembling the great Kenwick Circle in Cumberland. And
amongst the many megaliths along the Mediterranean coast of Africa, so frequented by the
Phoenicians, are several Stone Circles in Tripoli and Gaet-uli hills with trilithons, like Stonehenge.
The Tri-lithons are located in Tripoli, North Africa.
Tri-lithons located in Tripoli, North Africa. From Remains of the Prehistoric Age in England, 1904
Amorite Symbolism
Simple numerals were written by early Sumerians by strokes, such as / for 1, // for 2, /// for 3 and so
on up to 9- a system which has survived in the Roman numerals up to IIII, and on the dials of modern
clocks and watches. When engraved on stones, these lower numeral stokes were at first formed by
easier process of drilling by the jewelled drill worked by a bowstring fiddle, thus forming circular holes
O, to so-called “cups.”
Hitto Sumerian Cup-marks on seals and amulets from Gaza pictured in Phoenician Origin of the Britons & Scots, 1925. Easily recognized is the horned moon in “g.” The swastika in “h.” Two circles in opposition in “k” was symbolic of the movements of the sun between the winter and summer solstice.
The occult values attached to certain numbers by the Sumerians, through ideas associated with
particular numbers, was the origin of the mystical use of numbers in the ancient religions of the East
and Greece referred to by Herodutus and other writers, as current amongst the adepts in the mysteries
of the Magians, Pythagoras, Eleusis, and later amongst the Gnostics, and surviving in some measure in
religion to the present day. This use of numbers ro reveal secret meanings is also known as Gematria.
Thus “one” as “unity” and “First,” was secondarily defined by the Sumerians as “complete” and
“perfect,” and
thus represented “God, of heaven and earth.” When formed by a circle or “cup
mark,” it represented the Sun and Sun-god, who are represented by a circle with a central dot in
Egyptian hieroglyphs.
0 =1 or 10 “The One” Sun-god or Earth, Heaven and Sun
00 =2 or 20 Represents the visible Day and Night or “ressurecting” sun
000 = 3 or 30 Moon or moon-god or Death or Fate
0000 =4 or 40 Mother Goddess Ma-a (Maya or May) and numerically the four quarters or the cardinal points.
The origin of the earliest form of the True Cross, was the crossing of the twin tinder sticks used for
the producing by their friction the sacred fire, symbolizing the Sun.. The Cross was thus used as the
symbol of Divine Victory of the Sun on the earliest Sumerian sacred seals from about 4000 B.C., and
continued to be used by the Amorite Phoenicians, Hittites, Trojans, Goths and Ancient Britons.
Sumerian sign for Sun-god Bil [Baal] or Fire-god with word value Bar, also Pir or Fire and defined as Flame from Phoenician Origin of the Britons & Scots, 1925
Phoenician Origin of the Britons & Scots, 1925 “This simple equilateral form of the Sun Cross of
Divine Victory, was sometimes ornamented by the Catti (or Hittites) and Sumerians by doubling its
borders, so as to superimpose one or more crosses inside each other, as in the “Cassi” Cross and by
decorating with jewels or fruits and broadening its free ends to form what is called “The Maltese”
Cross, which is found on the ancient Sumerian sacred seals and as amulets on the necklaces of the
priests-kings in Babylonia, ect. And it is a variety of this amulet or necklace form, with a handle at the
top, or pierced with a hole above for stringing on a necklace or rosary, which has hithero been called
'The Phoenician” or “Egyptian” Crux anstasa, or “key of life-to come”
Maltese cross found on Trojan, Egyptian and Phoenician pottery and amulets, from Phoenician Origin of the Britons & Scots, 1925
“Another common form of this simple Sun Cross is the Swastika, which we have carved, in the center
of the Phoenician votive pillar to Bel at Newton. This is formed from the simple “St George's Cross”
by adding to its free ends a bent foot, pointing in the direction of the Sun's apparent movement across
the heavens, ie., towards the right hand and thus forming the “Swastika” or what I call the “Revolving
Cross.” This discloses for the first time the real origin and meaning of the Swastika Cross and its feet,
and its talismanic usage for good luck. This Swastika form of the Sun Cross occurs on early Hittite and
Sumerian seals and sculptures.”
The swastika on the left was carved into a neolithic cave (called Og's C
ave) inhabited by the Horites at Khubet El-Ain, Israel. Swastika on right is commonly found symbol with Sumerians, Amorites, Cretans, Megalithic Britons and the Allegewi Hopewell mound builders in the Ohio Valley.
Map showing the distribution of the Swastika, that reveals the Amorites trade routes. The swastika symbol is found most frequently in the Medeteranean and north into the British Isles and Scandinavia. Swastikas, megaliths and stone circles are also found in the Indus Valley of India, Korea and Japan. The occurrence of swastikas in the Ohio Valley is consistent with the open-air circular sun temples and legends of giants that are found in all of these regions.
The simple equal-limbed cross was also sometimes figured inside the circle of the Sun's disc and
sometimes intermediate rays were added between the arms to form a halo of glory. This now discloses
the Catti or Hittite origin of the “Wheeled” Crosses of pre-Christian Britain
Called a circular type swastika that is depicted with 8 cogs (Og).
The symbolism is important in understanding the religion of the Amorites that consisted of a host of
gods and and goddesses, with the two primary deities being the Sky or Sun Father and the Earth or
Moon Mother. The Sun god is known by number of titles in different pagan cultures including Baal,
Og, Adonis, Bel, Bachus, Moloch, Jehovah. The Earth or Lunar Mother was known as Ashtoreth,
Astarte, Ishtar, Isis, Astoreth, Venus and Eve.
The stone circles constructed in the Levant is evidence of the importance of the Sun-god. More
obscure was the worship and importance of the Earth Mother. The Amorite King Og ruled over sixty cities with the chief cities being Edrei and Ashtaroth-Karnaim. Joshia 13:4 “And the coast of Og king
of Bashan, which was of the remnant of the giants, that dwelt at Ashtaroth and at Edrei.” Ashteroth
Karnain, known as “Ashtaroth of the two horns or peaks,” was a place of great antiquity and the abode
of the Rephaim at the time of the incursion of Chedorlaomer (Gen 6:5). Ashtaroth or Astaroth, was a
city on the east side of the Jordan, in Bashan, within the kingdom of Og. Its name, so called from
being the seat of the worship of the goddess of the same name.
Ashtaroth was the principle female divinity of the Phoenicians. The worship of Ashtaroth seems to
The Nephilim Chronicles: Fallen Angels in the Ohio Valley Page 16
