by Todd Gordon
502 América Economía, “ONG salvadoreña insiste ante Parlamento que apruebe una ley contra la minería,” América Economía, July 23, 2013. Available online at: http://americaeconomia.com/negocios-industrias/ong-salvadorena-insiste-ante-parlamento-que-apruebe-una-ley-contra-la-mineria. Accessed on August 1, 2013.
503 Periódico Correo, “Exigen salvadoreños prohibir explotación minera,” America Latina en Movimiento, July 22, 2013. Available online at: http://alainet.org/active/61024&lang=es. Accessed on August 1, 2013.
504 Contra Punto, “PDDH, minería no viable en El Salvador, ” Contra Punto, October 15, 2012. Available online at: http://www.contrapunto.com.sv/ambiente/pddh-mineria-no-viable-en-el-salvador. Accessed on August 1, 2013.
505 Author’s name redacted, “Your questions regarding our requested meeting,” January 14, 2011, Access to Information file, A-2011-02152. The source is redacted but the letter is sent to persons in the embassy.
506 R. Calderon, “Mining in El Salvador, an update,” San Salvador: Canadian Embassy, no date provided, Access to Information, file A-2011-02152. A visit from an “expert” on cyanide had been originally planned in 2009, but, according to a letter mining company representative the embassy cancelled the trip. The embassy reports that the timing of the visit was not good given the recent assassinations.
507 R. Calderon, “solicitud entrevista sobre minería,” San Salvador: Canadian Embassy, March 4, 2011, Access to Information, file A-2011-02152.
508 R. Shaw-Wood, “Re. Mining in El Salvador, an update,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, February 7, 2011, Access to Information, file A-2011-02152.
509 G. L. Vunderlink, “Peasant Participation and Mobilization During Economic Crisis: The Case of Costa Rica,” Studies in Comparative International Development, 25, 4, 1990, pp. 3–4; C. Mesa-Lago, Market, Socialist, and Mixed Economies: Comparative Policy and Performance in Chile, Cuba, and Costa Rica, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2001; J. Mahoney, The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central America, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2002.
510 W.I. Robinson, “Transnational Processes, Development Studies and Changing Social Hierarchies in the World System: A Central American Case Study,” Third World Quarterly, 22, 4, 2001, pp. 529–563; Vunderlink, “Peasant Participation and Mobilization,” p. 4; Thomas Marois, “From Economic Crisis to a ‘State’ of Crisis? The Emergence of Neoliberalism in Costa Rica,” Historical Materialism, 13, 3, 2005, pp. 101–134.
511 D. Sánchez Ancochea, “Domestic Capital, Civil Servants and the State: Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic under Globalisation,” Journal of Latin American Studies, 37, 4, 2005, pp. 697, 702.
512 S. Mora Solano, “Diez años de acciones colectivas en Costa Rica,” Revista Centroamericana de Ciencias Sociales, 5, 1, 2008, p. 140.
513 P. Almeida, “Subnational Opposition to Globalization,” Social Forces, 90, 4, 2012, pp. 1051–1072; E. Frajman, “Information and Values in Popular Protests: Costa Rica in 2000,” Bulletin of Latin American Research, 28, 1, 2009, pp. 44–62.
514 E. Frajman, “The People, Not the Movement: Opposition to CAFTA in Costa Rica, 2002–2007,” Latin American Perspectives, 39, 6, 2012, p. 117.
515 C. Wimmer, untitled brief, July 28, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01630.
516 El País, “Fiebre del oro amenaza aguas en cerro de Abangares, Guanacaste,” El País, September 16, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/53259. Accessed on August 7, 2013; Northern Miner, “Lyon Link Drills Costa Rican Play,” Northern Miner, June 9, 1997. Available online at: http://www.northernminer.com/news/lyon-lake-drills-costa-rica-play/1000098762/. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
517 El País, “ONG ambientalista estudia daños causados por minera canadiense en Crucitas,” El País, January 16, 2012. Available online at: http//www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/60931. Accessed on August 7, 2013; “Abogados ambientalistas solicitan ejecutar sentencia minera Crucitas,” El País, December 23, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/59872. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
518 BN Americas, “Government’s hands tied over Las Crucitas gold project,” BN Americas, August 17, 2004. Available online at: http://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/mining/Govt’s_hands_tied_over_Las_Crucitas_gold_project. Accessed on November 23, 2010.
519 Mining Watch, “Vannessa Ventures drops defamation charge against Costa Rican environmentalist,” Mining Watch, October 26, 2006. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/vannessa-ventures-drops-defamation-charges-against-costa-rican-environmentalist. Accessed on August 6, 2012; Mining Watch, “Costa Rican constitutional court upholds cancellation of Crucitas gold mining permit,” Mining Watch, December 6, 2006. Available online at: http://www.miningwatch.ca/costa-rican-constitutional-court-upholds-cancellation-crucitas-gold-mining-permit. Accessed on August 6, 2012; A. Vaccoro, “Infinito Gold looks to unlock Costa Rica’s mining potential,” Northern Miner, October 13, 2008. Available online at: http://www.northernminer.com/news/infinito-gold-looks-to-unlock-costa-rica-s-mining-potential/1000224005/. Accessed on August 6, 2012.
520 E. Wang and L. Dalby, “Crucitas Gold Mining Project,” San José: Canadian Embassy and Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, date unknown, Access to Information, file A-2010-01630.
521 Rema, “Asegura Canadá que minera en Costa Rica cumplió requisitos,” Rema, August 9, 2010. Available online at: http://rema.codigosur.net/leer.php/4941356.html. Accessed on August 12, 2010.
522 J. Rodriguez, “Costa Rica/Nicaragua/Honduas Pol-Econ Report—30 Apr to 18 May, 2010,” May 19, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01630; C. Wimmer, untitled brief, April 23, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01630.
523 Latin America Press, “Lawmakers ban open-pit mining,” Latin America Press, November 24, 2010. Available online at: http://lapress.org/articles.asp?art=6269. Accessed on December 4, 2010.
524 Latin America Press, “Government considers overturning gold mining decree,” Latin America Press, July 14, 2010. Available online at: http://lapress.org/articles.asp?item=1&art=6176. Accessed on July 22, 2010.
525 El País, “Renunció viceministro aliado de minería a cielo abierto,” El País, January 28, 2012. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/61521. Accessed on August 7, 2013; El País, “Viceministro y asesor de Laura Chinchilla ha sido un aliado de Crucitas,” El País, July 30, 2010. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/29497. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
526 C. Wimmer, untitled brief, April 23, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01630.
527 La Prensa, “Canadá sale en defensa de Crucitas,” La Prensa, August 10, 2010. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/08/10/nacionales/447375-canada-sale-en-defensa-de-crucitas. Accessed on August 19, 2010.
528 J. Marder, “Urgent: PCO inquiry on Las Crucitas,” September 17, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01630.
529 C. Salazar, “Minera de Crucitas suspendió annuncio de acciones legales tras fallo de Justicia de Costa Rica,” El País, November 30, 2010. Available online at: www.elpais.cr. Accessed on November 30, 2010.
530 El País, “Golpe de Estado en Poder Judicial para favorecer a minera Infinito Gold,” El País, November 15, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/57551. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
531 C. Salazar Fernández, “Óscar Arias sigue defendiendo ‘legalidad’ de mina de oro en Crucitas,” El País, December 2, 2012. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/58823. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
532 Quoted in “Infinito Gold y Minaet rehuyen debate sobre sentencia en U PAZ,” El País, December 8, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/59082. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
533 El Pa�
�s, “Ola de protestas ocupó a Costa Rica este martes,” El País, November 11, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/58146. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
534 U.S. Embassy, wikileaks, cable 06SANJOSE706, Rodrigo Arias, Minister of Presidencey, San Jose: U.S. Embassy, March 30, 2006.
535 G. Segnini, “Socio de Crucitas ofreció $250,000 a la Fundación Arias,” April 28, 2011, //m.eleconomista.net/2011/04/28/investigan-a-fundacion-arias-para-la-p Accessed May 3, 2011.
536 Donations to political parties can be found at the www.elections.ca database.
537 On the invitation list were a number of other important Canadian corporations active in Costa Rica, including Ebbi, Air Canada, La República newspaper, and Scotiabank. “Empresas mineras patrocinan Fiesta en Embajada de Canadá,” El País, June 20, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/47753. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
538 El País, “Infinito Gold ausente en Foro de universidades público sobre minería,” El País, November 26, 2010. Available online at: www.elpais.cr. Accessed November 29, 2010. Infinito quoted in C. Salazar, “Minera canadiense descalifica estudio sobre daños ambientales en Crucitas,” El País, April 16, 2012. Available online at: www.elpais.cr. Accessed on April 16, 2012.
539 El País, “Infinito Gold y Minaet rehuyen debate sobre sentencia en U PAZ,” El País, December 8, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/59082. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
540 El País, “Minera Infinito Gold defiende proyecto Crucitas en tercer debate,” El País, September 29, 2010. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/33178. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
541 Agence France Presse, “Empresa minera canadiense demanda a diputado de Costa Rica,” Agence France Presse, June 24, 2011. Available online at: feeds.univision.com. Accessed on July 4, 2011; El País, “Empresa minera canadiense demanda a dos académicos de la UCR,” El País, November 29, 2011. Available online at: www.elpais.cr. Accessed on November 29, 2011; El País, “En Costa Rica intimidan a líderes sociales, ambientalistas y académicos,” El País, November 23, 2011. Available online at: www.elpais.cr. Accessed on November 23, 2011; El País, “Industrias Infinito ataca a diputado Manrique Oviedo por supeusta difamación,” El País, June 11, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/47371. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
542 Quoted in El País, “En Costa Rica intimidan a líderes sociales, ambientalistas y académicos,” El País, November 23, 2011. Available online at: http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/58144. Accessed on August 7, 2013.
543 Agence France Presse, “Intensa jornada de protestas en Costa Rica,” Estrategia y Negocios, November 22, 2011. Available online at: www.estrategiaynegocios.net. Accessed on November 23, 2011.
544 El País, “Sepultado proyecto minero Crucitas en Costa Rica,” El País, November 30, 2011. Accessed on November 30, 2011.
545 M. Zimmerman, Sandinista: Carlos Fonseca and the Nicaraguan Revolution, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2001; R. Burbach and O. Nuñez, Fire in the Americas: Forging a Revolutionary Agenda, London: Verso, 1987; J. Dunkerley, Power in the Isthmus.
546 Among the MRS’s more prominent founding figures was Sergio Ramírez Mercado, who had been Vice-President between 1985 and 1990. R. Mercado is author of Adiós Muchachos: A Memoir of the Sandinista Revolution, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2011.
547 R. Burbach, “Et tu, Daniel? The Sandinista Revolution Betrayed,” NACLA Report on the Americas, 42, 2, March-April 2009, pp. 33–37; C. Ross, “A Nicaraguan Farce,” Upside Down World, January 20, 2010. Available online at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/nicaragua-archives-62/2330-a-nicaraguan-farce. Accessed on August 8, 2013; K. Kampwirth, “Abortion, Antifeminism, and the Return of Daniel Ortega: In Nicaragua, Leftist Politics?” Latin American Perspectives, 35, 6, November 2008, pp. 122–136; D. Haase, “Revolution, Interrupted: Gender and Microfinance in Nicaragua,” Critical Sociology, 38, 2, 2011, pp. 221–240.
548 H. Perla Jr. and H. Cruz-Feliciano, “The Twenty-First-Century Left in El Salvador and Nicaragua: Understanding Apparent Contradictions and Criticisms,” Latin American Perspectives, 40, 3, 2013, p. 84.
549 A. Thomson, “Ortega Heads for Re-Election in Nicaragua,” Financial Times, November 7, 2011. Available online at: http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/aca01480-0955-11e1-8e86-00144feadbdc0.html#axzz2bKUzmOuA. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
550 J. Watts, “Venezuela, Nicaragua and Bolivia Offer Asylum to Edward Snowden,” The Guardian, July 6, 2013. Available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/06/venezuela-nicaragua-offer-asylum-edward-snowden. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
551 EFE, “Nicaragua otorga a empresas licencia de generación de energía hidroeléctrica,” Mis Finanzas, January 7, 2011. Available online at: http://www.misfinanzasenlinea.com/noticias/20110109/nicaragua-otorga-a-empresas-licencia-de-generacion-de-energia-hidroelectrica. Accessed on January 7, 2011; EFE, “Gobierno de Nicaragua proyecta duplicar inversión extranjera directa en 2011,” Confidencial, January 25, 2011. Available online at: http://confidencial.com.ni/archivos/articulo/3015/gobierno-de-nicaragua-proyecta-duplicar-inversion-extranjera-directa-en-2011. Accessed on January 25, 2011; M. Mayoral, “Nicaragua notifica record en inversion extranjera directa,” Prensa Latina, March 22, 2012. Available online at: www.prensa-latina.cu. Accessed on March 22, 2012.
552 A. Vaccaro, “B2Gold makes Nicaragua its platform for growth,” Northern Miner, March 26-April 1, 2012, p. 1.
553 Vaccaro, “B2Gold makes Nicaragua its platform for growth,” p. 14.
554 La Prensa, “Nicaragua ofrecerá oportunidades mineras en Canadá,” La Prensa, March 1, 2013. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/03/01/activos/136554. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
555 W. Álvarez Hidalgo, “Altos precios del oro animan exploración minera,” La Prensa, November 29, 2011. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2010/11/29/economia/44935. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
556 Quoted in L. Navas, “Con la mirada en el mercado,” La Prensa, May 22, 2013. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/05/22/activos/147593-mirada-mercado. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
557 E. Romero, “Reviven quejas contra minera,” La Prensa, June 11, 2013. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/06/11/ambito/150315-reviven-quejas-contra-minera. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
558 Quoted in T. Rothschuh, “Revive protesta de mineros de Santo Domingo,” La Prensa, August 1, 2013. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com/ni/2013/08/01/departamentales/157021. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
559 J. Denis Cruz, “Casos de mineros a la CIDH,” La Prensa, March 4, 2013. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/03/04/ambito/136792. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
560 J. Adán Silva and L.E. Martínez, “Bendita minería maldita,” La Prensa, March 25, 2013. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/03/25/reportajes-especiales/139557-bendita-mineria-maldita. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
561 Quoted in Ibid.
562 Quoted in L. Eduardo Martínez, “Mujeres tampoco creen en minería,” La Prensa, March 23, 2013. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/03/23/ambito/139407-mujeres-tampoco-creen-mineria?movil. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
563 Quoted in Ibid.
564 L. Navas, “Potencial minero en San Albino-Murra,” La Prensa, February 3, 2011. Available online at: http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2011/02/03/economia/50920-potencial-minero-san-albino. Accessed on August 8, 2013.
565 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Concerned by Nicaraguan Re-election Ruling,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, October 29, 2009.
566 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Calls for Strengthened Democracy in Nicaragua Following Elections,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and Inter
national Trade, November 9, 2011; Confidencial, “Amigos de la Carta Democrática ante ‘opaca’ elección presidencial,” Confidencial, January 6, 2012. Available online at: www.confidencial.com. Accessed on January 6, 2012.
567 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Concerned by Nicaraguan Re-election Ruling,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, October 29, 2009.
568 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada Enhances Trade Links with the Americas,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, December 11, 2009.
569 S. Chase, “Harper signs trade deal with Panama,” Globe and Mail, August 12, 2009, p. A4.
570 E. Fast, “Address by Minister Fast to Panama Investment Mission,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, June 17, 2011.
571 M. de Jesús Jiménez Montero, B. Ramírez Valverde, and J. Pablo Martínez Dávila, “Construcción de territorios en Donoso, Panamá: Período 1970–2008,” Historia Crítica, Bogotá, 48, September-December 2012, pp. 111–136.
572 La Jornada, “Los Ngäbe-Buglé de Panamá defienden su comarca y sus recursos: Contra los intereses de empresas estadounidenses,” La Jornada, July 14, 2012. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/07/14/oja-silvia.html. Accessed on August 9, 2013.
573 M. Keevil, “Inmet keeps wary eye on smouldering Panama policy debate,” Northern Miner, March 26-April 1, 2012, p. 13.
574 Embassy, “Panama gives copper mine go-ahead,” Embassy, February 16, 2011, p.2.
575 T. Kiladze, “Panama mining code proposal rattles Inmet project,” Globe and Mail, March 5, 2011, p. B11.
576 For a history of the racism involved in hydroelectric development in Panamá, see M. Finley-Brook and C. Thomas, “Renewable Energy and Human Rights Violations: Illustrative Cases from Indigenous Territories in Panama,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 101, 4, 2011, pp. 863–872.
577 La Jornada, “Policía de Panamá desbloquea carreteras; un muerto, 32 heridos y 40 detenidos,” La Jornada, February 5, 2012.
