Blood of Extraction

by Todd Gordon

  788 Ibid., pp. 120–121.

  789 J. Todd Bury, “Livelihoods, Mining and Peasant Protests in the Peruvian Andes,” Journal of Latin American Geography, 1, 1, 2002, p. 5.

  790 J. Arellano-Yanguas, “Aggravating the Resource Curse: Decentralisation, Mining and Conflict in Peru,” The Journal of Development Studies, 47, 4, 2011, p. 620.

  791 Ibid., p. 621.

  792 Bury, “Livelihoods, Mining and Peasant Protests in the Peruvian Andes,” p. 5.

  793 Ibid., p. 4; R. Hoetmer, “Lo visible, lo possible y los ausente: movimientos y conflictos sociales en el Perú,” Observatorio Social de América Latina, 8, 20, 2006, p. 180.

  794 M. Arce, “The Repoliticization of Collective Action After Neoliberalism in Peru,” Latin American Politics and Society, 50, 3, 2008, pp. 43–44.

  795 Ibid., p. 53.

  796 G. Bland and L.A. Chirinos, “Democratization Through Contention? Regional and Local Governance Conflict in Peru,” Latin American Politics and Society, 56, 1, 2014, p. 75.

  797 Arce, “The Repoliticization of Collective Action,” p. 53.

  798 Hoetmer, “Lo visible, lo possible y los ausente,” p. 178.

  799 J. de Echave, “Mining and Communities in Peru: Constructing a Framework for Decision-Making,” in L. North, T. David Clark and V. Patroni, eds., Community Rights and Corporate Responsibility: Canadian Mining and Oil Companies in Latin America. Toronto: Between the Lines, 2005, p. 17.

  800 W. Stuek, “Mining Firms Agree to Peruvian Payment,” The Globe and Mail, August 25, 2006, p. B5; D. Szablowski, “Regulating Corporate and Community Engagement in a Large Mining Project,” in L. North, T. David Clark and V. Patroni, eds., Community Rights and Corporate Responsibility: Canadian Mining and Oil Companies in Latin America, pp. 37–59; de Echave, “Mining and Communities in Peru,” pp. 21–30.

  801 E. Orozco, “Manhattan Minerals Likes Prospects in Peru’s Tambogrande Project: Gold and Copper Mine,” National Post, January 3, 2002, p. FP4.

  802 C. Mauro, “Peruvian Farmers Try to Prevent Strip Mining,” The Vancouver Sun, February 12, 2003, p. C2.

  803 K. Leger, “Murder, Mayhem and Mining: Canadian Company Caught in Fracas over Peruvian Plans,” National Post, May 15, 2001, p. C1.

  804 H. Haarstad and A. Fløysand, “Globalization and the Power of Rescaled Narratives: A Case of Opposition to Mining in Tambogrande, Peru,” Political Geography, 26, 2007, p. 296.

  805 Ibid.; Orozco, “Manhattan Minerals Likes Prospects.”

  806 R. Kozak, “Manhattan Mine Scheme Rejected: Citizens in Peruvian Village Vote Solidly to Disallow Project,” National Post, June 4, 2002, p. FP10.

  807 de Echave, “Mining and Communities in Peru,” pp. 118–119.

  808 Ibid., pp. 119–120.

  809 Ibid., p. 122.

  810 Leger, “Murder, Mayhem and Mining.”

  811 F. Ojeda Riofrío, “Tambogrande: A Community in Defence of Its Rights,” in L. North, T. David Clark and V. Patroni, eds., Community Rights and Corporate Responsibility: Canadian Mining and Oil Companies in Latin America, pp. 60–62.

  812 Graham Chow, Manhattan’s chief executive, was quoted as follows: “There have been several robberies of landowners in the area for payroll in the last two months. Police have identified a suspect and he’s a petty criminal with a long criminal record in the area and the investigation is going to take its course.” Leger, “Murder, Mayhem and Mining.”

  813 Ojeda Riofrío, “Tambogrande: A Community in Defence of Its Rights,” pp. 61–62.

  814 J. Martínez Alier, “Referendos mineros locales: Kañaris, en Perú,” La Jornada, February 22, 2013. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2013/02/22/opinion/025a1pol. Accessed on March 1, 2015.

  815 Kozak, “Manhattan Mine Scheme Rejected.”

  816 Ojeda Riofrío, “Tambogrande: A Community in Defence of Its Rights,” p. 61.

  817 Arce, “The Repoliticization of Collective Action,” p. 55.

  818 Haarstad and Fløysand, “Globalization and the Power of Rescaled Narratives,” p. 296.

  819 Arellano-Yanguas, “Aggravating the Resource Curse,” p. 621.

  820 M. Himley, “Regularizing Extraction in Andean Peru: Mining and Social Mobilization in an Age of Corporate Social Responsibility,” Antipode, 45, 2, 2013, pp. 402–403.

  821 Ibid., p. 403.

  822 Ibid., p. 395.

  823 M. Himley, “Mining History: Mobilizing the Past in Struggles Over Mineral Extraction in Peru,” Geographical Review, 104, 2, 2014, p. 185.

  824 H. Guergis, “Notes for an Address by the Honourable Helena Geurgis, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and International Trade and Secretary of State for Sport, to the Canada-Peru Chamber of Commerce,” Lima, Peru: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, July 23, 2007.

  825 A. Páez, “Peru: Three Days of Anti-Government Protests,” Inter Press Service. July 8, 2009. Available online at: http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/07/peru-three-days-of-anti-government-protests/. Accessed on July 9, 2009; M. Salazar, “Mineral-Rich Highlands Lack Legal Protection,” Inter Press Service, November 30, 2010. Available online at: http://www.ipsnews.net/2010/11/peru-mineral-rich-highlands-lack-legal-protection/. Accessed on November 30, 2010; ABC, “Perú alcanzó cifra histórico de concesiones para exploración minera en 2010,” ABC, February 7, 2011. Available online at: www.abc.es. Accessed on February 9, 2011.

  826 C. Stauffer and T. Cespedes, “Peru’s presidential field split over mining taxes,” Reuters, March 17, 2011. Available online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-election-mining-idUSTRE72G6V720110317. Accessed on April 14, 2011; A. Páez, “Mining Firms Alarmed at Election of Leftist Governor,” Inter Press Service, November 11, 2010. Available online at: http://www.ipsnews.net/2010/11/peru-mining-firms-alarmed-at-election-of-leftist-governor/. Accessed on November 18, 2010.

  827 D. Hill, “Peru Now Has a ‘Licence to Kill’ Environmental Protesters,” Guardian, June 29, 2014. Available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/andes-to-the-amazon/2014/jun/29/peru-licence-to-kill-environmental-protestors. Accessed on March 2, 2015.

  828 Mining Watch, “Newsletter 27,” Ottawa: Mining Watch, Winter 2009–10. Available online at: www.miningwatch.ca. Accessed on March 1, 2010; A. Paez, “Peru: Three Days of Anti-Government Protests;” R. Zibechi, “Peru: Un año de Bagua, nuevos actors frente a un Estado en crisis,” América Latina en Movimiento, June 16, 2010. Available online at: http://alainet.org/active/38929&lang=es. Accessed on March 1, 2015.

  829 Day quoted in Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Trade Agreement with Peru Opens Doors to Latin America,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, June 18, 2009.

  830 Peruvian government official quoted in Mining Watch, “Newsletter 27.”

  831 R. Escobar, “Small-scale miners’ protest turns deadly,” Latin America Press, April 23, 2010. Available online at: http://www.lapress.org/articles.asp?art=6110. Accesssed on April 29, 2010.

  832 N. Mapstone, “Peru halts drive against illegal gold miners,” Financial Times, March 2, 2011. Available online at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/056af080-44e4-11e0-a8c6-00144feab49a.html#axzz3vzndWmJV. Accessed on March 3, 2011.

  833 Agence France-Presse, “Peruvians protest presence of Canadian mining company,” Edmonton Journal, May 26, 2011. Available online at: www.edmontonjournal.com. Accessed on May 26, 2011; Al Jazeera, “Peru halts mine project after protesters shot,” Al Jazeera, June 25, 2011. Available online at: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2011/06/201162535356326164.html. Accessed on June 25, 2011; Bear Creek CEO quoted in M. Allan, “Peruvians protest against Bear Creek’s Santa Ana,” Northern Miner, June 6–12, 2011, p. B4; the Canadian embassy is quoted in Canadian Embassy in Peru, “Bear Creek Mining Corporation, Santa Ana Project, Puno, Peru,” Lima, Peru: Canadian Embassy, date unknown, Access to Information, file A-2012-00533.

&
nbsp; 834 R. Carroll, “Peru’s tribal groups chide president for vetoing rainforest law,” Guardian, June 24, 2010. Available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/24/peru-president-blocks-conservation-law. Accessed on July 6, 2010.

  835 Lust, “Peru: Mining Capital and Social Resistance,” p. 209.

  836 Ibid., p. 211.

  837 R. Zibechi, “Peru: Resistencia en los Andes a la minería,” América Latina en Movimiento, March 11, 2013. Available online at: http://alainet.org/active/62367&lang=es. Accessed on March 1, 2015.

  838 J. Luis Duárez Mendoza, “Conflictos socioambientales en el Perú neoliberal,” Obervatorio Social de América Latina, 13, 32, 2012, p. 186.

  839 La Jornada, “Oposición en Perú a las transnacionales mineras,” La Jornada, April 8, 2013. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2013/04/08/eco-o.html. Accessed on March 1, 2015.

  840 C. Dumbrille, “The risks of gold mining in Peru,” Northern Miner, April 23–29, 2012, p. 4.

  841 Zibechi, “Peru: Resistencia en los Andes a la minería.”

  842 Ibid.

  843 L. Taylor, “Environmentalism and Social Protest: The Contemporary Anti-Mining Mobilization in the Province of San Marcos and Condebamba Valley, Peru,” Journal of Agrarian Change, 11, 3, 2011, p. 424.

  844 A. Emery, “Peru to Request Hochschild, Hudbay Suspend Mining Activity,” Business Week, February 9, 2012. Available online at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-02-09/peru-to-request-hochschild-hudbay-suspend-mining-activity-1-. Accessed on January 1, 2016.

  845 I. Bickis, “Mid-tier producers grapple with Peru’s growing pains,” Northern Miner, June 25–July 1, 2012, p. B2.

  846 Indigenous activist quoted in Amazon Watch, “Talisman Energy Withdraws from Peruvian Amazon,” Amazon Watch, September 13, 2012. Available online at: http://amazonwatch.org/news/2012/0913-talisman-energy-withdraws-from-peruvian-amazon. Accessed on September 14, 2012.

  847 Reuters, “One dead, four injured in clash near Barrick Gold’s Peru mine,” Reuters, September 20, 2012. Available online at: http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFBRE88J15W20120920. Accessed on September 20, 2012.

  848 J. Vybiral, “Amazon Indians unite against Canadian oil giant,” Survival International, March 14, 2013. Available online at: http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/9023. Accessed on March 22, 2013.

  849 R. Zibechi, “Guerra minera en los Andes peruanos,” La Jornada, March 8, 2013. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2013/03/08/opinion/027a2pol. Accessed on March 1, 2015.

  850 J. Martínez Alier, “Referendos mineros locales: Kañaris, en Perú,” La Jornada, February 22, 2013. Available online at: http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2013/02/22/opinion/025a1pol. Accessed on March 1, 2015.

  851 L. Mulvany, “Candente Copper Falls After Mining Veto in Peru,” Bloomberg, October 2, 2012. Available online at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-10-02/candente-copper-falls-after-mining-veto-in-peru. Accessed on October 4, 2012; MAC, “Peru: Blockade at Cañariaco Norte project,” MAC: Mines and Communities, December 6, 2012. Available online at: http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=12047. Accessed on December 13, 2012; Associated Press, “Clash at Canadian-owned Peru mine leaves at least 4 hurt,” CBC News, January 25, 2013. Available online at: http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/clash-at-canadian-owned-peru-mine-leaves-at-least-4-hurt-1.1381767. Accessed on February 1, 2013; La República, “Minera canadiense Candente Copper suspende actividades en Cañariaco,” La República, May 18, 2013. Available online at: http://larepublica.pe/18-05-2013/minera-canadiense-candente-copper-suspende-actividades-en-canariaco. Accessed on May 20, 2013.

  852 Zibechi, “Guerra minera en los Andes peruanos.”

  853 R. Zibechi, “Peru: Resistencia en los Andes a la minería.”

  854 A. Foster, “Peru’s defence minister invited to Canada, says vice foreign minister,” Embassy, October 31, 2012, p. 16; Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Minister Ablonczy to Lead Trade Mission to Peru, Colombia and Panama,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, November 9, 2012.

  855 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird meets with Peru’s President, Ollanta Humala,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, February 18, 2013.

  856 Guardian, “U.S. embassy cables: Mining companies worried about security,” Guardian, January 31, 2011. Available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/38881. Accessed on February 2, 2011.

  857 A. Bebbington et al., Mining and Development in Peru, London: Peru Support Group, 2007.

  858 K. Keenan, “Canadian Mining: Still Unaccountable,” NACLA Report on the Americas, May/June, 2010, pp. 29–31.

  859 N. Sabourin, “Pérou: les élections régionales et locales laissent entrevoir une campagne présidentielle mouvementée en 2011,” Lima: Canadian Embassy, October 14, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-01361.

  860 Stauffer and Cespedes, “Peru’s presidential field split over mining taxes”; M. Salazar, “Resistance to Increasing Mining Royalties,” Inter Press Service, December 10, 2010. Available online at: http://www.ipsnews.net/2010/12/peru-resistance-to-increasing-mining-royalties/. Accessed on December 16, 2012; Reuters, “Peru miners say campaign talk deters investors,” Reuters, March 9, 2011. Available online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/peru-mining-investment-idUSN0922794420110309. Accessed on March 10, 2011.

  861 C. Donville and A. Emery, “Toledo Pledges ‘No Surprises’ for Foreign Metal Miners in Peru,” Bloomberg, December 2, 2010. Available online at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-12-02/peru-president-candidate-toledo-pledges-no-surprises-for-foreign-miners. Accessed on December 9, 2010.

  862 Reuters, “Peru front-runner Humala aims to assuage investors,” Reuters, April 3, 2011. Available online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/peru-election-idUSN0330201620110403. Accessed on April 4, 2011.

  863 U.S. Embassy in Lima, “Ollanta Humala Claims He Can Save Peru from Extremists,” June 26, 2008, released from //wikileaks.ch Feburary 20, 2011, accessed March 1, 2011.

  864 Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada, “Peru-Canada Mineral Resources Reform Project,” Development Project Browser, project n. A031548-001.

  865 Prime Minister’s Office, “Canada Supports Economic Growth Through Conflict Prevention in Peru,” Ottawa: Prime Minister’s Office, November 12, 2011.

  866 Prime Minister’s Office, “Prime Minister Stephen Harper Announces Support for Development and Sustainable Economic Growth in Peru,” Lima, Peru: Prime Minister’s Office, May 22, 2013.

  867 L. Berthiaume, “Questions raised as Canada moves to help Peru streamline environmental assessments for mining projects,” Canada.com, May 22, 2013. Available online at: http://o.canada.com/business/questions-raised-as-canada-moves-to-help-peru-streamline-environmental-assessments-for-mining-projects. Accessed on May 23, 2013.

  868 R. Arnold, “Mining, CIDA partnership in Peru is pacification program, not development,” Embassy, March 5, 2012. Available online at: http://m.embassynews.ca/news/2012/03/05/mining-cida-partnership-in-peru-is-pacification-program-not-development/42195. Accessed on March 6, 2012.

  869 Canadian International Development Agency, “Minister Oda announces initiatives to increase the benefits of natural resources management for people in Africa and South America,” September 29, 2011. Available online at: www.acdi-cida.gc.ca. Accessed on September 29, 2011.

  870 Personal interview, Quito, July 14, 2010.

  871 See, among others, M. Becker, Indians and Leftists in the Making of Ecuador’s Modern Indigenous Movements, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2008; Becker, Pachakutik: Indigenous Movements and Electoral Politics in Ecuador, Second edition, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2012.

  872 Gutiérrez, of the Patriotic Society Party (PSP), had run his 2002 electoral campaign on an anti-neoliberal
platform but immediately capitulated to the neoliberal policy prescriptions of the International Monetary Fund once in office. CONAIE supported the party’s election and even provided ministers for the government’s first cabinet, although within seven months the rapidly intensifying rupture between the indigenous movement and the now evidently neoliberal Gutiérrez had been formally played out with the resignation of these ministers.

  873 C. Conaghan, Restructuring Domination: Industrialists and the State in Ecuador, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988, p. 6.

  874 Ibid.

  875 Privy Council Office, “Draft Intelligence Memorandum Ecuador: Leftist Wins the Presidency,” Ottawa: Privy Council Office, November 29, 2006, Access to Information, file A-2010-02390.

  876 W. Wagner, “Mining list/Table,” Ottawa: NRCan, April 29, 2008, Access to Information—NRCan, file DC7040-11-308.

  877 El Diario, “Ecuador firma contratos petroleros con empresas de EEUU, Argentina y Canadá,” El Diario, February 5, 2012. Available online at: www.eldiario.com. Accessed on February 12, 2012.

  878 W. Sacher and A. Acosta, La minería a gran escala en Ecuador: Amálisis y datos estadísticos sobre la minería industrial en el Ecuador, Quito: Abya Yala, 2012, pp. 30–31.

  879 Canadian Embassy in Quito, “Roundtable with Representatives of Most Active Canadian Mining and Oil and Gas Companies with Operations in Ecuador,” Quito: Canadian Embassy, Tuesday, May 18, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02402; Council for Responsible Mining, “Update on the reactivation process for Exploration and Mining activity by Canadian Companies in Ecuador,” Quito: Council for Responsible Mining, August 23, 2009, Access to Information, file A-2010-01197.

  880 R. Kuffner, “Pull-Aside With Ecuador Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño at the OAS General Assembly,” Ottawa: Foreign Affairs and International Trade, specific date unknown, 2010, Access to Information, file A-2010-02402.

  881 Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Ecuador Country Strategy Process 2008–09, Quito: Canadian Embassy, 2008, Access to Information, file A-2010-02401.