The Twilight War: The Secret History of America's Thirty-Year Conflict With Iran
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and Iranian Mecca plot, 263
and Khobar Towers attack, 405, 618n20
Lang briefs, 359
on Saudi-Iranian air confrontation, 162
and Saudi minesweepers, 248–49
and U.S. financial restrictions on Iran, 507
Basij, 93, 493, 498, 567
Bazargan, Mehdi, 25, 26, 27, 29, 92
Beheshti, Mohammad, 20, 26–27
Bernsen, Harold, 216–17
and Bridgeton incident, 243–47
and Brooks’s joint task force, 310
on bureaucratic opposition to sea-based force, 289–90
and CIA aircraft, 314
in Crist’s new command structure, 269
and Gas Prince convoy, 261–62
in Iran Ajr seizure, 293–97
and Iranian attacks on Saudi Arabia, 304, 307, 309
and Iranian mining campaign, 240, 241, 251, 254, 264
on Iranian will to attack U.S. ships, 218
and Kuwaiti request to reflag tankers, 215
plan to meet Iranian threat, 276–82, 292
relieved of command, 320–21, 610n4
and Stark incident, 221, 222, 226, 228, 229
and surveillance over the Persian Gulf, 326
threats of Iranian attacks on headquarters of, 242
Berri, Nabih, 123, 126, 127, 155
bin Laden, Osama, 417, 419, 423, 425, 437
Bolton, John, 422–23, 430, 442–43, 476, 478, 487, 504
BQ Tug, 79–81, 82, 373–74, 375, 378
Bremer, L. Paul, 109, 471–72, 481, 483
Bridgeton incident, 242–47, 252, 256, 275, 278, 325
Brooks, Dennis, 270, 271, 295, 310–11, 315, 320–21, 603n42, 610n4
Brown, Harold, 11–12, 21–23, 36–39, 41, 42, 50
Brzezinski, Zbigniew:
on Iranian hostage crisis, 89
and Iranian Revolution, 16–18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 580n48
negotiates with new Iranian government, 27
on Persian Gulf policy, 11, 48, 578n13
on rapid deployment force, 36–37, 39, 582n23
Buckley, William, 67, 132, 154–55, 178–79, 181, 182, 382, 388
Bull, Lyle, 262, 267, 268, 270, 272
Burns, Nicholas, 478, 488, 489, 501, 504–6, 509, 561
Burns, William, 456, 457, 509, 540, 548, 549–50
Bush, George H. W.:
as CIA director, 428
and Gulf War of 1990–1991, 386
improved relations with Iran sought by, 380–85
and Iran-Contra affair, 176, 198, 382
and Iran-Iraq War, 98
on no goodwill to beget goodwill with Iran, 388
on Persian Gulf as vital to U.S. interests, 372
on shooting down Iran Air Flight 655, 370
Bush, George W.:
Ahmadinejad’s letter to, 500–501
on aid to Iran after earthquake of 2003, 483
on “axis of evil,” 439, 440–42, 455
briefed on possible invasion of Iran, 454
briefs Obama on Iran policy, 538–39
and Chalabi, 469
and Cole attack, 419
conflicting views on Iran in administration, 442–47, 473–75, 509
and counterattack against Iranian interference in Iraq, 530–32
Europe trip of 2005, 488–89
freedom agenda of, 485–510
and Iranian nuclear program, 419, 420, 422–23, 444–56, 466, 470, 474–76, 489–91, 495, 504–9, 538, 551
and Iranian-provided EFPs, 524
lacks appetite for attacking Iran, 495
on leaving Iranian issue unresolved, 537
little interest in Iraq or Iran, 423
managerial style, 421–22, 442
military experience in administration, 416
and National Intelligence Estimate on Iranian nuclear program, 508
on nation building in Afghanistan, 436
new plan to deal with Iran sought by, 417–23
Obama’s Iran policy compared to that of, 561
oil industry connections of, 428
and plan to kill al-Zarqawi, 438
religious beliefs, 421, 500
and Rice’s negotiations of 2006, 503, 505, 506
Rice’s relationship with, 421, 487
on selling weapons to Gulf Arabs, 517–18
on Sharon, 108
U.S. consulate in Tehran considered, 502–3
in U.S. invasion of Iraq, 439, 459, 485, 488, 511–12
war on terrorism, 427, 540
Carlucci, Frank:
becomes national security adviser, 204
intelligence gathering for sea-based force authorized, 285–86
Intelligence Support Activity operations suspended, 61
and Iran Ajr seizure, 296
on Kuwaiti request to reflag tankers, 212, 214
new more aggressive policy toward Iran, 323–24
on Operation Staunch, 205
and Roberts attack, 336, 350, 354–55
and Stark incident, 226, 228
on U.S. as not policeman of Persian Gulf, 364
on Vincennes to Persian Gulf, 363
Carter, Jimmy:
allows shah into U.S. for medical treatment, 27–28
Eagle Claw operation authorized, 31
on freedom of navigation in Persian Gulf, 34, 48, 440
and Iran hostage crisis, 29–30, 34, 49, 89, 401
and Iranian Revolution, 8, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22
loses election of 1980, 47
on oil crisis, 8–9
Persian Gulf policy, 9, 10–12, 578n13
rapid deployment force for Persian Gulf created, 33–42
Reagan contrasted with, 50
seeks to continue normal relations with Iran, 25–27
Cartwright, James, 539, 541, 550, 567
Casey, William, 65–66
anticommunism of, 66–67
on attack on U.S. embassy annex in Beirut, 152
on attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 145, 146
on bringing Iran back into Western fold, 67, 378–79
and Buckley, 132, 154, 181, 182
on communist threat to Iran, 67–68
and counterterrorism in Lebanon, 156, 157–58, 593n34
on covert operations in Iran, 69
exiles cultivated by, 76–77, 462
and Iran-Contra affair, 180–81, 186, 188, 189, 194–95, 200, 202
on Israeli invasion of Lebanon, 111
on supporting an Iranian insurgency, 71
and tanker war, 163
Cave, George, 26
in Iran-Contra affair, 189–92, 194, 196–98, 200–201
on Iranian opposition, 77–78
on Iraqi response to U.S. intelligence on Iran, 104
in negotiations with new Iranian government, 26, 27, 87
on Soviet influence on Iran, 68
Central Command (CENTCOM):
Abizaid becomes commander, 513
on bilateral defense arrangements with Gulf countries, 169–72
bureaucratic opposition to sea-based force, 289–92
Crist becomes commander, 164–66
on dealing with Iranians in Iraq, 512–13
in defense of Kuwaiti tankers, 215–17, 230–31, 233, 243, 261–62, 266–67
and Defense Reorganization Act, 173
on drawing down forces in Persian Gulf, 372
establishment of, 54–56
exercises in Persian Gulf in 1995, 398
Fallon becomes commander, 532
Franks becomes commander, 417
intelligence gathering authorized for sea-based force, 285–86
“invisible hand in reverse” plan, 418, 419
on Iranian ballistic missile program, 557–58
and Iranian blockade of Iraq, 168–69
on Iranian influence in post-Saddam Iraq, 471, 473
and Iranian mining campaign, 240
Kingston as first commander, 54, 58
maintains military-to-military ties after Iran-Contra affair, 206
in Operation Staunch, 102
plans to overthrow Islamic Republic, 397, 399, 407–9, 418, 454
recent commanders, 568–69
regional responses to, 56–57
revised plan for Soviet invasion of Iran, 59–60, 78
and Roberts attack, 335–38
Schwarzkopf becomes commander, 371
Zinni becomes commander, 406
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA):
agents in Iran arrested in 1988, 372–79
agents in Iran arrested in 2011, 556
agents killed in U.S. embassy bombing in Beirut, 132
Ahmadi recruited by, 462–63
and attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 142, 143, 144
Bush family connections, 428
and Clinton on overthrowing Saddam Hussein, 391
covert action budget for, 400–401, 410
drone flights of, 540, 556–57
in Eagle Claw operation, 31–32
Fadlallah assassination attempt, 157–58
and Hezbollah, 156
intelligence as key to Iraqi victory, 370
in Iran-Contra affair, 186–89, 190, 195, 196
and Iranian attacks on Saudi Arabia, 300–303
in Iranian coup of 1953, 10, 69, 544
Iranian military officers recruited by, 72–74
on Iranian nuclear program, 393, 553–55
and Iranian Revolution, 14, 15, 17, 20
Iranians discover spy network of, 82–83
and Iran-Iraq War, 102–5, 588n42
on Israeli invasion of Lebanon, 109
and Khobar Towers attack, 409
kidnappings attempted by, 157
Kingston’s connections with, 58–59, 79
on links between Iraq and September 11, 427
means of communicating with agents, 75–76
on Mecca uprising plan, 262, 301
operations in Iran, 65–83
paramilitary effort in Iran, 78–81, 358
on al-Qaeda presence in Iran, 437–38
on reform movement in Iran, 494
signals collection station at Ilam, 87
Stinger missiles given to Afghan mujahideen, 302
surveillance aircraft of, 312–16, 323, 371, 609n39
Chalabi, Ahmed, 447–48, 469, 472, 502
Chamran, Mostafa, 91–92, 93, 124
Chandler, David, 337, 341, 342, 343–46, 347, 351, 355
Charles, Sandra, 163, 205, 214, 381
Cheney, Elizabeth, 495, 496, 497, 499, 502
Cheney, Richard B., 416
on Abizaid’s Iran strategy, 516
and George W. Bush’s freedom agenda, 486
and Chalabi, 447, 469
on counterattack against Iranian interference in Iraq, 526, 532–34
on drawing down U.S. forces in Persian Gulf, 372
on establishing U.S. consulate in Tehran, 503
and Iranian-provided EFPs, 524, 525
Iran policy, 444, 445, 474–75
on overthrowing Saddam Hussein as having positive effect on Iran, 475
on plan to kill al-Zarqawi, 438
on Rice’s negotiations of 2006, 503–4
and “road map” document for normalizing relations with Iran, 479
and September 11, 2001, attacks, 423
and war on terrorism, 427
Chizari, Mohsen, 527
Clarke, Richard, 405, 408, 618n20
Clinton, William Jefferson:
and Cole attack, 417, 419, 619n4
Iran policy, 389–92, 400
and Khobar Towers attack, 409, 412, 413
military officer corps and, 416
overtures toward Khatami, 411–15, 419
trade with Iran limited, 399–400
Cole attack, 417–18, 419, 619n4
Crist, George B.:
Bernsen relieved of command, 320
on bilateral defense arrangements with Gulf countries, 169–72
and Bridgeton incident, 243, 244, 246, 247
and Brooks’s joint task force, 310–11
and Carlucci’s new more aggressive policy toward Iran, 323–24
as CENTCOM commander, 2–3, 164–66, 371
and CIA aircraft, 316
in defense of Kuwaiti tankers, 215–17, 266–67
feud with Lyons, 268–70, 271
on Gulf states agreeing to joint operations, 242
and Iran Ajr seizure, 297
and Iranian attacks on Saudi Arabia, 303
and Iranian blockade of Iraq, 168–69
on Iranian “Martyrdom” exercise, 263
and Iranian mining campaign, 239, 240, 248, 251, 255
and Lyons’s Window of Opportunity plan, 257, 270
on maintaining military-to-military ties after Iran-Contra affair, 206
new headquarters proposed by, 269
and Roberts attack, 334, 335, 336, 337, 344, 354, 356
sea-based plan for dealing with Iranians, 275, 276–92
and slipping Guadalcanal past Strait of Hormuz, 260–61
and Stark incident, 226, 228, 229
and takeover of U.S. embassy in Tehran, 28–29
Crocker, Ryan, 429–30
on Arab-Persian animosity, 467–68
negotiations on Iranian intervention in Iraq, 534–35, 536
negotiations with Iran in Geneva, 429–34, 441, 478, 479
negotiations with Zarif, 457–59
Crouch, Jack Dyer “J. D.”, 491–93, 495, 502, 527, 531
Crowe, William, 172–73
and bilateral defense arrangements with Gulf countries, 169
and Bridgeton incident, 244, 245, 246
and Brooks, 321
and Carlucci’s new more aggressive policy toward Iran, 323–24
and CIA aircraft, 313, 316, 609n30
on communications between U.S. and Iraqis, 231, 232
and Crist-Lyons feud, 268–69
and Crist’s plan for dealing with Iranians, 275, 281, 283, 290–92
on Defense Reorganization Act, 173–74
Farsi Island seizure urged by, 257
and Iran Ajr seizure, 296–97
and Iran-Contra affair, 190
and Iranian attacks on Saudi Arabia, 300, 303
on Iranian “Martyrdom” exercise, 263
and Iranian mining campaign, 239, 240, 242–43, 248–49, 252, 253
and Kuwaiti request to reflag tankers, 215
and Lyons, 256–57, 266–68, 270–74
and Roberts attack, 334–37, 354–56
on shooting down Iran Air Flight 655, 369
in slipping Guadalcanal past Strait of Hormuz, 259–61
and Stark incident, 229
on U.S. Navy conservatism, 233
cyber warfare, 551–52
Daqduq, Ali Musa, 530
Dawa Party (Iraq), 86, 467, 559
Dawa Party (Kuwait), 154, 155, 200, 382, 386
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 358–59
on Cole attack, 619n4
on Free Iraqi Forces, 448
intelligence given to Iran, 187, 370
on Iranian attack on Basra, 95
on Iranian boats at Bushehr, 303
on Iranian-provided EFPs, 523
and Iranian Silkworm missiles, 218
Iraqi military briefed by, 360–62
and Kingston’s back channel for intelligence, 59
in planning for invasion of Iran, 45
in Stark investigation, 227
Defense Reorganization (Goldwater-Nichols) Act, 173–74, 232, 268, 269
Democracy Project, 496–98
Dempsey, Martin, 557, 567, 570
Denehy, David, 496–97
Dobbins, James, 433–36, 439, 457
Donilon, Tom, 540–41, 570
Dunbar, Charles, 200–201
Dyer, Donald, 316, 323, 337, 342–43, 348, 351–53, 356
Eagle Claw, 31–32<
br />
Earnest Will operation, 229, 240, 243, 268–69, 278, 286, 316, 321, 372, 385, 399, 430
EFPs (enhanced formed projectiles), 520–25, 527, 530–32
Egypt:
anti-Khomeini radio broadcasts from, 77
Bright Star exercises, 44
and George W. Bush’s freedom agenda, 487
Egypt
in Central Command, 55
democracy lacking in, 435
and Iran-Iraq War, 100–101
and Red Sea mining, 235–36
U.S. bases established in, 40–41
Escudero, Stanley, 18–20
Evancoe, Paul, 283, 297, 299, 304–9
Fadavi, Ali, 365–66, 367, 368
Fadlallah, Muhammad Hussein, 127–28, 150, 157–58, 386–87, 591n13
Fahd, King (Saudi Arabia), 56, 97, 236
Fahd Line, 162, 607n41
Fallon, Joseph “Fox,” 532–33, 560, 568
Feith, Douglas:
on Chalabi, 448
on Iran as terrorist organization, 445
on Iranian influence in Iraq, 470–71, 481
on overthrowing Saddam Hussein having positive effect on Iran, 452, 453
on regime change in Iran as part of war on terrorism, 451, 454
and “road map” document for normalizing relations with Iran, 479
on Russia and Iranian nuclear program, 623n35
and September 11, 2001, attacks, 425
in war on terrorism, 426, 427, 433
Foster, Paul F. (ship), 406–7
Francona, Rick, 360, 361, 362
Franklin, Larry, 430, 449, 450, 453
Franks, Tommy:
on broad options for retaliating against Iran, 417
and Free Iraqi Forces, 502
“invisible hand in reverse” plan, 418, 419
on Iranian influence in Iraq, 471, 472, 473
on overthrowing Saddam Hussein having positive effect on Iran, 455
on plan for bringing about regime change in Iran, 454
steps down as CENTCOM commander, 513
updates Bush on U.S. invasion of Iraq, 439
Free Iraqi Forces, 448, 502
Gates, Robert:
and attack on U.S. marines in Lebanon, 142
Bush administration continues to share intelligence with Iraq, 385
on Casey, 66
concern about being pulled into conflict with Iran, 567
on conditions for normal relations with Iran, 386
and counterattack against Iranian interference in Iraq, 528, 533, 535–36
Fallon fired by, 560
in Iran-Contra affair, 187
on Kingston’s CIA connections, 59
on North, 182
in Obama administration, 540
on stationing cruisers in Persian Gulf, 558
George, Clair, 103–4, 156, 316
Geraghty, Timothy, 115–18, 120, 132, 133, 135, 136, 138
Ghadir plan, 238–39, 297
Ghorbanifar, Manucher:
claims to have information about Buckley, 178–79