by Avi Shlaim
al-Husseini refugee camp, Amman 316, 325
Ibn Saud, Sultan Abd al-Aziz 15–17
Ikhwan (Wahhabi warriors) 15, 16
Iman, Princess 408, 596
Independent Party 112
Innab, Major-General Radi 105
International Monetary Fund (IMF), austerity measures 474
intifada (Palestinian uprising 1987) 453–7, 613
anti-Jordanian dimension 454
and rise of Hamas 466
and moderating effect on PLO 467–8
Iran
and Baghdad Pact 76
Islamic Revolution 409–10
Iran-Iraq War (1980–88) 410–13
and ‘Irangate’435–6
end of 468
Iraq
British mandate over 10
and succession of Talal 51
and Baghdad Pact 76–7, 89, 155, 157
relations with Jordan 106, 151, 186, 309, 550–52, 555–6
military support for Jordan 108, 120, 137
and Suez 118
Free Officers’ Revolution (1958) 150, 153, 159–61, 164–6
and Syria 157, 164, 438–9
Jordanian ambitions in 161, 176
Ba’th coup (1963) 189
Ba’th Party 189, 312, 334, 413
troops in Jordan (1967) 239, 252, 254, 268
and June War 243
support for fedayeen 321
and civil war in Jordan 322, 333–4
and October War 368
as counterweight to Islamic Iran 410
Israeli bombing of nuclear reactor 413
strategic alliance with Jordan 413–15, 614
economic support for Jordan 437–8, 488
Jordanian arms supplies to 437–8
and Arab Cooperation Council 468–9
invasion of Kuwait (1990) 478–502, 614
release of Western hostages 494
chemical weapons (and WMDs) 500–501, 551, 580
risings of Kurds and Shi’ites 504–5
Hussein’s call for democracy in 520
and threat of war with Israel 579–80
see also Saddam Hussein
Iraqi nationalists, and Arab Revolt 5, 6
Irbid
Israeli attacks on 277, 303, 310, 314, 315
fedayeen control of 323–4
Syrian occupation 330
Islamic Action Front (IAF) 515–16, 530, 548
Islamic Jihad, suicide bombers 570
Islamic Liberation party 112
Israel Defence Force (IDF)
and First Arab-Israeli War 28
raid on Qibya 71, 72
reprisal attack on Qalqilyah (October 1956) 108
attack on Samu’223, 225
West Bank offensive (June War) 247
shelling of Irbid 310
Israel, State of 8, 25, 26, 31–2, 610, 612
DOMESTC MATTERS
Provisional State Council 27
and Palestinian infiltration 66–74
claims to West Bank 163, 167, 256, 293, 295, 374
and Jordan headwaters plan 203, 208, 211
government divisions over West Bank and peace agreements 256–7, 282–3, 331, 351–2
Gahal Party 256, 320, 351
view of West Bank 300–301, 356, 357, 413
lack of interest in peace agreement (1972–3) 356–7
elections (Dec. 1973) 375
National Religious Party 357, 380, 382; refusal to give up West Bank 374
Labour Party 378–9, 558; support for Hashemite monarchy 115, 158, 163, 196, 199, 524; split over occupied territories 256; weakness of Rabin’s government 380; election victory (1992) 520
Likud Party: increasingly aggressive policy towards Arabs 392–5, 413–14, 423; opposition to Palestinian state 392, 558; see also Netanyahu, Binyamin
and view of Jordan as Palestinian state 393, 416, 454, 457
Jerusalem Law (1980) 413
national unity government (from 1984) 423, 430, 440–41
Knesset endorsement of peace treaty 545
FOREIGN RELATIONS
expansionism 28, 207, 272, 280, 414, 423, 612–13; ambitions for Jordanian territory 115, 163
military superiority 356, 611; raid on Qibya 72; policy of military reprisals 67, 69, 79, 108, 311, 314–15; invasions of Lebanon 415–16; and intifada 454
diplomatic intransigence 280; rejection of Hussein’s six-point plan 302; and second Rogers Plan 320; rejection of modified Allon plan 337; rejection of United Arab Kingdom plan 346–52; rejection of London Agreement 445–7
and Suez 115–17, 119
and UAR 153–4
and June War (1967) 240–48; warnings to Hussein to avoid June War 241–2; pressure to accept ceasefire (June War) 247, 248–50; triumphalism after June War 256–7; and UN Resolution 242: 273–4, 287, 289–90, 293, 302–3
and October War 364–70; intelligence failure 363–4
supply of arms to Iran 435
Gulf War 498–502; Iraqi Scud missile attacks on 503
RELATIONS WITH EGYPT
military disengagement agreement with Egypt (1974) 373
Sinai II agreement with Egypt 387–8
Sadat’s visit to Jerusalem (1977) 34, 396–8
peace treaty with Egypt (1979) 413
RELATIONS WITH JORDAN
relations with Abdullah 33–5
reaction to assassination 47–9
border war (1956) 108–9
and threats to Jordan (1958) 162–3
support for (1958) 163–4, 165
assurances to 177, 231, 257, 350–51
and Samu’ raid 227–8
attacks on Fatah bases 276–7, 282
and direct contact with Hussein 278–9
plans in event of coup in Jordan (1969) 308–9
and Jordanian civil war 330, 331–2, 333
alternative to United Arab Kingdom plan 348–9
demands for border changes 350–51
economic cooperation 358, 548, 549
limited disengagement 376–8
and view of Jordan as Palestinian state 393, 416, 454, 457
economic aid 435
effect of Jordanian disengagement on 466
peace negotiations, common agenda 518, 524
popular support for peace treaty 547–8
security cooperation 579–80
RELATIONS WITH PALESTINIANS
view of fedayeen 303–4, 311, 314–15, 317
refusal to deal with PLO 381, 383, 428–9, 468
Arab-Palestinian recognition of 472
and Oslo Accords with PLO 520–24
recognition of PLO 521
Arab criticisms of (1996) 564–5
Israeli-Palestinian final status talks 588–91
AND USA
American restraints on 137, 140–41
influence in America 200
lobbying in Washington in support of Jordan 207–8, 215
see also Meir, Golda; Netanyahu, Binyamin; Occupied Territories; Peres, Shimon; Rabin, Itzhak; Shamir, Itzhak; Sharon, Ariel
Israel-Jordan-US economic committee 528
Israeli Air Force
shooting down of Syrian MiGs (April 1967) 235
and June War 240, 243
attack on Hussein’s palace (1967) 243–4
support in Jordanian civil war 333
and Jordanian unit in October War 368–9
bombing of Iraqi nuclear reactor 413
strike against PLO in Tunis 430
Israelis, view of Jordan’s conduct in First Arab-Israeli War 29–30
Jabal Abu Ghunaym (Har Homa) 566, 568, 570
Jabal al-Druze 20
Jabaliyah refugee camp, Gaza Strip 453
Jaber, Saleh, Iraqi foreign minister 51
Jabotinsky, Ze’ev, Revisionist Zionist 24
Jadid, Salih, Syrian Ba’th party 333
Jamian, Lieutenant-Colonel Emil 177, 198
Jarring, Dr Gunnar, UN mission 274, 280, 286, 293,
309
Israeli suspension of mission 302, 336
and second Rogers Plan 320
Jedda, fall of 6
Jericho, proposals for 374, 382
Jerusalem 254, 258, 285
UN proposal for (1949) 32
Al-Aqsa Mosque 35–6, 562
Mount Scopus enclave 241, 242, 244
June War 242–3, 244, 247–8
Israeli claims to 372, 413
status of 399, 418
Hashemite trusteeship of holy places 464–5, 529, 532, 533–4, 537, 578
Netanyahu’s policy on 566
see also Greater Jerusalem
Jerusalem Law (1980) 413
Jewish Agency 25–6, 29–30
and UN partition plan 24
Jewish nationalism, Herzog’s exposition of 261
Jibril, Ahmad, leader of PFLP-General Command 321
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, US President 206–7, 215, 228
bias towards Israel 206
and support for Jordan 229, 233
meeting with Hussein 259
Hussein’s letter to 269
and UN Security Council resolution (1967) 270
Johnston, Charles, British ambassador to Jordan
and Suez 119
and Queen Zain 125, 141, 176
on termination of Anglo-Jordanian treaty 127, 144
on Zarqa Affair 136
on royal coup 142–3
on US support for Jordan 144
on Iraqi revolution 165, 166–7
and prospects for Jordan (1958) 169–70
and proposed retaliation on Syria (1959) 177
Johnston, Eric, American envoy, and Jordan river water plan 203, 208, 209, 221
Joint Commission to Support the Steadfastness of the Palestinian People 433
Jordan, Hashemite Kingdom of
DOMESTIC MATTERS
independence (1946) 20
invasion of Palestine (1948) 26, 28–9
Palestinian refugees in 31
control of Jerusalem and West Bank 32, 39
and succession to Abdullah 49–53
regency council (1951) 50
constitution (1946) 50
constitution (1952) 53, 113–14, 184, 592
democratic experiment (1952–7) 64–5, 74, 111–14
political instability 65
growth of nationalism 73–4
corruption 80, 111, 185, 191, 473–4
Palestinians in cabinet 83
riots (1955–6) 85–9
anti-British feeling in 97–8
economic dependence on Britain 106, 127–8
anti-royalism in, 113, 125, 128
international doubts about viability (1956–7) 122–8, 129, 161–71, 318–19
Egyptian influence in 128
end of democratic experiment 141–3, 149–52
lack of intelligence service 148
dependence on Western patronage 152, 352–3
instability and threat to existence of (1958) 153, 161–71, 164–5
British troops in 162, 168, 169, 170
internal reforms (under Tall) 184–6
tension between security and progress 189–90
demonstrations against 1963 UAR 190
economic weakness 191–2, 218, 474–5, 610
and integration of Palestinians 204, 611
economic consequences of June War 254
and rise of Palestinian resistance movement 301
and possibility of coup (1969) 308–9
civil war 311–40
military government (1970) 325, 326, 328
emergence of Jordanian identity 339–40
economic cooperation with Israel 358
proposed disengagement plans 375–8
financial support from Arab League 404
American cuts in aid 405–6
purchase of British tanks 406
effect of war in Lebanon on 417
economic dependence on Iraq 437–8, 488
and effect of intifada 454
internal crisis (1989) 472–7
bread riots 474–5
democratic reforms (from 1989) 476–7, 510–511, 520, 530–31; and return to repression 578
National Charter (1991) 476–7
effect of UN sanctions 484
anti-Western demonstrations 484–5
economic cost of Gulf War 507–8
expected benefits from peace treaty 548–9
trade agreement with Israel 548, 549
opposition to peace treaty 548
asylum for Saddam’s relations 550–52
demonstrations against Operation Grapes of Wrath 557
economic problems 583
special session of parliament 592–3; see also parliamentary elections
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
border with Israel 67, 68, 70
and Baghdad Pact 76–90
Suez war 106, 117–18, 121
as target for neighbouring states 116, 117, 124
Soviet influence in 126, 128
UAR and 170
pro-British and pro-American factions 172–3, 175
and concept of ‘Third Force’175–8
plan to attack Iraq (1959) 176
contacts with Israel 177
relations with Iraq 186, 550–52, 614
military supplies from Arab states 211
government response to Samu’ incident 234
propaganda attack on Nasser 236–7
mutual defence treaty with Egypt (1967) 237–8, 239
and June War 242–6
regional importance 278
isolation in Arab world 352
October War 367–9
marginalized by Kissinger 371–2, 375, 387–8
and PLO at Rabat summit 383–4
intelligence cooperation with Mossad 387
relations with Syria 388, 412–13
Israeli plans for Palestinian state 393, 416, 454, 457, 524–5
marginalized at Camp David 398
and Camp David Accords 400–401, 405–6
strategic alliance with Iraq (in war with Iran) 413–15, 614
recognition of Palestinian State 467
neutrality in Gulf War 498–506
peace negotiations, common agenda 518, 524
peace treaty see Jordanian-Israeli peace treaty (1994)
opening of crossing point and telephone links to Israel 540
trade agreement with Israel 548, 549
security cooperation 579–80
and Israeli threat of war with Iraq 580
perservation of independence 609
and problem of Palestine 610–611
see also Transjordan
Jordan River 208, 293
plan to divert headwaters 203, 208, 209, 220
and Mukheiba dam project 211, 214–15
Jordan Valley
as border 374
Jewish settlements 561
Israeli control of 578, 579
Jordanian Arab Army 105
Bedouin regiments 100–101, 130, 138–9, 168, 316
Arab states subsidies 106, 109
formation of Royal Guard 125, 149–50
1st Armoured Car Regiment, and Zarqa incident 130, 133, 134
Zarqa incident 130, 133, 134
Princess Alia Brigade 134
loyalty of 158, 161, 168, 191, 229, 232
need for arms 210–211, 217
and Israeli attack on Samu’223
under Egyptian command (1967) 237, 239
June War 245, 252
complicity in raids by Palestinian guerrillas 275, 276, 301, 303
reorganization 304–5
private army for royal protection 305
conflict with fedayeen 311, 313, 315–16
and civil war with fedayeen 321–6, 328–35
60th Armoured Brigade 325
40th Armoured Brigade 326, 367–9
clashes with PFLP and PDFLP 338–9
October War 367–9
&
nbsp; Yarmouk Brigade 411
professionalism of 412
and war in Lebanon 416
and shooting of Israeli schoolgirls 569
Prince Hassan and 583
see also Arab Legion
Jordanian-Israeli peace treaty (1994) 532–46, 615
negotiations 524–31
economic cooperation 528, 529, 544, 564–5
land transfers 528–9, 540–41
debt remission 529, 538, 539
diplomatic relations 529
Muslim holy places in Jerusalem 529, 532, 533–4, 537, 542, 562, 578
and refugee problem 532, 540, 542
announcement of 534, 535–6
meeting in Wadi Araba 536
Washington Declaration 536–40
and move to normalization 538–9, 552, 564–5
discussion of details 540–43
water allocation 540–41, 542
definition of borders 541–2
security provisions 542
compared with Israeli-Egyptian treaty 543–4
signing 543
Israeli reaction to 545
effect of Netanyahu’s policies on 560–68
final status agenda 578–9
Judea, Likud view of 392
Judeh, Nasser 516
Juma’a, Saad, as prime minister 234
June War (1967) 240–48, 253
Arab states and 234–5
Hussein’s mistakes 234–8, 239–40, 251, 612
Nasser’s brinkmanship 236–8
UN ceasefire 246–7
aftermath 252, 254–6
compared with 1948 Al-Nakbah 252
Kabariti, Abdul Karim, prime minister 557, 584
relations with Prince Hassan 584
Kamel Hassan al-Majid, Colonel Saddam 550–52
Kamel Hassan al-Majid, Lieutenant- General Hussein 501, 550–52
Kanaan, Taher 433–4, 465
Karameh, Israeli attack on 276–7, 311
Kasim, Adnan 136
Kasim, Marwan 451, 458, 481, 550
as chief of royal court 588, 605
Kasim, Osama 136
Katzenbach, Nicholas, US under-secretary of state 259
Kedourie, Elie 7
Kenan, Naftali 249–50
Kerak, petition to king from 474
Khaled bin Sultan, HRH General, Saudi Arabia 496
al-Khalidi, Dr Hussein Fakhri, as prime minister 139–40
Khammash, General Amer, Jordanian army chief-of-staff 239–40, 292, 308
and October War 365, 366
Khasawneh, Awn 540, 542–3
al-Khatib, Abdul Ilah, foreign minister 592
al-Khatib, Anwar, minister of public works, and Suez 118
Khomeini, Ayatollah 409
al-Kilani, Major-General Muhammad Rasul 313
Kirkbride, Sir Alec 11–12, 41
and succession to Abdullah 49–52
as adviser to Hussein 61, 110
and dismissal of Glubb 103
Kissinger, Henry, US Secretary of State 300, 329, 356, 379
and Jordanian civil war 318, 323, 329–30, 331
