A History of the Crusades

by Jonathan Riley-Smith

  and Prussian

  Reisen 272–4, 331

  recruitment 196, 204, 273–4, 331

  secularization 343, 344, 358–9

  sixteenth-century survival 287

  and tree castle 358

  and Venice 208, 330, 359

  in Vienna 349, 359, 389

  Zungen (tongues) 344; see also Livonia; Marienburg; Prussia

  Thebes 321; and Navarrese Company 301, 304

  Theodore Palaeologus 302

  Thibaut III of Champagne, king of Navarre 51, 52, 64, 85

  Thibaut IV of Champagne, and crusade-songs 94, 97–8

  Thibaut of Ploasme 86

  Thierry of Nicosia (1206–11) 173

  Third Crusade (1189–92): command structure 64

  and defence of Latin East 3, 125, 132, 147–8, 291

  and Egypt 38

  financing 57

  and military orders 189, 205

  and noncombatants 48

  overland route 38

  practical problems 59, 61–3

  promotion and preaching 45, 84

  and Saladin 235

  sea route 38, 61–2

  and songs 93

  Thomas of Marle, and violence 15–16

  Thomas, Peter 271

  Thorn, Teutonic castle 186

  timber, for building 156

  tithe: and military orders 194, 195

  and Muslims 225

  Toledo, reconquest 18, 243

  Toledo, García de 348

  Tomar, and Order of Christ 330

  TToros I of Cilicia 170

  Torres, Camillo 386–7

  Torsello, Marino Sanudo 260

  Tortosa: castle 135, 167, 168

  cathedral 160, 161

  Templar chapel 163

  Torun, tree castle 358

  towers, in Latin East 131, 166

  towns, in Latin East 116, 161, 163–5, 170

  trade: and Cyprus 127, 293, 294–6, 305

  and Egypt 270–1

  and Genoa 116, 305–6, 310, 314–16, 321

  and Greece 131

  and kingdom of Jerusalem 116–18, 132

  Muslim-Christian 233, 237, 247

  and Rhodes 337

  and Venice 116, 308, 310, 314–16, 319, 321; see also spice trade

  Transjordan, lordship 113, 225

  treatises, crusade 259–62, 278

  and Erasmus 286–7

  and military orders 341–2

  Trenceval, Raymond Roger 109

  Trent, Council: and crusades 289

  and military orders 356

  Trier, Karl von 330

  Tripoli, county of: defeat 137

  Frankish settlement 111, 135

  and kingdom of Jerusalem 121, 125

  Muslim control 217, 241

  Ottoman conquest (1551) 255

  and Raymond of Toulouse 36

  Tripoli (North Africa): and military orders 346

  Ottoman conquest (1551) 348

  Trollope, Anthony 364

  troubadours 93–4, 99, 101, 104, 108–9

  trouvères 93, 100–1, 109

  Troyes, Council (1129) , and Knights Templar 177

  Trussel, William 74

  Tukla, castle 156

  Tumanbay, sultan 250

  Tunis: battle (1270) 3, 38, 52

  conquest (1535) 255, 285, 346, 347

  Ottoman capture (1569) 288

  Ottoman recapture (1574) 350, 351

  and Spanish crusade 284–5

  Tunisia see Mahdia; Tunis

  Turanshah, son of al-Salih 238

  turcoples (mercenaries) 182

  Turkomans 216, 217, 224–5

  and army of Saladin 229

  and Mamluks and Ottoman Turks 249, 297

  Qaraman 252

  and Shah Isma il 255

  Turks see Kipchaks; Mamluks; Ottoman Turks; Saladin; Seljuks; Turkomans

  Twain, Mark 367

  Tyerman, Christopher 13

  Tynan, Katherine 381

  Tyre: castle 167

  cathedral 159

  development 116, 132, 148

  Fatimid control 217

  Frankish capture 112, 125, 135, 168

  and Third Crusade 235

  Ubeda, siege (1233) 190

  Umayyad caliphate, in Spain 243

  Umur of Aydin 251, 335

  Urban II, pope (1042–99): and Cluny 33

  and Council of Clermont 1–2, 35

  and Greek Orthodox 115

  and indulgence 80

  and launch of First Crusade 1–2, 19, 25, 27, 29, 33–4, 37, 73, 138

  and leadership of First Crusade 35–6

  and People’s Crusade 68

  and promotion of First Crusade 42, 47, 78, 154

  and reconquest of Spain 3, 38–9, 41

  and taking of the cross 70

  Urban V, pope, and capture of Jerusalem 271

  Urban VIII, pope (1580–1644), and military orders 350

  Urbanus (gun founder) 253

  Urraca of León-Castile 120

  Usamah ibn Munqidh; Kitab al-It‘ibar 230–1, 233

  and Templars 114

  Uzun Hasan 297

  Valencia: conquest (1232–53) 4, 245

  and military orders 185, 325, 326

  Valletta, and Knights Hospitaller 14, 340, 350–1, 355, 357

  Vallette, Jean de la 348, 350

  Varna Crusade (1444) 4, 253, 277

  Vasari, Giorgio 349

  Venerable Order of St John 388

  Venetian Crusade (1123) 62

  Venice: and Byzantium 129, 130–1, 310–11, 314

  and Cyprus 127, 174, 175, 271, 294, 297–8, 308

  and Fourth Crusade 305, 306, 308

  and frontier crusades 269

  and Genoese 305–6, 307–8, 310, 315–16

  and Holy League 309–10

  and Knights Hospitallers 352

  and Latin East 116, 132, 135, 168, 291–2, 319–22

  and Mamluk sultanate 247, 338

  and Ottoman Turks 257, 274, 277, 278–9, 284, 287–8, 290, 292, 302

  and Romania 305, 306–10, 311, 316

  and shipping contracts 61

  and Turkish wars 352; see also Crete; trade

  Verdi, Guiseppi 376, 380

  Versailles, Salle des croisades 371, 379

  Vidal, Peire 99

  Vienna: siege (1529) 285, 286

  siege (1683) 257, 290

  and Suleyman the Magnificent 256

  and Teutonic Knights 349, 359, 389

  Vienne, Council (1311–12) 208–9, 259, 264

  Vilhena, Antonio Manoel de 353

  Villehardouin family 300

  violence: against Jews 35–6

  and the Church 8, 17–18, 77–80, 89

  as endemic 17

  and liberation 385–7; see also war, holy

  Virgin, Tomb of 143, 162

  Virgin and Child Glykophilousa 140

  Voltaire, F.M.A. de 364

  vows 9, 38, 50, 69–71, 72, 83

  in military orders 200, 202, 323, 342, 355, 359

  redemption 48, 58, 66, 68

  Wallachia, Ottoman conquest 277

  Walter of Brienne 303, 304, 313

  Walter II of Brienne 304

  war, holy 9, 218–20, 283

  as devotion 77–80, 88, 89, 288

  and Erasmus 287

  and military orders 193, 324, 331, 333, 338, 346, 350, 352, 360, 362

  see also jihad; violence

  War of the Holy League (1684–97) 257

  Ward, F.W. Orde 381

  warfare: and military orders 183–4, 192

  siege 262

  in song 105–6

  techniques 24–5, 60

  weaponry 230

  siege 230, 241

  Wenceslas of Hungary 280

  Wends: crusade against 3, 39

  and taking of the cross 71

  Wiffen, J.H. 374

  Wigand von Marburg 273

  Wignacourt, Adrien de 354

&nb
sp; Wilhelm II of Germany 367

  Wilken, 373

  William II of Achaea 299–300

  William II ‘Rufus’ of England (1056–1100), and financing of crusades 55, 57

  William II Villehardouin 131

  William IX of Aquitaine 105

  William of Nogaret, and crusade treatise 259

  William Tête-Hardi of Burgundy 81, 86

  William of Tyre (1130–85); chronicle 153, 167

  and Melisende 142, 143

  William V of Montpellier 85

  Williams, Gertrude Alice Meredith 382

  wills, as evidence 69

  Winnington-Ingram, Arthur Foley 380–1

  Winnoc, St, shrine 29–32

  Wisconsin History 5

  Wolthuss, Johann 333

  women: and absent husbands and lovers 74, 75, 102–4

  as accompanying husbands 68

  and administration of property 75

  and armies 25

  influence 13

  in Latin East 120–1

  in military orders 176, 199, 201, 340, 362

  and recruitment to crusades 87

  Wordsworth, William 374, 377

  Yaghi Siyan, emir 216

  Yalbugha al-Khassaki 248

  Yañez de la Barbuda, Martín 327

  Zaccaria, Benedetto 305–6

  Zaccaria, Centurione 302

  Al-Zahir Jaqmaq 249

  Zangi, Imad al-Din, atabak of Mosul 37, 96, 121–2, 221, 226–7, 228–9, 236

  Zizka, John 281–2