Battle of Hastings, The
Page 24
and Edward II 23, 24, 25–9, 45–54, 126–7, 129
handfast wife 74
as king see Harold II, King of England
and literacy 80
and navy 104–6, 143
and Tostig 123–5
and Vita Ædwardi Regis 224–5
and William of Normandy 47–54, 123
campaign in Brittany 109, 170, 178, 186
oath to 48, 50–4, 133, 138, 199, 216, 225
Harold I Harefoot, King of England 11, 15–17
Harold II, King of England
coinage 130
Danish support for 133
death 180, 192–6, 199, 214–6, 221, 222, 230, 231
defeat at Hastings 3–4, 33, 45–6, 171
election and coronation 127–9, 131, 138–9, 226
Fighting Man banner 4, 70
laws 130
as military leader 94, 104, 116, 164–70
military strategy 167–83, 186
and papacy 167–8, 175–6
and Stamford Bridge 116, 151–2, 156–7
succession to 199–200, 210–11
and use of cavalry 109–10
and William of Normandy 131
see also Harold Godwinson; Stamford Bridge, battle of
Harthacnut, King of England 11, 15, 16, 17, 20, 34, 36
Hastings
Norman bridgehead 3, 161–2, 166, 180–1, 199
ravaging by Normans 222–3
Hastings, battle of
casualties 171, 184, 191
death of Harold 180, 192–6
desertions 172, 175–7
documentation 3–4, 96, 143, 162, 170–8, 181–96, 217–32
English strategy 167–71
Norman preparations 131–3, 140, 143–6, 159–60
Norman retreats 182, 185–6, 187–93, 222
Norman strategy 170–1
reasons for English defeat 171–3
seen as holy war 52, 135–6, 140, 168
significance 2–3
suitability of battleground 177–8
surprise attack 165, 170
hauberk (coat of mail) 104, 113, 114, 117, 183
helmets 69, 104, 113, 117, 118
Henry the Fowler, King of Germany 235 n.xxviii
Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum 49, 65–6, 182, 195, 221, 231–2
Henry I, King of England 110, 211, 236
Henry I, King of France 41–3, 131–2, 203
Henry II, King of England 60, 79, 212, 214
Henry III, Emperor 28
Heptarchy, Anglo-Saxon 56, 98
heregeld (army tax) 14, 99–100
Hereward the Wake 205
heriot (tax) 103–4
heroic tradition 214–6
hides (land) 61–2, 73, 75
Hildebrand, Cardinal, see Pope Gregory VII
Hildebrand (heroic poem) 81, 83
history, written 88–90, 213–14
hoar apple tree 3, 173, 177
Hollister, C. Warren 102–3
horses, and armour 120–1, 154
housecarls
of Cnut 13–14, 100
of Harold 119, 120, 151, 164, 173, 178, 183, 185
Hugh, Duke of the Franks 63–4
Hugh Capet, King of the Franks 46
Hugh of Ponthieu 221, 222
hundred system
origins of 59
courts 59–60
and hides 61
infantry
English 110, 178, 183, 186
Norman 115–6, 175, 184–6
Italy, Normans in 113, 134–5, 141, 209
javelins 118–19, 194–5
Ketel (thegn) 103–4, 108, 113, 119
kingship
and bastardy 45
elective 31–3, 39, 46, 126–8, 203
and law 59–60
and war 93, 118, 168–9
knights
and Crusades 135
Norman 110–11, 113–14, 118–19, 131, 183, 189–90
Konrad the Peaceable, Duke of Burgundy 235 n.xxviii
laity, and literacy 78–81
lances 118–19
land tenure 61
and military service 62, 97, 100–4, 112
post-Conquest 205, 208
Land Waster (standard of Harald Hardrada) 150, 153, 156
Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury 205–6, 208, 220
Latin, in Norman England 81, 207
laws 11, 16, 80, 124–5, 209
and Æthelberht 59–60
and Athelstan 5
and Cnut 14, 103, 124–5, 203
and Edward II 124–5, 203
and Harold II 130
and Henry II 60
and women 74
Lawson, M. K. 182
Lemmon, Lieut. Col. C. H. 186–7, 188–9, 191
Leo IX, Pope 136
Leofric, Earl of Mercia 19–21, 23, 39, 204
Leofwine Godwinson, Earl of Kent 3, 24, 25–6, 186–7
Leonidas, King of Sparta 1
Lepanto, battle of 1
Lincoln, battle of 110
Lindisfarne, sack of (793) 66
Lindisfarne Gospels 70
literacy
Anglo-Saxon 78–80, 88
Norman 80–1
literature
Anglo-Saxon 81–91
English 209, 213
London
Norman conquest 200
rights and privileges 204
maces, Norman 120
Magna Carta 2
Magnus Olafson, King of Norway 34, 35, 36, 148
Malcolm III, King of Scotland 131, 148, 201
Maldon, battle of 7–8, 58, 88, 95, 100, 109, 215
Malfosse, the 196
Malory, Sir Thomas 110
Morte d’Arthur 91
Marathon, battle of 1–2
Margaret, daughter of Edward the Atheling 29
Marianus Scotus, Chronicle of 226
Marie de France 214
marriage, handfast 11, 74, 233 n.iv
Martel, Geoffrey, Count of Anjou 41–3, 94, 132, 203
Matilda, Empress 212, 214
Matilda of Flanders (wife of William I) 25, 42, 43, 132, 168
Mauger, Archbishop of Rouen 236 n.xlvi
mercenaries
English fleet 105
Norman army112, 115, 134, 135–6, 183, 190
Mill, John Stuart 1–2
monarchy see kingship
monasteries, English 57, 66, 136, 206
and education and learning 75–6
and poetry 82, 85
Morcar Leofricson, Earl of Northumbria 124, 130, 149–50, 152, 157, 199, 205
Mortemer, battle of 52, 94
Morton, Catherine 140–1
Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France 185, 199
navy, English
and Alfred 99, 105
and Harold Godwinson 104–6, 143–4, 179
and mercenaries 105
navy, Norman 106, 131, 144–5, 160, 227
navy, Norwegian 148–9, 157
Nicholas II, Pope 133, 134
Nieder-Altaich, annals of 231–2
Nithard (chronicler) 190
Normandy
and feudalism 96–7, 105–8, 111–12
Harold Godwinson in 47–51, 109, 123
military service 106–8, 110–12, 115
and Norman England 211
Viking settlement 6, 106
Normans
post-Conquest risings against 201
in pre-Conquest England 25, 146–7, 162
as ruling class 204–6, 211–12
in south Italy 113, 134–5, 141, 209
Northumbria
and Harald Hardrada 149–50, 152
uprising 47, 123–5, 148
see also Danelaw
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux 120, 138, 142, 201, 229
Offa, King of Mercia 13, 64
Olaf I Tryggvason, King of Norway 6–8
Olaf II, St, King of Norway 35
Ola
f III, King of Norway 157
Old English see English language
ordeal, trial by 232
Orderic Vitalis 33, 80–1, 98, 163, 168, 171, 201–2, 203, 207–8, 213
and Carmen de Hastingæ Proelio 220, 221
value as source 226
and William of Poitiers 224
Osbern FitzOsbern, Bishop of Exeter 147
Oswald, St 136
pallium 27, 43, 64, 137
papacy
and English Church 136–41
and Harold II 167–8, 175–6
and Normans in Italy 133–5, 141
and sanction for battle 52, 133–43, 165, 168, 199
Paul Thorfinnsson, Earl of Orkney 148, 157
peasantry 61, 73
and military service 95, 100, 103, 178
Pevensey, Norman bridgehead 3, 160–1, 181, 223
Philip II, king of Spain 2
pilgrimage
to Jerusalem 27, 64
to Rome 13, 64–5, 103
pitched battles 93–5, 166
Platæa, battle of 1
plurality of benefices 27, 137–8
poetry 7, 81–8, 214–15
Portskewet, hunting lodge 123, 125
property, of women 74–5
prose, Anglo-Saxon 88–91
punishments 16–17, 194
Ralph ‘the Timid’, Earl of Hereford 34
retreats, feigned 182, 185–91
Richard I, Duke of Normandy 6
Richard II, Duke of Normandy 6, 11, 41
Richard III, Duke of Normandy 34
riddles, Anglo-Saxon 85–6
Robert I, duke of Normandy 15, 34, 41
Robert II (Curthose), Duke of Normandy 211
Robert of Eu 94
Robert FitzWymark 129, 162–3
Robert Guiscard de Hauteville 134–5, 142
Robert of Jumièges, Archbishop of Canterbury 23, 24, 26–7, 39, 43, 53, 137
Robert le Frison, Count of Flanders 190
Roger de Hauteville 142
Roland 215; see also Chanson de Roland
Rollo (Hrolf Ganger), Duke of Normandy 6
The Ruin 84
St Valéry, William’s forces at 115–16, 140, 144–7, 159–60, 222
Scarborough, burning 149, 150, 151
Scotland
support for Tostig 131, 148–9
support for Edgar the Atheling 201
seax (cutlass) 120
Senlac, alternative name for battle of Hastings 182
serfs 61
service, military
feudal system 96–7, 105–7
five-hide system 61–2, 73, 101–3, 107
see also fyrd
shield wall 110, 153, 156, 178
shields 69, 113–14, 118, 184
shires
courts 59, 60
levies 9–10, 65, 96, 99, 100–4, 164, 167, 178
Sigeric, Archbishop of Canterbury 64–5
Siward, Earl of Northumbria 19–20, 23, 26, 27, 39, 123, 204
Snorre Sturlason, Heimskringla 117, 147–9, 185, 232
and Stamford Bridge 108, 119–21, 152–6, 204, 228–9
value as source 108, 228–9, 232
society, Anglo-Saxon 58, 60, 72–5, 93
spears 118–19, 185
spies
of Harold II 146, 168
of William of Normandy 146–7, 161, 163
Stamford Bridge, battle of 108–9, 116, 117, 151–7, 163–4, 167, 179
booty 176, 228
and cavalry 108
documentation 108, 119–21, 152–6, 161, 204, 228–9
English forced march 151–2, 156, 167, 179
and Harold’s housecarls 119, 120, 151, 164, 173
and surprise attack 153, 169–70
Stenton, Sir Frank 12–13, 61, 210
Stephen, King of England 110, 203, 212, 214
Stigand, Bishop of Winchester 24, 27
Archbishop of Canterbury 27, 104
and coronation of Harold II 128, 226
and death of Edward II 128–9
and Edgar the Atheling 199–200
and Godwin 24, 27, 39
and papacy 27, 128, 137–8, 140–1, 226
plurality of benefices 27, 137
and William I 205
Stiklestad, battle of 35
Sugar, Max 167–8
Sutton Hoo, excavation 63, 67, 118
Sweyn Estrithson, King of Denmark 34, 35–6, 45, 126, 133, 157
and battle of Hastings 178
and Edgar the Atheling 201
Sweyn Forkbeard
as King of Denmark 8–9
as King of England 10, 76
Sweyn Godwinson 23, 27, 36
swords 12, 64
Taillefer (juggler) 184, 221
Tancred de Hauteville 134
taxation
Anglo-Saxon 59, 61–2, 73
heriot 103–4
Norman 67, 208
see also Danegeld
Telham Hill 177–8, 231
thegns 73, 103, 114, 209
Thermopylæ, battle of 1
Thorkell the Tall 100
Tinchebrai, battle of 110
Tostig Godwinson, earl of Northumbria 24–5, 27–8, 49, 104
outlawing 47, 123–6, 132, 148
raids by 130–1, 143
and Harald Hardrada 147–9, 151–6, 181
in Vita Ædwardi Regis 225
and William of Normandy 143–4
death 156–7
trade, Anglo-Saxon 12, 62–6, 73
Ulf Thorgilsson 35
Val-ès-Dunes, battle of 41, 93
van Houts, E. M. C. 221
Varangian Guard 35, 209
Varaville, battle of 94
Vegetius, Publius Flavius, De Re Militari 94–5, 166
Vexin, County of 132; see also Drogo, Count of the Vexin;Walter, Count of the Vexin
Vikings
defences against 98–9
in Normandy 6, 106
raids on England 5–10, 11, 24, 55, 57, 58, 61, 66, 75–6, 95, 136–7, 157
tribute paid to 8–10
Vita Ædwardi Regis 18, 29, 49, 80, 123, 125–7, 168, 224–5
Wace, Maistre, Roman de Rou 106, 182, 184, 221, 227
Waldere (heroic poem) 83
Walker, Ian W. 53, 141, 234 n.xx, 237 n.lxxix
Walter, Count of the Vexin 33, 52
Waltham Abbey 69, 128, 138, 164, 206
Waltham Chronicle 45–6, 172, 217
The Wanderer 84–5
war, and pitched battles 93–5, 166
Waterloo, battle of 1, 185
wealth, Anglo-Saxon 2, 9, 12, 55–6, 62–72
weaponry 113–14, 118–20, 184–5
wergild (blood-price) 73
Wessex, harrying by William of Normandy 95, 166, 180
Westminster Abbey 126, 128, 200
Wherwell, abbey of 24, 27
Whitelock, Dorothy 63–4, 68, 76–7
Wilfrid, St 70
William the Bastard see William of Normandy
William, Count of Arques 42
William I (the Conqueror), King of England
campaign of oppression 201, 207–8
coronation 141–2, 200, 222, 223
death 207–8
and English Church 205–7
harrying of the north 201–2, 208
rebellions against 205
see also Domesday Book; William of Normandy
William II Rufus, King of England 40, 67, 208, 211
and English army 102, 108
William FitzOsbern, Earl of Breteuil 201
William of Jumièges, Gesta Normannorum Ducum 34, 38, 43, 141, 170–1, 174
value as source 106, 223, 227
William of Malmesbury (chronicler) 135, 195, 197, 205, 213, 218
and Cnut 10
and English Church 67
value as source 176, 227–8
William of Normandy
battle of Val-ès-Dunes 41, 93
/>
and county of Maine 33, 52, 132
and death of Harold II 192–3, 197
education and literacy 80–1
and Harold Godwinson 47–53, 131
Harold’s oath to 48, 50–4, 133, 138, 199, 216, 225
marriage 25, 42, 168
as military leader 93–4, 112, 115–6, 203
military strategy 170–1, 173, 179–81, 183, 193, 199
and navy 105, 106, 131
and Norwegian invasion 161, 181
and papacy 52, 138–43, 165, 168, 199
and papal banner 4, 140, 142–3
preparation for invasion 131–3, 140, 143–5, 159–60
and succession to Edward II the Confessor 29, 32, 37–44, 49–50, 53–4, 129, 165, 223, 229
and Tostig Godwinson 125–6, 143–4
visit to Edward II the Confessor 25, 38–9, 42–3
William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi
and battle of Hastings 162, 170–1, 173–5, 178–9, 181, 183–8, 191–2, 194, 196, 199
and battle of Stamford Bridge 161
and Carmen de Hastingæ Proelio 220–1
and English wealth 63, 67, 71
and Harold II 52–3, 105, 128–9, 164–5
and Norman army 111, 115, 118, 120, 185–6
and Norman rule of England 205
and papal banner 142
and preparations for invasion 131, 133, 138, 140–1, 145–6, 160
and succession to Edward II 37, 38–9, 47–8, 50–3
and succession to Harold II 200
value as source 45, 141, 217–18, 223–4
Williams, Ann 128
Winchester, as seat of treasury 20