The Perfect Theory
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in general relativity, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Hawking and, [>], [>]
Hilbert on, [>]–[>]
Jordan and, [>]
Milgrom and modification of, [>]
in Newtonian physics, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
quantum theory of. See quantum gravity
Sakharov and, [>]
supergravity, [>]–[>], [>]
tensor-vector-scalar theory, [>]–[>]
in unified theory, [>]–[>]
wave theory of. See gravity waves
as weak force, [>]
Gravity Research Foundation: sponsors essay competitions, [>]–[>]
gravity waves: black holes and search for, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
Bondi and, [>]
detection of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
Eddington rejects, [>]
Einstein and, [>]–[>]
Feynman and, [>]
Field and, [>]
and field equations, [>], [>]
general relativity and, [>]
Hawking and, [>]
laser interferometry and search for, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Milky Way as source of, [>]–[>], [>]
neutron stars and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
Ostriker on, [>]
Penrose and, [>]
Pretorius and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Rees and, [>]
Sciama and, [>]
supernovae and, [>]
Thorne and, [>], [>], [>]
Tyson on, [>]
use in astronomy, [>]–[>], [>]
Weber bars and search for, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
Weber searches for, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Green, Michael: as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, [>]
and string theory, [>], [>]
Grossmann, August, [>]
Grossmann, Marcel: assists Einstein, [>]–[>], [>]
Guth, Alan: and inflationary universe model, [>]
Hawking, Stephen, [>], [>]
background of, [>]
and “Big Bang” theory, [>], [>]
“Black Hole Information Paradox,” [>]–[>], [>], [>]
and black holes, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Candelas on, [>]–[>]
and Einstein centenary, [>]
on “end of theoretical physics,” [>]–[>]
and general relativity, [>]
and gravity, [>], [>]
and gravity waves, [>]
health issues, [>], [>]
as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics (Cambridge), [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
and quantum gravity, [>]–[>]
Sciama and, [>]–[>], [>]
and standard model, [>]
on string theory, [>]
and supersymmetry, [>]–[>]
Hawking radiation. See black holes: radiation by
Heisenberg, Werner, [>]
and quantum physics, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Stark attacks, [>]
and steady-state theory, [>]
uncertainty principle, [>]–[>], [>]
Hertz, Heinrich: and electromagnetism, [>]
Hewish, Antony, [>]
wins Nobel Prize, [>]
High-Z Supernova Search project: and cosmological constant, [>]–[>]
Hilbert, David, [>], [>], [>]
on gravity, [>]–[>]
and incompleteness theorem, [>]
and mathematics, [>]–[>]
relationship with Einstein, [>]–[>], [>]
Horowitz, Gary: and string theory, [>]
Hoyle, Fred, [>]
background of, [>]
and “creation field,” [>]–[>], [>]
criticized by colleagues, [>], [>]–[>]
and expanding universe model, [>], [>]
and field equations, [>]
and Nobel Prize, [>]
Hoyle, Fred (cont.)
popularizes cosmology, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
promotes steady-state theory, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
and quantum physics, [>]
and radar research, [>]–[>]
rejects “Big Bang” theory, [>], [>]–[>]
Ryle and, [>]
and stellar energy sources, [>], [>]–[>]
Hubble, Edwin, [>]
background and personality of, [>]–[>]
Hubble constant, [>]
identifies nebulae as galaxies, [>]–[>]
measures redshift effect, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
“A Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extragalactic Nebulae,” [>]
in World War I, [>]
Hubble Space Telescope, [>], [>]
Huchra, John, [>]
Hulse, Russell: and neutron stars, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Humason, Milton: measures redshift effect, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
hydrogen bomb, [>], [>], [>]
incompleteness theorem: Gödel and, [>]–[>]
Hilbert and, [>]
Russell and, [>]
Wittgenstein and, [>]
inertial frames of reference: in special relativity, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Infeld, Leopold, [>]
inflation model of the universe, [>]–[>], [>]
and CDM model, [>]
effects on spacetime, [>]
Guth and, [>]
large-scale structure theory and, [>]
in unified theory, [>]
Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton): Einstein at, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
Gödel at, [>]
Oppenheimer directs, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Institute of Astronomy (Cambridge), [>]–[>], [>]
Institute of Field Physics: DeWitt and, [>], [>]
inaugural meeting (Chapel Hill, 1957), [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Internal Constitution of the Stars, The (Eddington), [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
International Astronomical Union, [>], [>], [>]
Israel, Werner: and black holes, [>]
and Einstein centenary, [>]
Jacobson, Theodore: and quantum gravity, [>]
Jansky, Karl: “Electrical Disturbances Apparently of Extraterrestrial Origin,” [>]
Jewish physicists: flee Germany, [>], [>]–[>]
“Jewish physics”: Nazis oppose, [>]–[>], [>]
Jodrell Bank Observatory (Manchester), [>], [>]
Jordan, Pascual: and gravity, [>]
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics (Berlin): Einstein heads, [>]
Kaluza, Theodor: and five-dimensional universe, [>]–[>]
Kennedy assassination (1963), [>]
Kerr, Roy: and black holes, [>]
at Center for Relativity, [>]–[>]
solves field equations, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Khalatnikov, Isaak: and black holes, [>]–[>], [>]
Klein, Oskar: and five-dimensional universe, [>]–[>]
Krasnow, Kirill: and quantum gravity, [>]
Kurchatov, Yakov, [>]
lambda. See cosmological constant
Landau, Lev Davidovich, [>]
Course of Theoretical Physics, [>]
and nuclear physics, [>]–[>]
political opinions, [>]
and quantum physics, [>], [>]
and stellar energy sources, [>]–[>]
and stellar evolution and decay, [>], [>], [>]
Large Hadron Collider (LHC): popular fear of, [>]–[>]
large-scale structure theory of universe: and CDM model, [>], [>]
and concordance model, [>]
in cosmology, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
dark matter in, [>]–[>], [>]
Efstathiou and, [>]–[>]
galaxies and, [>]
and inflation model, [>]
Peebles and, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Silk
and, [>]
Zel’dovich and, [>]
Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO)
funding and construction of, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), [>], [>]–[>]
laser interferometry: GEO600, [>]–[>], [>]
satellite-based, [>]
and search for gravity waves, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
TAMA, [>]
Weber and, [>]
Le Verrier, Urbain: and discovery of Neptune, [>]–[>]
and Mercury, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
Lemaître, Georges, [>], [>]
“The Beginning of the World From the Point of View of the Quantum Theory,” [>]–[>]
and cosmological constant, [>]
Eddington and, [>], [>]
and expanding universe model, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
and field equations, [>], [>], [>]
as Jesuit, [>]
promotes general relativity, [>], [>]
proposes “Big Bang” theory, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
relationship with Einstein, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
in World War I, [>]
Lenard, Philipp: discovers photoelectric effect, [>]
rejects general relativity, [>]
wins Nobel Prize, [>]
Lifshitz, Evgeny: and black holes, [>]–[>], [>]
and expanding universe model, [>]
and field equations, [>]–[>]
light: gravity deflects, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
in Newtonian physics, [>]
particle theory of, [>], [>], [>]
in quantum physics, [>]–[>]
and redshift effect, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
relationship to mass, [>]
speed of, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
loop quantum gravity, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
Lovell, Bernard: and radio astronomy, [>], [>]
and radio sources, [>]
Lowell Observatory (Flagstaff), [>]
Lowenthal, Elsa: marriage to Einstein, [>], [>]
Lucasian Professors of Mathematics (Cambridge): Dirac as, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Green as, [>]
Hawking as, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Newton as, [>], [>]
Lundmark, Knud: measures distance of nebulae, [>], [>], [>]
Lynden-Bell, Donald: and black holes, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Manhattan Project, [>]
Oppenheimer and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Wheeler and, [>]
Marić, Mileva: Einstein divorces, [>]
marriage to Einstein, [>], [>], [>]
mass: relationship to energy, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
relationship to light, [>]
mathematics: Dirac and, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Einstein and, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Gödel and, [>]–[>]
Hilbert and, [>]–[>]
renormalization in, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
matter: distribution of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Eddington and clumping of, [>]
Einstein and distribution of, [>]
Maximow, Alexander: “Against the Reactionary Einsteinianism in Physics,” [>]–[>]
Maxwell, James Clark, [>]
and electromagnetism, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
McCarthyism: Einstein and, [>]
Oppenheimer and, [>]–[>], [>]
Meeting on General Relativity and Cosmology, Third (London, 1965), [>]
Mercury: Le Verrier and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
orbit of, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Milgrom, Mordehai: and gravity, [>]
and Modified Newtonian Dynamics, [>]
Milky Way galaxy, [>], [>]
black hole at center of, [>]–[>]
radio astronomy and, [>]–[>], [>]
as source of gravity waves, [>]–[>], [>]
Mills, Bernard: and radio sources, [>]–[>]
Milne, E. A.: on steady-state theory, [>]
Minkowski, Hermann, [>]
Misner, Charles, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND): Bekenstein and, [>], [>]
and dark matter, [>]–[>]
Milgrom and, [>]
opposition to, [>]–[>], [>]
Peebles and, [>]
Mount Wilson Observatory (Pasadena), [>], [>]
multiverse model of universe: cosmological constant in, [>]–[>]
Ellis on, [>]–[>]
string theory in, [>]
National Center for Supercomputing Applications, [>]
Nature of the Universe, The (radio series), [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Nazis: oppose “Jewish physics,” [>]–[>], [>]
nebulae: Hubble identifies as galaxies, [>]–[>]
Lundmark measures distance of, [>], [>], [>]
Neptune: Le Verrier and discovery of, [>]–[>]
Nernst, Walther, [>]
neutron stars, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]. See also pulsars
and general relativity, [>]–[>]
and gravity waves, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
Hulse and, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Taylor and, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
“New Determination of Molecular Dimensions, A” (Einstein), [>]
Newman, Ezra: and black holes, [>]
Newton, Sir Isaac, [>], [>]
as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, [>], [>]
Newtonian physics: in astronomy, [>]–[>]
and general relativity, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
gravity in, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
inconsistencies and limitations of, [>]–[>]
invention of, [>]
light in, [>]
prediction in, [>]–[>]
Nobel Prize: Bell denied, [>]
Dirac wins, [>]
Feynman wins, [>]
Hewish wins, [>]
Hoyle and, [>]
Lenard wins, [>]
Penzias & Wilson win, [>]
Perlmutter wins, [>]
Riess wins, [>]
Ryle wins, [>], [>]
Schmidt wins, [>]
Smoot wins, [>]
Townes wins, [>]
Novikov, Igor, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
and black holes, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
nuclear energy, [>]–[>]
nuclear physics: develops in World War II, [>]–[>]
Eddington and fusion, [>]
Landau and, [>]–[>]
Oppenheimer and fission, [>]–[>]
Wheeler and, [>], [>], [>]
Zel’dovich and, [>]
“Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source” (Bell), [>]
“On the Curvature of Space” (Friedmann), [>]–[>]
“On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn From It” (Einstein), [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, [>], [>]
background of, [>]
and black holes, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
directs Institute for Advanced Study, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
and Einstein, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
and European scientific refugees, [>]
and general relativity, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
and Manhattan Project, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
and McCarthyism, [>]–[>], [>]
and nuclear fission, [>]–[>]
Pauli on, [>]
personality of, [>]–[>]
political opinions, [>]
and quantum physics, [>], [>]–[>]
and quasars, [>]–[>]
and stellar energy sources, [>]–[>]