The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: An Elusive World Wonder Traced
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Diodorus’ description of, 159
evaluation of classical sources, 29–43, 45–6
excavations for (1898–1917), 13–14
and the Garden of Eden, 159
in Hellenistic and later times, 202
introduction, 1–2
and the Jerwan aqueduct, 97, 105
lack of mention of, 24, 26
location at Nineveh, 133
and Nebuchadnezzar II, 20, 207
Nineveh or Babylon, 126, 203
and the Nineveh panels, 43–4, 43, 49–54, 50, 52, 54
and Philo of Byzantium, 205
and Rome, 177
search for, 4, 15–16, 17, 18–20, 20
and Semiramis, 120, 126
Sennacherib as builder, 107, 175–6, 179, 203–7
television documentary, 78
and water supply, 62, 83, 154
Harran (city-site in Turkey), 123, 241 n.68
Hatshepsut, Pharaoh, 166
Hatti (region), 148
Hebrew, 1, 182
Heidel, Alexander (Assyriologist), 65–6
Henry VIII, king, 208
Heracles (god), 69–70
Heracles Epitrapezios (statue), 197, Colour Plate 17
Herennius Philo of Byblos, 58
Hermes (statue), 198, 198
Herod the Great, king, 36, 176, 177
Herodotus, 5–6, 18, 23–4, 26, 98–9, 103, 120
Hezekiah, king, 174–5, 234 n.41
Hierapolis – Castabala (city-site in Turkey), 218 n.14
hilāni, see bīt hilāni
Hippodamus (architect), 59
‘Horizon of the Aten’, 119
Humbaba (monster), 22, 157
Hutchinson, Richard Wyatt, 188
Ibn al-Zarqallu (astronomer), 230 n.26
Igisigsig (god of gardens), 112
ikkaru (ploughman), 102
Imgur-Enlil (wall), 7
Inanna and Enki (Sumerian myth), 108
Indian rosewood see Dalbergia sissoo
inscriptions see also libraries and archives
Bavian inscription of Sennacherib, 85, 92, 144
Chicago prism of Sennacherib, 61–66, 63, Colour Plate 3, 209–13
‘cut and paste’, 143–4
cylinder of Nebuchadnezzar II, 21
cylinder of Antiochus and Stratonice, 125
East India House inscription, 10, 23, 37
scattered records, 9–10
tablet of Merodach-Baladan 46, 46
King’s Road of the Running Race, 168
Iraq, 1, 45, 163
Isan köy (site in N.Iraq), 241 n.68
Ishtar Gate, Babylon, 13
Ishtar (goddess), 69, 115–17, 132, 163, 165, 188, 202, 243 n.97
Ishtar (temple of), 149, 188–9
iškuru (wax), 65
iššakku (steward farmer), 102
Issar-Bel/Sharbel (deity), 200
itqu (fleece), 65
Izki (town in Oman), 87, 236 n.24
Jacobsen, Thorkild, 92
Jebel Bashiqah see Mount Muṣri
Jericho (city-site in Jordan), 176
Jerusalem, 22–3, 108
Jerwan (aqueduct at), 51, 88, 95, 96, 97–9, 101, 149–150, 202–3, 205–206, Colour Plate 12
Jewish Antiquities X.11 (Josephus), 35
Jonah, Book of, 185, 192, 239 n.19
Jones, Felix (cartographer), 84
Josephus, 13, 20, 23, 35–6, 38, 43, 45, 108, 145, 147, 176–7, 204, 219 n.31
Jubal, 58
Judaea, 36
Judith, Book of, 108
kanaktu tree, 166
Karnak (Egypt), 167, 167
Keremleis (town-site in N.Iraq), 241 n.68
Khinnis, see Bavian – Khinnis
Khorsabad (city, Dur-Sharrukin)
bridge with a single arch, 88–9
drains, 81
Dur-sharrukki, 243 n.94
royal city, 3, 47, 192
and Sargon II, 9, 43–4, 44, 47, 74, 80, 81, 90, 116, 128–9, 146, 147, 150, 199
Sargon makes into a world centre, 111
sculpture panel, 53–4, 114
temple of the 7 gods, 196
tree planting, 165, see also palaces
Khosr river, 47, 53, 80, 89–93, 91, 131, 149–50, 197
Khusrau II, king, 200
Ki-shar (earth-sphere), 114
King Date palm (god), see Lugalgishimmar
King Poplar (god) see Lugal-asal
King’s garden, Jerusalem, 175
King’s Road of the Running Race, 168
Kipling, Rudyard, 170
kirimāhu (high garden), 79–80, 89, 129, 244 n.5
Kisiri canal, 92
kiššatu (world, totality), 6–7, 136
Koldewey, Robert (archaeologist), 13–14
Kouyunjik citadel (Nineveh), 90, 113, 186, 197
kremastos kēpos, 220 n 33
Ku’ara (city-site in S.Iraq), 117–19
Kullab-Uruk (city-site in S.Iraq), 118–19
Lacey, Andrew (bronze-caster), 3, 70
Lachish (city-site in Israel), 135, 136, 137
Laess⌀e, Jorgen (Assyriologist), 65
Lakhmid rulers, 41
lament literature, lamentations, 238 n.18
Larissa (city name), 192–3
Latin, 1, 10
Layard, Austen Henry, 49, 51, 97, 182–4, 184, 186, 188, 195
Levant (region) 163
libraries and archives, 27
Library of History (Diodorus Siculus), 31
lighthouse of Alexandria, 5
lismu (running race), 168
Lloyd, Seton (archaeologist), 92, 98
Lord Steadfast Tree (god) see Nin-gish-zida
Louis XIV, king, 208
Lucian, 185
Luckenbill, Daniel, 65, 74, 79
Lugal-asal (god), 160
Lugal-gishimmar (god), 160
Lyceum, 172
Lyell, Charles (geologist), 183
Macedonian month names, 199
Magnolia sieboldii (plant), 165
Malatya (city-site in Turkey), 241 n.68
Mallowan, Max E. L. (archaeologist), 190
Maltai (rock sculpture site), 92, 93, 100, 103, 174
Mani (founder of Manichaeism), 161
Marduk (god), 9, 27, 115–17, 122, 154, 206
Marduk-apla-iddina II, king see Merodach Baladan, king
Mari (city-site in Syria), 85
Marly (château de), 234 n.44
Marlik tombs (Iran), 77, 223 n.5
Mars (god), 69
Marxist theory, 55
Mausoleum (in Turkey), 5, 34
Mausolus, king, 6
Media, Median empire, 98, 194–5, 240 n.48
‘Median queen’, 145
Mediterranean Sea, 148
Membidj (city-site in Syria), 241 n.68
Memphis (city-site in Egypt), 119
Menua, king, 87, 145
Merodach Baladan, king, 46, 46
Mes-kiag-nunna, king, 80
Mesopotamia
Babylonian cities in, 1, 8, 117
bridges made of rafts, 88
canal networks of, 64
importance of number seven, 6
kingship, 103, 107–8
Roman invasion of, 97–8
and Rome, 177
and Xenophon, 192
Mespila (city), 192–3
metaphors, 62
Method of Mechanical Theorems (Archimedes), 56
Milton, John (poet), 158–9, 160, 207
Mithridates, king, 186
Morgan, Lewis (scholar), 208
mosaic, 139, Colour Plate 8
Mosul (city in N.Iraq), 241 n.63
mugerru (wheel), 77
Mullissu see Ninlil Muṣaṣir (site in Iran), 232 n.10
Muṣri (mountain, canal), 92
Mylitta (goddess), 202
myths, 8, 27, 38, 57–8, 108, 116, 118–9, 153–4, 156, 157–8, 209
Nabonidus, king, 8
–9, 23, 186, 189
Nabopolassar, king, 7–8, 21, 189, 205–6
Nabu (god), 27, 122, 124, 168–70, 195
(temple of), 122–3, 188, 190
Nagel, Wolfram, 14
Nahum (biblical prophet), 182
nalbaš ṣēni (clothing of flocks), 65
Nanne, king, 80
Naqia (queen), 123–4, 145, 207, 234 n.41, Colour Plate 15
Nebi Yunus (Nineveh), 90, 180, 197
Nebuchadnezzar the Great, 24, 25, see also palaces
and Babylon, 199–200
and the Book of Daniel, 26
confused with Sennacherib, 107–9, 126
and the Hanging Garden, 20, 23, 203–5, 207
inscriptions of, 10, 13, 21, 27
introduction, 1, 5, 7–9, 10
and Josephus, 35–8
and Khorsabad, 199
and the Nineveh panels, 49, 54
persistence of Assyrian-style administration, 189
rock sculptures, 24–5
style of palace decoration, 109, 110
Nebuchadnezzar II see Nebuchadnezzar the Great
Negoub tunnel, 48, 87, 100, Colour Plate 2
Nemetti-Enlil (wall), 7
Nergal (god), 160, 169–70
Nero, Emperor, 36, 177, 208
New Light on the Most Ancient East (Childe), 55
New Year Festival 23, 116–7
Nile, 56
Nimrud (city, ancient Calah), 9, 121, 122, 126, 192
abandonment of, 190
as a ‘Babylon’, 230 n.19
fish-man sculpture, 155
gardens of, 166, 172
and Ashurnasirpal II, 47–9, 87–8, 103
and Sargon II, 116
and Tiglath-Pileser III, 8
and Stratonice & Antiochus, 126
portable hearth, 143
and Naqia, 123
and Semiramis, 121
royal residence, 3, 116
view of, 181
Nimrud Wine Lists, 167
Nin-gish-zida (god), 160
Nin-sikila (goddess), 157
Nineveh, see also palaces, and South-West Palace
as ‘a great city of Adiabene’, 200
aerial photo, 131
and Anshar, 116
and Babylon, 109, 111–13, 113, 117, 126
building of akītu-house, 117
decline/destruction of, 158, 179, 180, 182–6, 184, 189–92, 200–5
discovery of stone panels, 41, 43, 43, 49–54, 50, 52, 54
foundation, 102, 114, 209
garden at, 16, 32, 102–3, 107, 148, 149, 161, 170, 176–8, 208
Greek polis, 195–6
and Herodotus, 98
and Nebuchadnezzar, 108
list of Macedonian month names, 199
location of garden, 119–20, 133
map of, 84
mounds of Nebi Yunus/Kouyunjik, 90, 113, 180, 186, 197
new city wall and ditch, 92
and Nimrud, 121, 126
and Naqia, 123–4
and Semiramis, 123
rebuilding of, 144
and the river Khosr, 90, 91, see also
Khosr as royal city, 3, 192
sketch-plan of citadel, 113, 133
supply of water to, 83–4, 84, 150
ziggurat, 149
Nineveh and Babylon (Layard), 183, 186
Nineveh and its Remains (Layard), 183
Ninlil (goddess), 80, 115, see also Mylitta
Ninos, 125, 126
Ninos and Semiramis (novel), 193
Ninue/Ninus/Nineve see Nineveh Ninurta (god), 170
Ninus (husband of Semiramis), 120, 123
Nippur (city-site in S.Iraq), 80, 114–15
Nisibin (city-site in Turkey), 241 n.68
Nitocris, queen, 99, 107, 120
Nonsuch Palace (in England), 208
obelisk of Semiramis, 5
Oedipus, 20
Olympia, 5, 169
Oman, 86–7, 163
On Spirals (Archimedes), 57, 59
Onesicritus, 30
opus cochliae (screw), 75, 76
Original Drawing IV 69, 162–3
Original Drawing IV 77, 49–52, 50, 144, 148–50, 154, 156, 162, 168–9, 168, 172, 176, 204
palgu (ditch), 86
palaces
at Babylon, Southern palace of Nebuchadnezzar, 13, 15, 16, 45, 109, 110
Summer palace of Nebuchadnezzar, Colour Plate 1
style of palace decoration, 109, 110
at Khorsabad, of Sargon, 131, 141, 146, 191
at Nimrud, Review Palace of Shalmaneser III, 9
at Nineveh, North Palace, of Ashurbanipal, 52, 145, 172, 173, 187, 197, 203, 205
Review Palace, of Esarhaddon, 9 see also South-West Palace of Sennacherib
at Tarbiṣu, 9, 92
at Tell Halaf, 141, see also bīt hilāni
Winter Palace of Herod (Jericho in Jordan), 176–7, 177
Palmyra, 198
paradeisos tēs tryphēs (garden of delights), 158
Paradise Lost (Milton), 158–9, 160, 207
Parthian empire, 27, 30, 33, 41, 177, 186–8, 187, 195
Parthian lintel, 187, 187
Pasargadae (city), 191–2, 202
pavilions, 63, 69, 142–3, 170, 172
‘pensile paradise’ (Browne), 19
pensiles horti, 220 n.33
Pergamum Great Altar, 176
Peripetus school, 172
Perrault, Claude, 57
Persepolis, 191, 202
Persica (Ctesias), 194
Pharos lighthouse, 5, 176
Phidias, 5
Philo of Byzantium (the Paradoxographer), 5–6, 20, 32–3, 39–41, 51, 54, 57, 62, 73, 82, 149, 154–5, 176, 187, 205, 206, 220 n.42
Philo Judaeus, 76
Phoenician History (Herennius Philo of Byblos), 58
pillars, see columns
plants, planting, 35, 38, 40, 70, 102, 163, 163, 164, 165–7, 167, 174, 224 n.24, Colour Plates, see also alamittu
Plato, 108, 172
Pleiades, 6
Pliny the Elder, 26
Plutarch, 26, 55–6
Polycrates, 87
Pompeius Trogus, 30, 126
portable hearth, 143
porticos, 52, 141, 176
Posidonius, 56
Praxiteles, 140
Principles of Geology (Lyell), 183
prism inscription, 63, 61–66, 171, 174–5, 189, 209–13, Colour Plate 3
Processional Way, 45
Prometheus, 58
pulleys, 78
Pygmalion, king, 140
pyramids, 5
Pythagoras, 58
qanat (water channel), 85–8, 86, 87
Quintus Curtius Rufus, 4, 20, 23, 26, 38–40, 120, 176, 204
Rahman Dehri (city-site in India), 222 n.30
Rassam, Hormuzd (archaeologist), 186–7, 203
Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke, 43, 49, 182
Reṣep (city-site in Syria), 241 n.68
rock crystal, 138, 233 n.18
rock sculptures, see Bavian, Maltai, Taq-i Bustan, Wadi Brisa
Rome, 97–8, 177, 200
Romer, John and Elizabeth, 26
‘Running Stela of Taharqa’ (inscription), 169
Saggaratum (town), 85
sages, 154, 155, see also Seven Sages
ṣalmu (statue, stela), 231 n.31
Samarra (town in Iraq), 74, 75
Sammu-ramat (daughter-in-law of Shalmaneser III), 121–4
Sammu-ramat (Semiramis in Greek form), 123
Sans Souci (palace & garden in Germany), 208
Santa Sophia (in Constantinople), 4
saqia (water-raising system), 223 n.11
Sar Mashhad (rock sculpture in Iran), 200
Sarapiodorus (son of Artemidorus) see Heracles Epitrapezios
Sardanapalus, king, 109, 182
Sargon II, king and Anshar, 116
and Atalya (queen), 117
and Babylon, 7
cast lions, 74
death of, 199
and the god Ea-Nishiku, 89–90
mining/smelting minerals, 127–8, 128
naming of city gates, 111
palace gardens, 44, 44, 47–9, 69
and Sennacherib, 128
stone panels, 128–9, 154, 172–3
‘unrivalled palace’, 129
use of word kirimāhu, 79–80, see also Khorsabad; palaces
Saruj (Syria), 241 n.68
Sassanian Persians, 186–8, 201
Sculpture panels in Assyria, 44, 50, 52, 54, 62, 69, 78, 93, 93, 114, 197
Secrets of the Ancients (TV programme), 70, Colour Plates 5–7
sēkiru (water engineers), 81
Seleucia (city-site in Iraq), 37
Seleucid empire, 26–7, 30, 37, 188, 191, 195–7, 199, 202
Seleucus I, king, 37, 124
Semiramis canal, 87
Semiramis (queen), 4, 5, 26, 31–2, 98–9, 107, 121, 123–4, 125, 126, 203, 205
Sennacherib, king
aqueduct of, 95–6, 96, 99–101
and Babylon, 7
confused with Nebuchadnezzar, 108–9, 126
as a god, 153