President Carter
Page 109
State Department Evening Reports from Secretary of State Cyrus Vance or Deputy Secretary of State Warren Christopher, and Weekly Reports from National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski, are in the author’s possession. Originals are in the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum.
Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Foreign Affairs Oral History Project, is abbreviated as ADST.
For a detailed list and dates of all interviews, and a bibliography, see the following link: https://us.macmillan.com/static/president-carter-home.html
Introduction
1. Jimmy Carter, interview with the author, October 30, 1991.
2. Pad 59, July 11, 1979.
3. David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 873.
4. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
5. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
6. Jimmy Carter, email to the author, August 8, 2018.
7. Pad 14, April 18, 1977; Jimmy Carter interview, November 29, 1992.
8. Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1995), 352.
9. Edward C. Keefer, Harold Brown: Offsetting the Soviet Military Challenge, 1977–1981, Secretaries of Defense Series, Volume IX, Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Washington, D.C. 20007. This study was written by a military historian and peer-reviewed by an outside panel of experts, staff historians, and the Chief Historian of the Defense Department, Erin R. Mahan.
10. Mikhail Gorbachev, Memoirs (New York: Doubleday, 1996), 442–50.
11. Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, Vol. I, 1980–1981, 197.
12. Willoughby Mariano, “Carter said record with Congress better than most presidents,” October 5, 2010, http://www.politifact.com/georgia/statements/2010/oct/05/jimmy-carter-said-record,” citing 1980 CQ Almanac, which lists success rates for presidents beginning with Dwight D. Eisenhower, and a survey by the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Also Andrew W. Barrett and Matthew Eshbuagh-Soha, “Presidential Success on the Substance of Legislation,” University of North Texas, Denton, February 23, 2007, 105, http://prq.sagepub, which likewise gives President Carter high marks.
13. Robert C. Byrd, The Senate, 1789–1989, Addresses on the History of the United States Senate, 717.
14. Chris Mooney, “Democrats Want Investigations into Energy Questionnaire,” The Washington Post, December 17, 2016.
15. Eric Lipton and Nicholas Fandos, “As He Departs, Chief of Ethics Office Offers a Dire Warning,” The New York Times, July 18, 2017.
16. Wesley G. Pippert, “We Told the Truth, we obeyed the law, and we kept the peace,” UPI, June 3, 1982; Allison Sherry, Star Tribune, “Minnesota’s Elder Statesman Mondale to be Honored Tuesday in Washington, D.C.,” October 19, 2015.
PART I
1. The 1976 Campaign
1. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
2. Ibid.
3. Jimmy Carter, interview with the author, June 4, 1991.
4. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
5. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
6. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
7. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
8. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
9. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
10. Paul Vitello, “Wesley Brown, Pioneer as Black Naval Graduate, Dies at 85,” The New York Times, May 24, 2012.
11. Jimmy Carter interview, September 27, 2013.
12. Ibid., June 4, 1991.
13. Ibid., September 27, 2013.
14. Ibid.; Jimmy Carter, A Full Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016).
15. Barry Koe (former Rickover aide), in discussion with the author, February 19, 2017.
16. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
17. Rosalynn Carter interviews, July 13, 1993, and August 13, 2014.
18. Jimmy Carter interviews, June 4, 1991, and September 27, 2013.
19. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
20. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
21. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
22. Ibid.
23. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
24. Ibid.
25. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
26. Charles Kirbo, interview with the author, June 28, 1991.
27. Walter Mondale, interview with the author, April 3, 1991.
28. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991; Peter G. Bourne, Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography from Plains to Postpresidency (New York: Scribner, 1997), 147.
29. Bourne; Ibid. 158–9.
30. Charles Kirbo, interviews with the author, June 28, 1991, and August 23, 1991.
31. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
32. Ibid.
33. Rick Atkinson, “Segregation Rises Again in Many Southern Schools,” The Washington Post, April 1, 1984.
34. Hamilton Jordan, interviews with the author, May 11, 1992, and December 23, 1992; Jerry Rafshoon, interviews with the author, January 30, 1990, and August 19, 2003.
35. Charles Kirbo interview, June 28, 1991.
36. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
37. Hamilton Jordan interview, May 11, 1992.
38. Charles Kirbo interviews, June 28, 1991, and August 23, 1991.
39. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
40. Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 231.
41. Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 233; Hamilton Jordan interviews, May 11, 1992, and December 23, 1992.
42. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
43. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
44. Hamilton Jordan interview, May 11, 1992.
45. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
46. Stuart Eizenstat and William Barutio, Andrew Young, The Path to History: An Analysis (Atlanta: Voter Education Project, Inc., 1973).
47. Andrew Young, An Easy Burden: The Civil Rights Movement and the Transformation of America (New York: HarperCollins, 1996).
48. Edward Walsh, “Rising Status, Mild Criticism for Eizenstat Policy Staff,” The Washington Post, December 27, 1977.
49. Pad 13, April 6, 1977.
50. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
51. John Brademas, interview with the author, September 5, 2006.
52. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
53. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
54. Ibid.
55. Henry Owen, interview with the author, July 28, 1989.
56. Dot Padgett, interview with the author, August 8, 2014.
57. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002. Quoting Chip Carter.
58. Tom Peterson, interview with the author, July 1
1, 2005; Tom Peterson, emails to author, October 15, 16, 2013.
59. Tom Peterson interview, July 11, 2005; Tom Peterson emails, October 15, 16, 2013.
60. Robert Bentley, “Away from the Madding Crowd, Jimmy Carter Finds Solace on Peanut One,” El Paso Times, October 9, 1976.
61. Steve Schlossberg, interview with the author, December 21, 1990.
62. National Health Policy Speech by Jimmy Carter, April 16, 1976; President Carter’s Campaign Promises, Commerce Clearing House, Chicago, June 1977.
63. Jimmy Carter, Acceptance Speech: “Our Nation’s Past and Future,” Madison Square Garden, New York City, July 15, 1976, www.4president.org/speeches/1976/carter1976acceptance.htm.
64. Jimmy Carter’s written Democratic Platform Committee presentation, June 10, 1976, Washington, D.C., President Carter’s Campaign Promises, printed in Commerce Clearing House, Chicago, 1977, taken from memorandum by the author and David Rubenstein, November 30, 1976, to President-elect Carter.
65. Christopher Lydon, “Carter Defends All-White Areas,” The New York Times, April 7, 1976.
66. Christopher Lydon, “Carter Issues an Apology on ‘Ethnic Purity’ Phrase,” The New York Times, April 9, 1976.
67. Andrew Young, interview with the author, December 17, 1991.
68. Time, April 5, 1976, reported by Time correspondent Stanley Cloud, cited in Betsy’s Page, “Jimmy Carter’s Projection of Racism,” September 21, 2009, betsyspage.blogspot.com/2009/09/jimmy-carter projection of racism.html; Time, “The Campaign: Candidate Carter: ‘I Apologize,’” April 19, 1976.
69. Jimmy Carter interview, May 11, 1992.
70. Today, transcript, April 9, 1976.
71. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
72. Joseph Rauh, interview with the author, December 11, 1992; Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
73. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
74. Jimmy Carter, Acceptance Speech: “Our Nation’s Past and Future,” Madison Square Garden, New York City, July 15, 1976, www.4president.org/speeches/1976/carter1976acceptance.htm.
75. Stephen Stander, email to author, November 3, 2017.
76. George J. Lankevich, ed., James E. Carter, 1924-: Chronology, Documents, Bibliographical Aids (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1981).
77. Hamilton Jordan, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, November 6, 1981.
78. Hamilton Jordan interviews, May 11, 1992, and December 23, 1992.
79. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
80. Robert Shrum, interview with the author, July 21, 1992.
81. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
82. Pad 98, October 25, 1980.
83. The Presidential Campaign 1976, Volume Three, The Debates, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1979.
84. Legal Pad “Campaign,” October 6, 1976.
85. Dick Cheney, interview with the author, May 29, 2013.
86. Jody Powell, interview with the author, October 16, 1989; and Jerry Rafshoon, interview with the author, August 19, 2013.
87. Robert Scheer, “Playboy Interview: Jimmy Carter,” Playboy, November 1976, www.playboy.com/articles/playboy-interview-jimmy-carter.
88. Jerry Rafshoon interview, January 30, 1990.
89. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
90. Charles Mohr, “President Asserts Carter Will Say ‘Anything Anywhere,’” The New York Times, October 17, 1976.
91. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
92. Kandy Stroud, How Jimmy Won: The Victory Campaign from Plains to the White House (New York: William Morrow, 1977), 310.
93. Bourne, Jimmy Carter, 355.
94. Oral History Project, Carter Library, Frank Moore interview, July 30–31, 2002.
95. James Baker, interview with the author, May 29, 2013.
2. A Perilous Transition
1. Pad 1, December 1, 1976.
2. Jimmy Carter, eulogy for Zbigniew Brzezinski, June 9, 2017.
3. Jack Watson, interview with the author, August 5, 1992; see also, Jack Watson, University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interview, April 17–18, 1981; and White House exit interview, December 13, 1980.
4. Jack Watson interview, August 5, 1992.
5. Ibid.
6. Jimmy Carter, interview with the author, June 4, 1991.
7. Harrison Wellford, interview with the author, August 22, 1989.
8. Andy Glass, interview with the author, September 25, 2013; Judy Woodruff, interview with the author, January 15, 2015; Sam Donaldson, interview with the author, May 8, 2013.
9. Frank Moore, interviews with the author, February 1, 2013, July 27, 2013, May 8, 2013, and October 2, 2014.
10. Jimmy Carter interview, May 19, 1977; Joe Klein, “Hamilton Jordan and Jody Powell: The White House Whiz Kids,” Rolling Stone, May 19, 1977.
11. Ibid.; Time, June 6, 1977.
12. Hamilton Jordan, interview with the author, May 11, 1992; Jerry Rafshoon, interviews with the author, April 19, 2013, and February 25, 2014; Hamilton Jordan, No Such Thing as a Bad Day (Atlanta: Longstreet Press, 2000).
13. Stephen Hess, interview with the author, July 31, 1992.
14. American Experience. “Jimmy Carter (Part 2).” Episode 174. Directed by Adriana Bosch. Aired on PBS, November 12, 2002.
15. Patrick Caddell, interview with the author, January 6, 1993, and April 1, 1993.
16. Stephen Hess, interview with the author, July 31, 1992.
17. Dick Cheney, interview with the author, October 27, 1992.
18. Hamilton Jordan interview, May 11, 1992.
19. Jimmy Carter interviews, June 4, 1991, and September 27, 2013.
20. Ibid., September 27, 2013.
21. Hamilton Jordan interview, May 11, 1992.
22. James Baker, interview with the author, May 29, 2013.
23. W. Michael Blumenthal, interview with the author, September 13, 1990.
24. Hugh Carter, Jr., interview with the author, October 27, 2014.
25. Stephen Hess, interview with the author, July 31, 1992.
26. Rosalynn Carter, interviews with the author, July 13, 1993, and August 13, 2014.
27. Rick Massimo, “10 Things You Didn’t Know About John F. Kennedy,” WTOP, May 22, 2017.
28. Charles Palmer, interview with the author, December 11, 2013.
29. Ibid., October 22, 2015.
30. Jane Harman, interview with the author, May 30, 2017.
31. Jimmy Carter interview, June 4, 1991.
32. Ibid.
33. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith (Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press, 1995), 17–25.
34. Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, 1977, 5, Proclamation 4483, Executive Order 11967.
35. President Carter’s Remarks on signing the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bill, July 1, 1980, Public Papers of the Presidents, Jimmy Carter, 1980–1981, 1268–71.
3. The Making of the Modern Vice President
1. See, generally, Robert A. Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012); also the author’s discussion with Vice President Humphrey’s former senior staff, John Stewart, Ted Van Dyke, and Norman Sherman.