The Battle of the St. Lawrence
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production requirements, 115–118
Côté, Capt. (ADC), 149–151
Courchènes, Mgr. Georges, 194–195, 196, 274n. 1
Crane, Norman (Newfoundland Ranger Force), 191–192
Crichton, Lt. Cmdr. M. H. R. See Salisbury, HMS
Crockette, Arthur (Arrowhead), 83, 86–87, 147–148
Crowther, Dudley (Newfoundland Ranger Force), 95–96
Curry, Frank (Kamsack), 115, 167, 170
Cuthbert, Lt. J. (Grandmère), 183–184, 188–190
De Marbois, Cmdr. J. M. D. E. (RCN Intelligence), 168, 273n.4
Defence of Shipping—Gulf of St. Lawrence (memorandum), 34, 52–53
defence spending, 7–9, 11-12, 116, 197–198
Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships (DEMS), 146–147
degaussing, 100, 270n.9
depth charges
defensive measure, 214
hedgehog pistols, 125, 181 loading procedures, 125
power, 60, 200
release problems, 98
triggered by ship sinking, 132, 272n.7
usage and effects, 73, 105–106, 125–126, 127
der Tag, 43–44
diffused lighting, 209–210. See also blackouts
dim-outs. See blackouts
Dinaric, SS, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59
dive procedures. See U-boats
Donald Stewart, SS, 76, 97–98
Dönitz, Karl (Führer der Uboote)
appointment, 12
background, 164
on Canadian air power, 181 defeat, 240
loss of the Battle of the Atlantic, 217
objectives, 45
Sailing Orders, 96, 221
U-bootwaffe morale, 219
Drummondville, HMCS (Fraser), 53–54, 58–60, 60–61
Eastern Air Command (EAC). See also Aircraft Detection Corps; Mont Joli
against U-132, 62–64
against U-517, 76–77, 100–101, 154–158
against U-553, 34, 41
against U-1223, 227–228
air cover capability, 20, 51, 179, 204, 238
communications procedures, 51, 61–62, 201
coordination with Royal Canadian Navy, 181, 201, 202–203
coordination with US Air Force, 51
deployment, 100, 177, 201
effectiveness, 51–52, 70, 174, 177, 179–181, 221 expansion, 155, 200
intelligence failures, 52, 149–151, 161
search patterns, 227
training, 20, 63, 76, 100–101, 194, 196, 200
economic aid to UK, 46
Elektro-boat, 219
encryption. See code systems; Enigma cipher system
Enigma cipher system, 168, 207, 209, 217
espionage
coastal surveys, 93
Janowski, 248, 250–252
“Langbein”, 248–249, 269n.9
spy landings, 69, 248
weather station, 248, 252–253
Esquimalt, HMCS (Macmillan), 238–239
Essex Lance, SS, 152–153
exposure, 28, 33, 189–190, 238–240, 268n.7. See also lifeboats
Fairmile Q-074. See Q-074
Federal Government. See also Canada
budget debate, 197–198
censorship policy, 2–3, 38–39, 66–67, 200, 202
legislation against foreign deserters, 46–47
parliamentary secret sessions, 66, 69–70
and Quebec politics, 141, 198–199
release of information, 178–179, 198, 202, 204
role in defence, 199
War Cabinet, 112
Fort Ramsay Navy/Air Force Operations Centre
communications procedures, 61
operations, 29–30, 34, 61, 77
readiness, 29–30, 34
resources, 20, 61
France (Vichy regime), 179, 194–195
Fraser, Lt. J. P. See Drummondville, HMCS
Frederika Lensen, SS, 72–74
Fullerton, Ruth, 182–183
funerals
Donald Bowser, 136–138
Wilhelm Koning, 40–41
Gagnon, Onésime (MLA)
on naval command structure, 3
on St. Lawrence closure, 141
on St. Lawrence defence, 198–200
Gagnon, Onésime (Quebec MLA), on
Caribou intelligence, 181–182
Gaspé. See also Fort Ramsay
army forts, 20, 193
defences, 20, 64, 70, 193–194, 196 -197
morale, 68–69, 177–178
German POW escape, 204, 206–208, 211–212, 215
Germany. See also espionage
League of Nations withdrawal, 8
media coverage, 37–38, 109, 179
Nazi culture, 164–166, 268n.5
submarine program, 11
Treaty of Versailles restrictions, 11-12, 45, 92, 165
Godbout, Adélard (Quebec Premier), 141
public opinion concerns, 69–70
on St. Lawrence defences, 177–179, 198
Gräf, Kptlt Ulrich. See U-69
Graham, George (Defence Minister), 7–8
Grandmère, HMCS, 183–184, 188–190, 192
Great Yacht Plot, 270n.7
gue, 53, 237
guerre de course, 12, 26–27, 44, 45
Guilbault, Lorraine, 50
Gullage, Capt. John L. (Burgeo), 231, 232–233
H/F D/F (High Frequency Directional Finding), 39, 88, 100, 143, 154, 204
operations, 168–169
Hainaut, SS, 54, 56–57
Halifax, Port of, 14, 17, 53, 112, 139–141, 199, 237
Hanson, Richard (MP), 66
Hartwig, KrvKpt Paul (U-517). See also U-517
background, 13, 92–94, 165, 270n.8, 274n.7
style, 95, 96, 133
Heagy, Allan (Charlottetown), 110, 129, 131, 133
hedgehog pistols, 125, 181
Heyda, Kptlt Wolfgang (U-434), 206, 211–213
Hirschmann, Werner (U-190, U-612), 13–14, 106, 218
Hitler, Adolf (German Chancellor), 12, 121
Hoffman, Korventtenkapitan Eberhard (U-165), 79. See also U-165
Huff Duff. See H/F D/F
hydrophones, 231
hypothermia, 28, 33, 189–190, 238–240, 268n.8
industrial capability, 45–46, 116–118, 139–142
Inger Elizabeth, SS, 145–146
intelligence. See Aircraft Detection Corps; Canadian Naval Intelligence; Enigma cipher system; H/F D/F
International Control Commission, 12
Ireland Code, 207, 274n.8
Janowski, Werner Alfred Waldemar von (spy), 248, 250–252
Jean Brillant, 200–201, 202
Joannis, SS, 153–154
jolly boats. See lifeboats
Jones, Lt. William J. See Shawinigan, HMCS
Jones, Rear Adm. G. C. (Vice Chief of Naval Staff)
Charlottetown inquiry, 127
manning policy, 158–160
U-boat warnings, 19, 195
King, Adm. Edward (U.S. Navy), 53
King, William Lyon Mackenzie (Prime Minister)
on blackouts, 49
on censorship, 63
on industry, 8
on military preparation, 19, 36–37
Operation Torch, 143
parliamentary secret session, 70
visiting troops in England, 167
War Cabinet meeting, 112–113
Kingston Shipyard, 113–114, 117–118, 118 -119
Koning, Wilhelm (Leto), 33, 40–41
Korkum, Max (Sackville), 114–115
Kretschmer, KrvKpt Otto (U-99), 206, 211
Kriegsmarine, 43–44
anti-semitism, 254–255
comparison with Royal Canadian Navy, 162–164
importance of U-bootwaffe, 12
“Kurt” (weather station), 248, 252–253
Lade, Lt. H. E. See Clayoquot, HMCS
“Langbein”, Lt M. A.
(spy), 248–249, 269n.9
Laramie, USS, 80–82
Lavoie, Gaétan, 33, 36
Leigh Light, 51, 180
Les Fusiliers du St-Laurent, 19–20, 50
enlistment, 196
opposed by the Church, 194
Leto, SS
evacuation, 31–32
lack of radio messages, 32, 33
press reports, 31, 32–33, 36, 39
sinking by U-553, 29, 30, 30–32
survivors, 33
lifeboats. See also exposure
Carley floats, 27
Charlottetown, 131–132
deployment policy, 26
launch problems on Caribou, 186–188
launching, 26, 31–32, 84, 104–105
lighthouse blackout procedures, 34
London Naval Treaty, 12, 267n.3
Lorient Espionage Unit, 206–208, 211
MacAuley, Ray (Charlottetown), 121, 123–124, 128–129, 130, 131–133, 134–135
Macdonald, Angus (Naval Services Minister)
on Caribou sinking, 178, 192
on censorship and shipping protection, 66–68
on defence plans, 34, 49
on intelligence failures, 150–151
on QS-33 sinkings, 89–90
reassignment of Gulf Escort Force, 112
in secret session, 69–70
on shipping losses, 3–4, 36, 40–41, 198, 198–200, 202
MacLaughlin, Francis (Kingston Shipyard), H4-H5, 118–121, 228
Magog, HMCS (Quick)
casualties, 223, 225, 226
escorting ONS-33, 223
salvage, 226–227, 228
torpedo damage by U-1223, 223–225
manning
policies, 10, 158–160, 218
pools, 19, 46
Marchand, Laurent (Oakton), 90, 99, 102, 103, 104
Marienfeld, Oblt Friedrich-William (U-1228), 222, 229–230
McRae, Bill (Nicoya), in HX-126, 15–17
media coverage. See press coverage
merchant marine, 46–47, 98–99
Metox (radar detector), 169, 170
mines, 148
Mojave, USCGC, 94–95
Mont Joli (air base), 20, 62–63, 70, 76, 100, 177, 194, 196, 200
Montgomery, SLt. Herb (Magog), 223, 224–225, 226
Montreal, Port of, 112, 139–142, 177, 201, 237
Moors, Lt. George (Charlottetown), 123, 132, 135–136
morale. See also censorship; press coverage
allied forces, 46–47
in Gaspé, 68–69, 177–178
merchant marines, 46–47, 98–99
national, 178–179
U-bootwaffe, 180, 219
Mount Pindus, SS, 105, 108
Mount Taygetus, SS, 103, 105, 108
Murphy, Donald (Clayoquot), 98, 110, 135
Murray, Rear Adm. Leonard (COAC, CIC Canadian NW Atlantic), 8–9
on convoy routes, 142
escort force deployments, 143, 233
Great Yacht Plot, 270n.7
Operation Kiebitz, 208–209
training issues, 158–160
myths. See rumors
Naval Boarding Service (NBS), 47
naval estimates, 7–9, 11–12, 116, 197–198
Naval Service of Canada. See also Royal Canadian Navy
headquarters (Ottawa), 112
Naval Control of Shipping (NCS), 140, 142
navigational lights, 21, 49, 69
Nebelbold, 189
Nelles, Vice Adm. Percy (Chief of Naval Staff), 19, 45, 112, 195
Newfoundland Ferry and Railway Company, 231–232
Nicholson, Lt. W. E. (Vison), 174
Nicoya, SS (Brice)
attack by U-556, 15–17
evacuation, 24–26, 27–28
sinking by U-553, 23–24, 25–27, 27
survivors, 34
NL-9, convoy, 168, 169–170, 170–173, 229
Oakton, SS (Brown), 90–91, 91, 100, 103–105, 108
oil supply convoys, 53, 68, 69–70, 269n.4
ON-84, convoy. See Charlottetown, HMCS
ONS-33, convoy, 223, 226. See also Magog, HMCS
Operation Kiebitz, 206–208, 211–212, 215
Operation Paukenschlag, 53, 237
Operation Torch, 112, 142, 143, 173
Pearl Harbor, 11, 158
Pepper, Leilo, 192
Perkin, Signalman Cyril, 142–143, 145, 149
Pickford, Lt. R. John (Rimouski), 160, 210, 214
Piers, Lt. Cmdr. Desmund (Restigouche), 160, 163, 206, 208–209, 210, 212–213
Pike, Robert (Waterton), 99
Pillenwerfer, 107, 148
POW camps
Camp 70, 204
Camp 30 (Bowmanville), 206–208, 274n.7
escapes, 204, 206–208, 211–212
Powell, Richard (Laramie), 80
Power, Charles G. (Federal Air Minister)
addressing anti-EAC rumors, 62
intelligence on Caribou attack, 181–182
release of classified information, 179
press coverage
air war, 3
censorship of news, 38, 66–67
defence strategy, 203
dim-out regulations, 51
German media, 39, 109, 179
Mont Joli air base, 194
Quebec opinion, 196–197
shipping losses, 2–3, 177–179
sinkings, 2–3, 32–33, 36–37, 38, 65, 73, 89–90, 109, 178
Vichy France, 194–195
propaganda broadcasts
Lord Haw Haw, 75, 183
morale effect, 46
Radio Vichy, 196
public opinion, 67–68, 177–178, 194–195
Q-063, Fairmile launch, 151–152
Q-074, Fairmile launch, 71–72, 73–74
Q-082, Fairmile launch, 151–152
QS-15, convoy, 54–57, 58
QS-19, convoy, 71–74
QS-33, convoy. See also Raccoon, HMCS
attack by U-165, 76–77, 78, 82–84
attacks by U-517, 88, 97–98, 101–105, 144–145
press reports, 109
reforming, 100
survivors, 107–109
Quebec. See also Gagnon; Godbout; Roy
attitudes to Jews, 195, 274n.3
conscription issues, 67, 195, 269n.8, 274n.5
debates in Legislative Assembly, 199
economic issues, 201
federal politics, 141, 199
military enlistment, 196
public opinion, 67–68, 177–178, 194–195
support of Vichy France, 179, 194 -196
Quebec City, 140–142
Quebec press. See press coverage
Quick, Lt. Cmdr. Louis T. See Magog, HMCS
Raccoon, HMCS (Smith). See also QS-33
history, 270n.7
press reports, 89–90
search for, 88–89
sinking by U-165, 77, 86–87
radar, 83–84
271 Centimetric radar, 10, 111, 143–144, 161
286 radar, 10, 111, 144, 173, 27m.i
accuracy improvement, 219
Canadian capability, 271n.1, 272n.4
countermeasures, 169, 219
effectiveness, 177
Leigh Light airborne radar, 51, 180
Microwave Early Warning, 200
radio beacons, 21, 49, 69
radio directional finding (RDF). See radar
Ralston, Col. James L. (Defence Minister), 8, 64
ramming of U-boats, 59, 60
Rasch, Kapitänleutnant Hermann. See U-106
RCN. See Royal Canadian Navy
RCNR. See Royal Canadian Naval Reserve
RCNVR. See Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve
RDF (radio directional finding). See radar
Read, Edward (Oakton)
background, 90–91, 99, 100
Oakton sinking, 83, 84, 86, 90, 103–105, 107–109
requisit
ioning of yachts, 270n.7
Rimouski, HMCS (Pickford), 209–210, 213–214, 241
riveting, 118–119
Roberto, Carmello (Laramie), 80
Roy, Sasseville (Gaspé MP)
challenges to government, 141, 200–201
on intelligence failures, 149–151
on military service in the Gaspé, 203–204
on naval command structure, 3–4
in parliament, 3, 65–66, 67–68
on St. Lawrence defences, 177, 197–198
Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). See Eastern Air Command
Royal Canadian Naval Reserve (RCNR), 10, 11, 163
Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer
Reserve (RCNVR), 8, 10, 11, 163–164
Royal Canadian Navy (RCN). See also convoys; training
Anti-Submarine strike forces, 20, 38, 52–53, 200, 218
command structure, 123
communications procedures, 61, 88
compared with British Admiralty, 10-11, 160–161, 272n.4
compared with Kriegsmarine, 162–164
convoy services, 10-11, 179
coordination with Eastern Air Command, 181, 201, 202–203
culture, 166–167
equipment, 10–11, 200
loss statistics, 267n.1, 272n.9
naval estimates, 7–9, 11–12, 116, 197- 198
resources, 8–9, 10–11, 155, 237–238
wartime expansion, 163–164
Royal Navy (RN). See British Admiralty
rumors. See also censorship; morale; press coverage
abandonment of woman survivor (Nicoya), 36
drunken Air Force pilots, 62
German operations in Canada, 2, 3, 40–41, 64–65, 66, 200
German supply caches, 69
privilege abuse, 178, 200–201, 202
saboteurs, 69
sale of war bonds, 2, 50
ship sinkings, 64
under-reporting of losses, 4, 178–179, 198- 200
US destroyer sinkings, 198
Salisbury, HMS (Crichton)
analysis of attacks, 148–149, 160
assignment to Gulf Escort Force, 142, 143
escorting SQ-36, 144–145, 147–148, 151–154
Saturnus, SS, 146
Schauenburg, Kptlt. Rolf (U-536), 165, 210, 213–214
Second Happy Time, 30, 229
SG-6, convoy, 79–82
SG-6F, convoy, 94–95
Shawinigan, HMCS (Jones)
inquiry, 232–233, 234
in salvage of Magog, 226
in search for Raccoon, 89
search for survivors, 233–234
service record, 229
sinking by U-1228, 230–231