The Politically Incorrect Guide to the British Empire
Page 35
11 Mitchell’s obituary in The Daily Telegraph, 24 July 1996.
Chapter 20
1 Fawn Brodie, The Devil Drives: A Life of Sir Richard Francis Burton (W. W. Norton, 1984), p. 15.
2 Ibid.
3 Byron Farwell, Burton: A Biography of Sir Richard Francis Burton (Penguin Books, 1990), p. 32.
4 Ibid., p. 113.
5 Ibid., p. 178.
6 Edward Rice, Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton: The Secret Agent Who Made the Pilgrimage to Mecca, Discovered the Kama Sutra, and Brought the Arabian Nights to the West (Scribners, 1990), p. 280.
7 Brodie, op. cit., p. 225.
8 Rice, op. cit., p. 350.
9 This was a moniker of the British East India Company.
10 Rice, op. cit., p. 357.
11 Ibid., p. 392.
Chapter 21
1 Harold Orlans, T. E. Lawrence: Biography of a Broken Hero (McFarland & Company, 2002), p. 29.
2 Though Lawrence quickly lost his faith, he was well-read in the Bible.
3 Some have tried to claim that Lawrence was homosexual, in part because of his tolerance for the practice among the Arabs. He publicized this tolerance in his memoir of the war, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, which made his own sexuality a subject of public rumor, innuendo, and conjecture, especially as he asserts that he was homosexually raped by a Turk. But the weight of the evidence is that Lawrence—who had earlier in his life suddenly proposed marriage to a girl and been embarrassingly rejected—regarded all sexuality as unclean, and forcibly repressed it in himself. Probably the best and most thorough discussion of this matter, for those who wish to pursue it, is to be found in John E. Mack’s Pulitzer Prize-winning biography, A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence (Little, Brown and Company, 1976). Mack, who died in 2004, was a psychiatrist and a professor at the Harvard Medical School.
4 Apart from occasional breaks in England, Egypt (archaeological work), and Palestine (survey work).
5 T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Penguin Modern Classics, 1983), p. 24.
6 Isaiah Friedman, Palestine, A Twice-Promised Land?: The British, the Arabs & Zionism, 1915–1920 (Transaction, 2000), vol. I, p. 29.
7 Lawrence, op. cit., p. 92.
8 Letter from T. E. Lawrence to Colonel C. E. Wilson, quoted in Michael Yardley, T. E. Lawrence: A Biography (Stein & Day, 1987), p. 92.
9 That biographer is Lawrence James in The Golden Warrior: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia (Abacus/Little Brown, 1995); see, for instance, p. 394.
10 From the dedication to Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, op. cit.
11 Yardley, op. cit., p. 140.
12 Though fluent in French, Lawrence was a dedicated Francophobe.
13 “Declaration to the Seven,” 16 June 1918.
14 Yardley, op. cit., p. 163.
15 Mack, op. cit., p. 314.
16 B. H. Liddell Hart, Lawrence of Arabia (Da Capo, 1989), pp. 336–67.
17 Mack, op. cit., p. 314.
18 Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac, Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East (W. W. Norton & Company, 2008), p. 197.
19 Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, op. cit., p. 92.
Chapter 22
1 Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, O Jerusalem! (Simon and Schuster, 2007), p. 197.
2 John Glubb, Into Battle: A Soldier’s Diary of the Great War (Cassell, 1978), p. 186.
3 Lieutenant-General Sir John Bagot Glubb, War in the Desert: An RAF Frontier Campaign (Hodder & Stoughton, 1960), p. 94.
4 Trevor Royle, Glubb Pasha: The Life and Times of Sir John Bagot Glubb, Commander of the Arab Legion (Little, Brown and Company, 1992), p. 137.
5 Ibid., pp. 213–14.
6 Ibid., p. 209.
7 Ibid., pp. 201–02.
8 Ibid., p. 271.
9 Ibid., p. 268.
10 Collins and Lapierre, op. cit., p. 197.
11 Sir John Bagot Glubb, A Soldier with the Arabs (Hodder & Stoughton, 1957), p. 5.
Chapter 23
1 The Dutch East India Company and the Swedes had also shown some interest in Australia, but the former thought it likely to be unprofitable and the latter’s plans never left the drawing board.
2 Marjorie Barnard, A History of Australia (Frederick A. Praeger, 1966), p. 69.
3 Voting rights for Aborigines similarly varied by colony.
4 New Zealand was not far behind with a casualty rate of 59 percent, compared to 51 percent for Britain and 50 percent for Canada. These figures come from Frank G. Clarke, The History of Australia (Greenwood Press, 2002), p. 109.
5 Barnard, op. cit., p. 510.
6 Clifford Kinvig, Scapegoat: General Percival of Singapore (Brassey’s, 1996), p. 2.
7 Technically the Repulse was a battlecruiser and the Prince of Wales a battleship.
8 Jeremy Black, A Military History of Britain: From 1775 to the Present (Praeger Security International, 2006), p. 137.
9 John H. Chambers, A Traveller’s History of New Zealand and the South Pacific Islands (Interlink Books, 2004), p. 227, an excellent book for students who would like to learn more about the area.
10 Robert Andre LeFleur, China (ABC-CLIO, 2010), p. 354.
11 James Morris, Farewell the Trumpets: An Imperial Retreat (The Folio Society, 1992), p. 114.
12 Ibid.
13 Noel Barber, The War of the Running Dogs: How Malaya Defeated the Communist Guerrillas, 1948–1960 (Cassell Military Paperbacks, 2004), p. 323.
Chapter 24
1 G. M. Trevelyan, British History in the Nineteenth Century (Forgotten Books, 2010), pp. 139–40.
2 Maurice Collins, Raffles (John Day Company, 1968), p. 45.
3 Ibid., p. 125.
4 Lady Raffles, Memoir of the Life and Public Service of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (James Duncan, London, 1835), vol. II, p. 54.
5 Geoffrey Treasure, Who’s Who in Late Hanoverian Britain (Shepheard-Walwyn, 1997), p. 196.
6 A shipwreck, among other hindrances, got in the way.
7 Steven Runciman, The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946 (Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 51.
8 Nigel Barley, White Rajah: A Biography of Sir James Brooke (Abacus, 2009), p. 32.
9 Ibid., p. 59.
10 Brunei became a formal British protectorate in 1888; it achieved full independence in 1984. Labuan became a Crown Colony in 1848 and became part of Malaysia in 1963.
Chapter 25
1 From Blamey’s remarks accepting the surrender of the Japanese 2nd Army at Morotai, Indonesia, 9 September 1945.
2 Australia had only recently formed a national army; previously each Australian state had its own defense forces.
3 D. M. Horner, “Blamey and MacArthur: The Problem of Coalition Warfare,” in William M. Leary, ed., We Shall Return!: MacArthur’s Commanders and the Defeat of Japan (The University of Kentucky Press, 2004), p. 24.
4 Ibid.
5 John Heatherington, Blamey: The Biography of Field Marshal Sir Thomas Blamey (F. W. Cheshire, Melbourne, 1954), p. 88.
6 Ibid., p. 143.
7 Robert Leckie, Delivered from Evil: The Saga of World War II (Perennial Library, 1988), p. 462.
8 Excerpted from Blamey’s speech accepting the surrender of the Japanese 2nd Army at Morotai, Indonesia, 9 September 1945.
9 Heatherington, op. cit., p. 233.
Chapter 26
1 Margaret Shennan, Out in the Midday Sun: The British in Malaya, 1880–1960 (John Murray, 2000), p. 319.
2 John Cloake, Templer: Tiger of Malaya (Harrap, 1985), p. 15.
3 Ibid., p. 29.
4 Max Hastings, Winston’s War: Churchill, 1940–45 (Knopf, 2010), p. 364.
5 Cloake, op. cit., p. 167.
6 Shennan, op. cit., p. 321.
7 Templer organized the Ibans into the Sarawak Rangers. See Cloake, op. cit., p. 247.
8 Harry Miller, Menace in Malaya (Harrap, 1954), pp. 208–09.
9 Noel Barber, The War of the Runni
ng Dogs: How Malaya Defeated the Communist Guerrillas, 1948–1960 (Cassell Military Paperbacks, 2004), p. 244.
Chapter 27
1 See Anthony Montague Brown, Long Sunset: Memoirs of Winston Churchill’s Last Private Secretary (Indigo, 1996), pp. 302–03.
2 Richard Toye, Churchill’s Empire: The World that Made Him and the World He Made (Macmillan, 2010), p. 120.
3 Winston S. Churchill, My Early Life: A Roving Commission (Fontana, 1985), p. 12.
4 Ibid., pp. 66–67.
5 Winston S. Churchill, The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War (Seven Treasures Publications, 2009), p. 95.
6 Churchill used this phrase in a speech in 1897. Toye, op. cit., p. 5.
7 It was seditious Hindus he had in mind when he once burst out, “I hate Indians. They are a beastly people with a beastly religion.” Quoted in Barnes, John and Nicholson, David, eds., Empire at Bay: The Leo Amery Diaries 1929-1945 (Hutchinson, 1988), p. 832. Outbursts like this have been used to make the case that Churchill was somehow culpable for the Bengali Famine of 1943. But while Churchill might at first have been dismissive of reports of famine in Bengal—blaming it on Indian incompetence—and annoyed by requests for the diversion of wartime resources to deal with the disaster, it is clear that Churchill himself eventually realized that strong action had to be taken to mitigate a famine of catastrophic scale, which the British were already trying to alleviate. The cause of the famine was not Churchill or the British Raj, of course, but a combination of natural disaster and the Japanese occupation of Burma, from which Bengal previously received much of its rice.
8 Richard Langworth, ed., Churchill by Himself: The Definitive List of Quotations (Public Affairs, 2008), p. 143.
9 Toye, op. cit., p. 145.
10 Norman Rose, Churchill: The Unruly Giant (The Free Press, 1994), p. 208; Churchill insisted he was “what I always have been—a Tory Democrat,” or someone “conservative in principle but liberal in sympathy.”
11 Robert Nisbet, Roosevelt and Stalin: The Failed Courtship (Regnery, 1988), p. 48.
12 Sir Arthur Bryant, Triumph in the West: Based on the Diaries of Lord Alan-brooke (Collins, 1959), p. 304.
13 See Nisbet, op. cit., pp. 100–01.
14 Toye, op. cit., p. 192.
15 An excellent book on this is Robin Neillands, A Fighting Retreat: The British Empire, 1947–97 (Coronet Books, 1997).
INDEX
21st Lancers
22nd Regiment
A
Abdullah II (king of Jordan)
Abdullah, Khalifa
Act of Union (of Ireland)
Adam Smith
Adam, Sir Frederick
Adams, John
Adams, John Quincy
Aden
Adenauer, Konrad
Admiralty Islands
Afghan Wars
Second Afghan War
Afghanistan
Ahmed, Mahmud
Ahmed, Mohammed
Albion, Nova
Alexander the Great
Alexandria
Ali, Muhammad
Ali, Rashid
Allenby, Edmund
Allies, the
Amazons
American Empire
American War of Independence
Amritsar
Anastasia (mistress of Sir Charles Napier)
Anglicanism
Anglo-Egyptian Condominium
Anguilla
anti-colonialists
ANZACs
ANZUS Security Treaty
Arab Legion
Arabi, Ahmed
Arabian Sea
Arcot
Argentina
Arithmetic of the Frontier, The
Arnoldi, Rafflesia
Arrow War (Second Opium War)
Art of Navigation, The
Arundell, Isabel
Ashanti Wars
Ashanti, the
Ashley, Edwina
Ashley, Wilfrid
Ataturk, Kemal
Auchinleck, Claude
Australia
Axis Powers
Axis
B
Baden-Powell, Robert
Baghdad Pact, the
Bahadur Shah
Bahrain
Baker, Hermione
Baker, Samuel
Baldwin, Stanley
Balfour Declaration
Banda, Hastings
Baring, Evelyn
Barnard, Marjorie
Baskerville, Thomas
Basra Agreement
Basra
Basutoland
Battle of Amiens
Battle of Atbara
Battle of Bunker Hill
Battle of Buxar
Battle of Chillianwala
Battle of Colachel
Battle of El Alamein
Battle of Gandamak
Battle of Hyderabad
Battle of Meanee
Battle of Omdurman
Battle of Plassey
Battle of Quebec
Battle of Waterloo
Battle of the Boyne
Battle of the Monongahela
Battle of the Nile
Battle of the Somme
Beatty, David
Belgium
Bence-Jones, Mark
Bencoolen
Bengal
Bermuda
Bible
Birdwood, William
Black and Tans
“Black Hole of Calcutta,”
Blamey, Thomas
Bligh, William
Boer War, the
Bolshevism
Bombay
Bonaparte, Napoleon
Borneo
Bose, Subhas Chandra
Boy Scouts
Braddock, Edward
Brazil
Brehon laws
British African Company of Merchants
British East India Company
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
British Intelligence
Brooke, Charles Vyner
Brooke, Rajah
Brooke, James
Bruce, Frederick
Brunei
Bull, John
Bulldog Drummond
Buller, Sir Redvers
Burke, Edmund,
Burma–83, 185, 192, 340, 353
Burton, Sir Richard Francis
Butler, R. A. (“Rab”)
C
Cabot, John (Giovanni Caboto)
Cadiz
Cairo
Calcutta
California
Calvinists
Cambridge
Camden
Campbell, Sir Colin
Canada
Act of Union of
Canal Zone
Cape Colony
capitalism
Carnatic, the
Carson, Edward
Cassel, Ernest
caste system
Catholic Church, the
Catholic Confederacy
Catholic Relief Act
Cawnpore
Central America
Central Powers
Cephalonia
Ceylon
Chamberlain, Joseph
Chamoun, Camille
Chapman, Thomas
Charleston
Chauvel, Henry
Childers, Erskine
China
Chinese immigration to Australia
Chinese nationalist government
Christian, Fletcher
Christianity
Churchill, Randolph
Churchill, Winston
“End of the Beginning” speech
History of the English-Speaking Peoples, A
Lament of
and Lawrence of Arabia
CIA, the
Cleaveland, Norman
Clinton, Henry
Clive, Robert (“Clive of India”)
Cold War
Collet, Philibert
Coll
ins, Larry
Collins, Michael
colonialism
Communism
anti-Communism
“hearts and minds” campaign
Company, John
Comte de Rochambeau
Concert of Europe
Congo, the
Congress of Vienna
Conservative Party
Constitution, (U.S.)
Cook, Captain
Cook, Joseph
Coote, Stephen
Corn Laws
Cornwall
Cornwallis, Charles
“Cornwallis Code,”
Corry, Montagu
Coulon de Villiers, Joseph
Coulon de Villiers, Louis
Coward, Noel
Cowperthwaite, John James
Crimean War, the
Croker, John Wilson
Cromwell, Oliver
Cuba
Curtin, John
Curzon, George
Cyprus
D
Dahomey
Dail Eireann
Dalrymple, Hew
Damascus
Dark Continent
Darwin
Dayaks
de Clare, Richard (Strongbow)
de Rothschild, Lionel
De Valera, Eamon
Declaration of Independence (U.S.)
Delhi
democracy
dervishes
Devon
Dieppe
Discourse Concerning Western Planting
Disraeli, Benjamin
Doughty, Charles
Drake, John
Drake, Francis
Drake, Thomas
Dublin
Duignan, Peter
Dulles, John Foster
Dupleix, Joseph Francois
Durham House
Dutch East India Company,
Dyer, Reginald, “the savior of India,”
E
East Indies, the
Easter Rebellion, the
Easter Rising
Eden, Anthony
Edward, Morgan
Egypt
Eisenhower, Dwight David
El Dorado
El Lord(see: Baring, Sir Evelyn)
elephants
Elphinstone, William
es-Said, Nuri
Eton
evangelicalism
F
Fairlie, Gerard
Falkland Islands