medallion in Sevres ware, 176
Pensilvania, 48, 95
Charles Willson Peale, 213, 214
pseudonyms of, 14, 21, 47, 84, 115, 228, 251n14
Josiah Wedgwood, 140, 141
“Rules and Maxims for Promoting
Benjamin Wilson, 87, 87
Matrimonial Happiness,” 34
—as postmaster
“Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be
of Continental Congress government, 154,
Reduced to a Small One,” 145
224-25
Silence Dogood essays, 21-22
as deputy postmaster of American colonies,
“Sketch of the Services of B. Franklin to the
72, 97, 98, 133, 161, 22^25
United States,” 223-24
of Philadelphia, 53
See also Autobiography; Poor Richard’s Almanack;
—relations with women other than Deborah
Way to Wealth, The
Adams on Frenchwomen and, 209
Franklin, Deborah Read (wife)
Anne-Louise de Harancourt Brillon de Jouy,
children of, 52
192, 208
death of, 133, 150
in London in, 1724-1726, 29
engagement to Franklin, 27
proposal to Anne-Catherine Helvetius, 208-9
Franklin lodges with father of, 24
—as scientist and inventor
on Franklin’s arrival in Philadelphia, 23
electrical experiments of, 11, 61-66, 86, 172
Franklin seeming to have forgotten, 154
in French Royal Academy of Sciences, 172,
and Franklin’s London sojourn of1724-1726,
258n21
29, 30-31
inventions of, 3, 45, 213
and Franklin’s mission to Great Britain of
kite experiment, 64, 160, 258n13
1757-1762, 83, 85, 87, 88-91
—social status of
and Franklin’s mission to Great Britain of
becomes gentleman, 55-61
1764—1775, 104, 131-33
on becoming gentleman, 49-51
and Franklin’s postal inspection tours, 98
coat of arms of, 57
marriage to Franklin, 32-34
as Freemason, 43-44, 179
marriage to John Rogers, 32
as of the middling sort, 42, 46-49
and new house on Market Street, 98, 111, 154
portrait of, 89
Franklin Society, 246
relatives in England, 91
Frederick II (Prussia), 145
and Stamp Act violence, 111
Freemasonry, 43-44, 179, 282n86
Franklin, Francis (Franky) (son), 52, 256n94
French, John, 46
Franklin, James (brother), 19, 20, 21-22, 45
French and Indian (Seven Years) War, 78-81, 105,
Franklin, Josiah (father), 17
188
Franklin, Sarah (Sally) (daughter)
French Royal Academy of Sciences, 172,
birth of, 52
258n21
at Franklin’s deathbed, 229, 230
and Franklin’s mission to Great Britain of
Gage, Thomas, 153, 160
1757-1762, 83, 85, 89, 90
Gaines, Hugh, 41
marriage of, 131-32
Galloway, Joseph
son of, 170
and Franklin on his hazardous situation, 148
Polly Stevenson contrasted with, 132
and Franklin on Wilkesite riots, 129
Franklin, Temple (grandson)
as Franklin’s ally in Pennsylvania, 82, 99, 100,
Abigail Adams on, 277n98
101
edition of Franklin’s works of, 235, 241
and Franklin’s papers, 202
Franklin attempts to arrange marriage for,
and Hutchinson letters affair, 147
207-8
as loyalist, 82, 162, 209
Franklin attempts to secure position for,
Garrick, David, 85
210-12,222
General Magazine, The, 47
with Franklin in Philadelphia, 153
General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of
and Franklin’s break with his son, 163
New York, 235-36
at Franklin’s deathbed, 229
gentlemen
with Franklin’s mission to France, 170, 193, 222
and commoners, 35-41, 46-47, 253n51
Franklin’s papers left to, 235
Defoe on, 40, 51
on Franklin’s reputation, 221
Franklin becomes gentleman, 55-61
as illegitimate, 139, 153, 271n2
Franklin on becoming gentleman, 49-51
in West’s Treaty of Paris, 199
Franklin’s resentment of, 47
Franklin, William (son)
as Freemasons, 43
Adams on, 95, 265n87
George III, 93-94, 104, 122, 155, 160, 186
arrest and imprisonment of, 162, 167
Gerard, Marguerite, 176
Autobiography addressed to, 139
Gerry, Elbridge, 211
on British mission with Franklin, 82-83, 85, 87,
Goldsmith, Oliver, 85
90, 161
Grace, Robert, 42
as clerk of Pennsylvania Assembly, 68, 94
Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of,
education of, 83
133-34
Franklin breaks with over Revolution, 160-63
Grand Ohio (Walpole) Company, 135-36
Franklin indulging, 52
Great Britain
and Franklin on Wilkes, 128
Bute, 86, 94, 107, 122, 263n87
and Franklin’s meeting with Christian VII, 131
commonwealth theory of empire, 123
Franklin takes into his house, 34
conspiracies seen on both sides of Atlantic,
as gentleman, 83, 139
126-29
illegitimate son of, 139, 153, 271n2
constitution of, 165
on landed empire in West, 81
English arrogance regarding colonies, 113-15
legal training of, 82
Franklin hopes for position in government,
portrait of, 161
133-35, 138, 148
as royal governor of New Jersey, 94-95, 104,
Franklin’s ambivalence about England’s
122,162, 263n87
relation to America, 124-26
as royalist, 161, 193, 209, 211
Franklin’s dedication to empire, 10-11, 12,
and Walpole (Grand Ohio) Company scheme,
91-97, 159
135
Franklin’s last efforts to save empire, 147-51
Franklin, William Temple (grandson). See
Franklin’s mission of 1757-1762, 82-97
Franklin, Temple
Franklin’s mission of 1764-1775, 104-51
Great Britain (continued)
changes attitude toward Franklin, 139-40
and Franklin’s mission to France, 184, 185—86,
on Franklin as London agent of Massachusetts
190-91
137-38
Franklin’s new conception of empire, 120-24
resignation of, 140
and Franklin’s vision of future of New World,
and Walpole (Grand Ohio) Company scheme,
70-72
136
George III, 93-94, 104, 122, 155, 160, 186
Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 177, 178
Grafton, 133-34
Howard, Martin, Jr., 103, 104
Grenville, 107, 108, 113, 119, 265n21
Howe, Richard, 149, 162, 166-67
Hutchinson letters affair, 139-47
Howe, William, 162, 166, 190
peace negotiations with, 195, 196, 198-9
9
Howells, William Dean, 2, 4
Pitt, 91, 92, 148, 149-50
Hughes, John, 108, 111, 112-13
reasons for American rebellion, 201
Hume, David, 85, 86, 88
Rockingham, 25, 119, 170, 171
Humphreys, David, 211, 222
royal governors, 78, 102, 118
Hunter, William, 72
Royal Society, 64, 65, 86, 170, 186
Hutchinson, Thomas
after Seven Years War, 105
and Albany Plan of Union, 10, 75
Treaty of Paris, 210
on commoners, 39
Wilkes, 127-29
to exile in England, 153
See also Parliament
Franklin compared with, 10-11
Greene, Nathanael, 18
letters affair, 139-47, 158, 186, 269n93
Grenville, George, 107, 108, 113, 119, 265n21
on Otis, 114
Greuze, Jean-Baptiste, 177, 178
and Parliamentary representation for colonies,
Griffin, Cyrus, 222, 223
116
and Stamp Act, 107, 109-10, 111
Haines, T. L., 6
Halifax, Earl of, 113, 265n21
Indian influence thesis, 72-73, 259n31
Hall, David
Iroquois, 73, 74
Franklin in partnership with, 54
Isaacson, Walter, 258n13
and Franklin on Stamp Act, 108, 112, 121, 125
Israel Potter (Melville), 6
moves into Market Street shop, 57
Izard, Ralph, 188-89, 193-94, 228, 232, 276n81
and Stamp Act riots, 111
Hamilton, Alexander
Jackson, James, 228, 229
difficulty in identifying with, 2
Jackson, Richard, 40, 88, 107
on fame, 11
James, Abel, 202, 203, 210
Franklin as older than, 11
Jarratt, Devereux, 35
marriage of, 33
Jay, John
on opening Constitutional Convention sessions
and Deane, 189
with prayer, 220
on Franklin and New Jersey Assembly, 251n10
patronage in rise of, 26
and Franklin on congressional bills, 198
Hamilton, Andrew, 27
on Franklin on loyalists, 163
Harper, James, 240
and Franklin’s concern about his influence,
Harrington, James, 39-40
279n37
Harry, David, 51
Franklin’s patriotism questioned by, 210
Hartley, David, 159
payment for service abroad, 224
Harvard College, 21, 65
in peace negotiations with Britain, 195
Hawke, David Freeman, 272n13
in West’s Treaty of Paris, 199
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 6
Jefferson, Thomas
Hazard, Ebenezer, 224
as American minister to France, 212
Helvetius, Anne-Catherine, 208-9
autobiography of, 14
Helvetius, Claude-Adrien, 204, 208
British conspiracies seen by, 127
Henry, Patrick, 18, 109
as celebrated abroad, 9
Hewson, William, 261n64
commonwealth theory of the empire, 123
Hillsborough, Lord
criticism of, 5
declines to be commissioner to France, 169
Lee, William, 188-89, 193
difficulty identifying with, 1
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Dickinson),
on Franklin, 212
100, 123
on Franklin and Confederation Congress,
L’Hospital, J. F de, 177, 179
280n57
Library Company, 44-45, 47, 55, 63, 213, 230
Franklin as older than, 11
lightning, 64
on Franklin’s reputation in Europe, 212,
lightning rod, 64, 65, 177, 234
221,234
Lining, John, 66
marriage of, 33
literacy, 19, 250n7
and peace negotiations with Britain, 195
Livingston, Robert R., 183, 195
Jerome, Chauncey, 243
Livingston, William, 233
Johnson, Samuel (clergyman), 103, 257n1
Locke, John, 41
Johnson, Dr. Samuel (lexicographer)
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 1
on colonists, 114
London
as court pensioner to Franklin, 160
Franklin’s home in, 85, 86, 261n64
on Franklin as mischief maker, 151
Franklin’s mission to Great Britain of
and London, 84, 85
1757-1762, 84—88
“mechanic” as defined by, 41
Franklin’s visit of 1724—1726, 28-30
Strahan as printer for, 86
printers in, 31, 52
Johnson, William Samuel, 232
Wilkesite riots in, 128
Junto, 42, 44
London Chronicle (newspaper), 116 Long Island, battle of, 167
Kames, Henry Home, Lord, 117
Loudoun, Lord, 78
Kant, Immanuel, 65
Louis XV, 171-72
Keats, John, 5
Louis XVI
Keimer, Samuel, 24, 26, 31, 51
compensation for ministers abroad, 224
Keith, William, 24, 26, 28-29
Franklin’s appearance when received by,
Kennedy, Archibald, 72, 74
180-81
King, Rufus, 232
Franklin’s image put on chamber pot by, 179,
kite experiment, 64, 160, 258n13
274n53
and French support of Americans, 184, 191,
labor
196
Franklin celebrated as champion of, 235-38
gift for Franklin, 209
Franklin on, 39, 45, 197
Lovell, James, 193
Franklin on slavery and, 226
Lyon, Matthew, 236
gentlemen and commoners distinguished by, 38-40
Lyon, Patrick, 241-42, 242
by the middling sort, 42
McArdell, James, 87, 87
in myth of American nationhood, 243-46
McKean, Thomas, 192
Lafayette, Marquis de, 211
Maclay, William, 232
Langford, Paul, 254n61
Madison, James
La Rochefoucauld, Francois, Duc de, 174, 179
difficulty in identifying with, 1-2
Laurens, Henry, 189, 194, 195, 199
and doubts about Franklin’s patriotism, 156,
Laurens, John, 194
157, 216, 217, 231
Lawrence, D. H., 7-8, 205, 245
Franklin as older than, 11
Lawrence, Thomas, 59
Mandeville, Bernard, 30
Leather Apron, 42
Manning, William, 236
Lee, Arthur
Marie-Antoinette, 184
on Franklin as London agent for
Martin, David, 125, 126
Massachusetts, 155-56
Martinet, Francois, 173
on Franklin on peace commission, 195
Massachusetts
in mission to France, 169, 187, 188, 189
and Albany Plan of Union, 76
payment for services abroad, 224
British sending troops to, 127, 136
Lee, Richard Henry, 156, 189, 211, 228, 232
Coercive Acts and, 148
Massachusetts (continued)
American exceptionalism, 197
Constitution of 1780, 193, 219
conspiracies seen on both sides, 126-29
Franklin as London agent of, 136—38
English arrogance regarding, 113-15
Gage made military governor of, 153
Fr
ance mistrusted in, 187
Hutchinson letters affair, 141-47, 269n93
Franklin on cultural inferiority of, 95-97
Lexington and Concord, 153
Franklin on new colonies in West, 81-82, 91
Stamp Act riot in, 109-10
Franklin’s ambivalence about England’s
See also Boston
relation to, 124-26
The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin Page 37
