Mather, Cotton, 19, 21, 27
Franklin’s vision of future of, 70-72
maxims, 84, 182, 274n61
French and Indian War, 78-81
Mecom, Jane, 90
Hutchinson letters affair, 139-47
Mellon, Thomas, 240
legal status of, 78, 260n46
Melville, Herman, 6
Parliamentary representation for, 78, 113,
Meredith, Hugh, 31-32
115-16
Middlekauff, Robert, 262n81
royal governors, 78, 102, 118
middling sort, the, 41-43
royal prerogative as suspect in, 102
in Europe, 244
Stamp Act, 105-13
Franklin as middling hero to, 235-38, 244
Townshend duties, 130
Franklin proposes association for, 55-56
Walpole (Grand Ohio) Company scheme,
Franklin’s middling status, 42, 46-49
135-36
Library Company organized for, 44-45
Wilkes supported in, 128-29
in Masonic organizations, 282n86
See also American Revolution; Connecticut;
newspapers read by, 20
Continental Congresses; Founders;
Sons of Liberty from, 110
Massachusetts; Pennsylvania; South
See also artisans
Carolina; Virginia
Militia Association, 55, 59-60, 69
North American Review, 5
Miller, Perry, 2
North Briton (newspaper), 128-29
Mirabeau, Honore Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de,
230, 231
Oath of the Horatii, The (David), 174, 175
Misanthrope (Moliere), 16
Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind,
Molasses Act (1733), 106
Peopling of Countries, Etc. (Franklin), 70
Monroe, James, 212
Odell, Jonathan, 281n77
Montaigne, Michel de, 182, 274n61
Oeuvres de M. Franklin, 172
Morgan, Edmund S., 262n81
Oliver, Andrew, 109, 140-41, 142, 143, 144
Morris, Robert, 18, 80, 189, 194, 196
Otis, James, 114, 116
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 174
Otto, Louis, 234
Munford, Robert, 36-37
Paine, Thomas, 18, 155
Neagle, John, 241—42, 242
paper, Franklin as dealer in, 54
New England Courant(newspaper), 20, 21, 22
paper money, 45, 52, 54, 108-9
New Jersey Assembly, 251n10
Parker, James, 54, 72, 109, 112
newspapers
Parliament
in Boston, 20-21
in British constitution, 165
incendiary writing in, 125-26
Chatham’s reconciliation plan rejected by
London Chronicle, 116
House of Lords, 150
New England Courant, 20, 21, 22
eighteenth-century attitude toward, 118
North Briton, 128-29
Franklin contrasts Continental Congress with,
Pennsylvania Gazette,52-53, 125
160
and Stamp Act, 112
Franklin seeing as source of tyranny, 122-24
New World. See North American colonies
Franklin’s House of Commons testimony on
Norris, Isaac, 74, 100, 262n80
Stamp Act, 117-20
North, Frederick, Earl of Guilford, 134
North American rebels brought to England to
North American colonies
be hanged by, 127
Albany Plan of Union, 10, 72-78
representation for the colonies, 78, 113, 115-16
Strahan urges Franklin to run for, 97
Philadelphia
Wilkes as member of House of Commons, 128
Constitutional Convention in, 215
Pat Lyon at the Forge (Neagle), 241-42, 242
Continental Congresses in, 148, 154
patronage, 25-27
Franklin as postmaster of, 53
Paxton Boys uprising, 98-99
William Franklin as postmaster of, 94
Peale, Charles Willson, 213, 214
Franklin in city government, 67-68
Pearson, Isaac, 31
Franklin owning rental property in, 54
Pendleton, Edmund, 26
Franklin returns from France in 1785, 213-15
Penn, John, 74
Franklin returns from London in 1726, 30-32
Penn, Thomas
Franklin returns from London in 1762, 97
on colonial assemblies, 102
Franklin returns from London in 1775, 153-54
donates electrical apparatus to Library
Franklin’s arrival in, 23-24
Company, 63
Franklin’s homes in, 52, 56-57, 98, 111, 153-54
enmity with Franklin, 69, 79, 80, 92, 93
in Franklin’s will, 230
on Franklin and British ruling aristocracy,
Howe takes in 1777, 190
170-71
as largest city in America, 213
Franklin’s London negotiations with, 88,
London contrasted with, 28, 85
92, 93
population in 1720s, 23
and Franklin’s Militia Association, 69
printers’ strike of 1786, 246
refusing to pay taxes on his land, 79
Quaker aristocracy of, 24
Penn, William, 23, 67, 69, 92, 101
reaction to Franklin’s death in, 231
Pennsylvania
servants in, 24
abolitionism in, 227
Philadelphia Hospital, 230
and Albany Plan of Union, 74, 75, 76
philosophes, 173-74, 180, 181, 227, 231, 232
divided leadership in 1775, 155
Pierce, William, 216
factionalism in, 67
Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, 91, 92, 148,
Franklin and constitution of1776, 164-66,
149-50
213-14, 218-20
Plain Truth: Or, Serious Considerations on the Present
Franklin as clerk of Pennsylvania Assembly, 52,
State of the City of Philadelphia and Province of
59, 68
Pennsylvania (Franklin), 55
William Franklin as clerk of Pennsylvania
Poe, Edgar Allan, 5-6
Assembly, 68, 94
politeness, 37-38, 43
Franklin as member of Pennsylvania Assembly,
Poor Richard’s Almanack (Franklin)
68-69, 101
criticisms of, 6
Franklin as president of, 214-15
“Father Abraham’s Speech,” 83, 84, 274n60
Franklin as printer of Pennsylvania Assembly,
final edition of, 83-84
52
on keeping secrets, 16, 47
Franklin attempts to make crown colony of, 69,
Mellon influenced by, 240
82, 92-93, 95, 99-101, 102, 103, 124, 143,
people living their lives by, 3
155, 262nn80-81
as Poor Richard Improved, 57
Franklin’s mission to Great Britain, 82, 92-93,
posthumous editions of, 239
262nn80-81
profitability of, 53
and French and Indian War, 78-81
on sin, 30
French associating Quakers with, 172-73
Pownall, Thomas, 94—95, 269n90
Germans immigrants in, 67, 71, 101, 259n30
Priestley, Joseph, 65, 86, 151
Paxton Boys uprising, 98-99
Pringle, Sir John, 86, 94, 133
political parties emerging in, 213-14
printers, 31, 52-53, 108, 246
as proprietary colony, 69, 92-93, 262nn80-81
professionals, gentry status of, 40-41
and Stamp Act, 111-12
Proposal for Promoting Useful Knowledge Among the
Virginia overtaken by, 245
British Plantations in America, A (Franklin), 48
See also Philadelphia
Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in
Pennsylvania Gazette (newspaper), 52-53, 125
Pensilvania (Franklin), 48, 95
Pennsylvania (Franklin) stove, 3, 45, 54
proverbs, 84, 182, 274n61
Peters, Richard, 47, 55, 56, 74
Putnam, Rufus, 38
Quakers
Smith, Adam, 56, 88
abolitionism of, 227, 228, 280n66
Smith, William, 38, 101, 233-34, 251n25, 281n77
becoming minority in Pennsylvania, 67
Smith, William, Sr., 75
Franklin dressing as Quaker, 180, 181
social mobility, 2, 240-41
in French view of Pennsylvania, 172—73
Society for Political Enquiries, 216
officials serving without pay, 217
Society for Promoting the Abolitionism of
party in Pennsylvania Assembly, 67, 68,
Slavery and the Relief of Negroes
100, 101
Unlawfully Held in Bondage, 227
Penn family opposed by, 69—70
Society of the Cincinnati, 218, 279n46
as Pennsylvania elite, 24
Sons of Liberty, 110-11 South Carolina, 110, 112
Ralph, James, 27, 46
Spectator (Addison and Steele), 19-20
Ramsay, Allan, 94
Spencer, Archibald, 62-63
Randolph, Edmund, 209—10
spies, 185, 186-87, 275n76
Raynal, Abbe Guillaume, 181—82
Stamp Act (1765), 105-13
Read, Deborah. See Franklin, Deborah Read
Franklin’s House of Commons testimony on,
Read, John, 24
117-20
Republican party, 235, 236
Franklin’s response to, 107-8, 110, 111-13,
Republicans (Pennsylvania), 213—14
143
Revolution See American Revolution
Franklin’s satirical article on, 115
Rhode Island
as presuming colonies part of British
and Albany Plan of Union, 76
community, 265n21
attempt to transform into crown colony, 103
repeal of, 119-20, 121-22, 123
as corporate colony, 69
riots in response to, 109-12
and Stamp Act, 109, 110
Steele, Richard, 19-20, 35
Rittenhouse, David, 233
Stevenson, Margaret, 85, 90, 104, 131, 132
Robertson, William, 88
Stevenson, Mary (Polly)
Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth,
and Franklin becoming Frenchman, 172
Marquess of, 25, 119, 170, 171
Sally Franklin compared with, 132
Rogers, John, 32
Franklin lodges with, 85, 261n64
royal governors, 78, 102, 118
and Franklin on monarchy, 124
Royal Society, 64, 65, 86, 170, 186
at Franklin’s deathbed, 230
“Rules and Maxims for Promoting Matrimonial
Deborah Franklin sending her compliments to,
Happiness” (Franklin), 34
131
“Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be
Stiles, Ezra, 65, 229
Reduced to a Small One” (Franklin), 145
Strahan, William
Rush, Benjamin, 111—12, 164—65, 232, 281n70
on Franklin and Stamp Act repeal, 120
Rutledge, Edward, 167, 168
on Deborah Franklin coming to London, 89-90 Franklin meets in London, 86
Saint-Aubin, Augustin de, 176
and Franklin on becoming Londoner, 102
Sandwich, John Montagu, Earl of, 133, 150
and Franklin on cultural inferiority of colonies,
Saratoga, battle of, 190
95
Sargent, John, 159
and Franklin on doubts about his patriotism,
Seven Years (French and Indian) War, 78—81,
156
105,188
Franklin-Shirley letters published by, 116,
Shipley, Jonathan, 138, 160
260n45
Shirley, William, 77-78, 116, 260n45
and William Franklin’s imprisonment, 162
“Sketch of the Services of B. Franklin to the
and Franklin’s return to America in 1762, 98
United States” (Franklin), 223-24
Franklin’s unsent letter declaring enmity for,
slavery
157, 272n13
Franklin as slave owner, 56, 226
on Hillsborough confrontation, 138
Franklin on, 226-29
and Hutchinson letters affair, 269n90
in Virginia, 245
rise from obscure origins of, 25
smallpox inoculation, 45
urges Franklin to run for Parliament, 97
Stuber, Henry, 235
Waller, Benjamin, 25-26
Sugar Act (1764), 106-7
Walpole, Richard, 135
taxation
Walpole, Thomas, 135
Walpole (Grand Ohio) Company, 135-36
Franklin on internal versus external, 120, 130
Warren, Mercy Otis, 276n84
Parliament’s role in, 121
Washington, George
Pennsylvania proprietors refusing to pay taxes,
Adams’s jealousy of, 232
70, 79, 82
annual income of, 54
Sugar Act, 106-7
Bache attacking, 234
Townshend duties, 130, 136
as commander in chief during Revolution,
See also Stamp Act
164
Tea Act (1773), 144
difficulty of identifying with, 1
Temple, John, 144, 269n90
education of, 18
Thomas, Robert, 238
eulogies for, 234
Thomson, Charles, 108, 120, 210, 222-23, 225,
Franklin as older than, 11
280n51
on Franklin as president of Pennsylvania,
Timothy, Peter, 112
William Franklin held in solitary confinem
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 16, 244, 245
by, 162
Todd, Anthony, 134
in French and Indian War, 78
Tories, 118, 122
and labor, 40, 237
Townshend, Charles, 130
marriage of, 33
Townshend duties, 130, 136
as president of Constitutional Convention
Treaty of Paris (1783), 210
public service of, 12, 217, 244
Treaty of Paris (West), 199
on Quaker petition on slavery, 280n66
Tucker, Tom, 258n13
writing by, 20
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 3
Way to Wealth, The (Franklin), 83-84
Twain, Mark, 4
editions of, 235, 239, 248n11, 274n60
United Party for Virtue, 42-43, 44, 56
social mobility and, 2 translation into French, 182
Vaughan, Benjamin, 202-4, 210
Webbe, John, 46, 47 Weber, Max, 7
Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de
Wedderburn, Alexander, 146, 186, 191
Adams and, 195
Wedgwood, Josiah, 140, 141
as chief supporter of aiding Americans, 196
Weems, Parson Mason, 237, 239-40
and financial aid for Americans, 197-98,
Wentworth, Paul, 186, 190-91
199-200
West, Benjamin, 199
on Franklin and commerce, 183
<
br /> Whately, Thomas, 141, 144, 269n90
Franklin as getting along with, 188
Whately, William, 144, 158
and Franklin’s negotiations with British, 190,
whiggism, 11
191
Whigs, 118, 122
Lee and,188
Whitefield, George, 81-82
and separate Anglo-American peace, 198-99
The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin Page 38
