Eleanor Marx
Page 55
29 Comyn, ‘My Recollections of Karl Marx’ and The Times of London, 4 October 1938 and 30 January 1941.
30 Ibid.
31 See Gail Marshall, ‘Eleanor Marx and Shakespeare’, in John Stokes (ed.), Eleanor Marx: Life, Work, Contacts, Ashgate, Farnham, 2000, p. 72.
32 Ibid., p. 73.
33 Ibid.
Chapter 9 – The Only Lady Candidate
1 EM to Jenny Marx junior, 20 July 1869, in Evans and Meier, Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 51.
2 Cited in Peters, Red Jenny, p. 158.
3 EM to JL, 18 October 1881, IISH.
4 EM to Wilhelm Liebknecht, 12 February 1881, IISH.
5 Ibid.
6 Henry Hyndman, The Record of an Adventurous Life, London, Macmillan, 1911, p. 226.
7 Wheen, Karl Marx, p. 371.
8 Marx and Engels, open letter to the German Social Democratic Party, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1879/letters/79_09_15.htm
9 Henry Hyndman, England for All, Gilbert & Rivington, London, June 1881, http://www.marxists.org/archive/hyndman/1881/england/index.html
10 EM to JL, 7 April 1881, IISH.
11 See for example John Stuart Glennie, Europe and Asia: Discussions of the Eastern Question in Travels Through Independent Turkish & Austrian Illyria, London, Chapman & Hall, 1879.
12 John Stuart Glennie to EM, 27 November 1881, IISH.
13 Ibid.
14 ‘Underground Russia’, in Progress, August & September 1883.
15 Olga Meier, commentary, in Evans and Meier, Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 109.
16 Jenny Marx junior to Charles Longuet, letter undated, April 1872, in Evans and Meier, Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 110.
17 Ibid.
18 Jenny Marx junior to LL, end March 1882, in Evans and Meier, Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 152.
19 EM to Karl Hirsch, 25 November 1876, in Society for the Study of Labour History, spring 1964.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 FE to Ida Pauli, 14 February 1877, MECW, Vol. 45, 1991, p. 197.
23 EM to Karl Hirsch, nd, June 1878, IISH.
24 Eduard Bernstein, obituary of Eleanor Marx, in Neue Zeitung, No. 30, 1897–98, IISH.
25 Jenny Marx senior to Johann Philip Becker, nd, August 1867, MECW, Vol. 20, 1985, p. 439.
26 EM to Jenny Marx senior, 19 August 1876, IISH.
27 Ibid.
28 Tussy in Liebknecht, Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs, p. 158.
29 Ibid., p. 157.
30 Peters, Red Jenny, p. 163.
31 Jenny Marx Mrs to EM, nd, November 1877, IISH.
32 Jennychen to EM, 23 September 1877, IISH.
33 EM introduction to Lissagaray, History of the Commune of 1871, trans. Eleanor Marx, Reeves & Turner, London, 1886.
34 EM to Jenny Marx senior, 31 March 1869, IISH, and see Evans and Meier, Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 45.
35 EM to Nathalie Liebknecht, 12 February 1881, IISH.
36 Ibid.
37 KM to FE, 3 August 1882, MECW, 1975, Vol. 47, p. 652.
38 EM to Jennychen, 2 October 1882, IISH.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid.
42 Margaret McMillan, ‘How I Became a Socialist’, in Labour Leader, 11 July 1912.
43 Laura to Jennychen, letter undated, October 1881, in Evans and Meier, Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 139.
44 EM to Jennychen, 25 March 1882, IISH, and Evans and Meier, Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 150.
45 EM to Jennychen, 7 April 1881, in Evans and Meier, Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 129.
Chapter 10 – A Line of Her Own
1 Bernstein, obituary of EM, in Neue Zeitung, No. 30, 1897–98, IISH.
2 Robert Browning, The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1842), in Selected Poems, ed. Daniel Karlin, Penguin, London, 2004.
3 KM to JL, 11 April 1881, in Marx–Engels Selected Correspondence, International Publishers, New York, 1936, pp. 389–90.
4 EM to JL, 18 June 1881, IISH.
5 See Auerbach, Ellen Terry, pp. 173–83.
6 FE to KM, Marx–Engels Selected Correspondence, p. 590.
7 See Stokes (ed.), Eleanor Marx, p. 6.
8 EM to Jennychen, 18 June 1881, IISH.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 EM to KM, 14 October 1866, IISH.
12 KM to JL, 18 August 1881, IISH.
13 Ibid.
14 Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling, The Woman Question, p. 16.
15 EM to JL, 18 August 1881, IISH.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 LL to JL, nd, October 1881, IISH.
19 Ibid.
20 LL to JL, nd, October 1881, IISH.
21 EM to JL, 31 October 1881, IISH.
22 EM in Liebknecht, Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs, p. 158.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 EM to JL, 4 December 1881, IISH.
26 Ibid.
27 Peters, Red Jenny, p. 164.
28 EM to JL, 4 December 1881, IISH.
29 Engels’s eulogy for Jenny Marx, MECW, Vol. 24, p. 420.
30 Edna Healey, Wives of Fame, Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1986, p. 127.
31 Liebknecht: Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs, p. 118.
32 KM to JL, nd, December 1881, IISH.
33 EM to JL, 8 January 1882, IISH, and Evans and Meier, Daughters of Karl Marx, pp. 144–46.
34 EM to JL, 8 January 1882, IISH.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 EM to JL, 15 January 1882, IISH.
39 KM to FE, 12 January 1882, MECW, Vol. 46, 1992, p. 176.
40 EM to JL, 8 January 1882, IISH.
41 Ibid.
42 EM to JL, 15 January 1882, IISH.
43 Ibid.
44 Ibid.
45 EM to JL, 8 January 1882, IISH.
46 KM to FE, 12 January 1882, MECW, Vol. 46, 1992, p. 176.
47 JL to EM, nd, January 1881, IISH.
48 EM to JL, 23 January 1882, IISH.
49 JL to KM, 24 February 1882, IISH.
50 EM to JL, 21 February 1882, IISH.
51 EM to JL, 25 March 1882, IISH.
52 Ibid.
53 Ibid.
54 Virginia Woolf, Between the Acts, Vintage, London, 1992, p. 95, and see Auerbach, Ellen Terry, 1987.
55 EM to KM, 3 April 1882, IISH.
56 JL to EM, 10 April 1882, IISH.
57 JL to EM, 7 March 1882, IISH.
58 JL to EM, 12–13 April 1882, IISH.
59 EM to KM, 23 March 1882, IISH.
60 EM to JL, 1 July 1882, IISH.
61 EM, ‘Missive from England’, Russkoye Bogatsvo (Russian Wealth), No. 5, 1895.
62 EM to JL, 1 July 1882, IISH.
63 Ibid.
64 Ibid.
65 Ibid.
66 JL to EM, 3 May 1882, IISH.
67 KM to LL, nd, June 1882, IISH.
68 EM to JL, 2 October 1882, IISH.
69 Richard Garnett later followed Bullen as Keeper of Printed Books.
70 EM to JL, 2 October 1882, IISH.
71 EM to JL, 2 November 1882, IISH.
72 JL to EM, 8 November 1882, IISH.
73 Ibid.
74 KM to LL, 14 December 1882, IISH.
75 Eleanor Marx, ‘Illness and Death of Marx’, in Reminiscences, p. 128.
76 Ibid.
77 See Wheen, Karl Marx, p. 381.
78 EM, ‘Illness and Death of Marx,’ Reminiscences, p. 128.
79 FE to Friedrich Adolph Sorge, 15 March 1883, MECW, Vol. 46, 1992, p. 460.
80 Engels’s speech at Karl Marx’s graveside, ‘Karl Marx’s Funeral’, in Social Democrat, 22 March 1883.
81 EM to Olive Schreiner, 16 June 1884, National English Literary Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa, and in Ellis, EM obituary in Adelphi, Vol. 6, September 1935.
Chapter 11 – The Reading Room
1 Matilda Hyndman to EM, 17 March 1883, IISH.
2 Frederick James Furnivall to EM
, nd, March 1883, IISH.
3 FE to LL, 24 June 1883, IISH.
4 EM to LL, 26 March 1883, IISH.
5 Comyn, ‘My Recollections of Karl Marx’.
6 I am indebted to Josie Rourke for this and many other insights that helped me understand the position and role of women and their relation to men in the history of British theatre and performance.
7 Michael Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, Vintage, London, 1998, p. 7.
8 Following English philosopher Jeremy Bentham’s model, the design of the panopticon enabled watchmen to observe all inmates of an institution from a central point of surveillance without their knowing whether or not they were being watched.
9 Ruth Brandon, The New Women and the Old Men: Love, Sex and the Woman Question, Secker & Warburg, London, 2000, p. 18.
10 See Jennifer Juszkiewicz’s entertaining MA thesis on the history of the Reading Room, The Iron Library: Victorian England and the British Museum Library, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, 2009.
11 Beatrice Webb (née Potter), 24 May 1883, The Diary of Beatrice Webb, Vol. 1, 1873–92: Glitter around the Darkness Within, Virago, London, 1982.
12 The Times of London, 6 March 1883, p. 12.
13 Edward Aveling, in Freethinker, 30 July 1882.
14 Webb, 24 May 1883, The Diary of Beatrice Webb.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.
20 The entire Marx family had distrusted and distanced themselves from Bradlaugh since a political dispute during the Paris Commune. Marx attacked Bradlaugh as ‘a courtesan of Plon Plon [Prince Napoleon, leader of the ‘left’ Bonapartists]’, was appalled at his ‘utter meanness’ and for being a noisy demagogue. See Tsuzuki, The Life of Eleanor Marx, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1967,pp. 94–5.
21 Max Beer, Fifty Years of International Socialism, Allen & Unwin, London, 1935, p. 74.
22 Edward Aveling, ‘Some Humors of the Reading Room’, in Progress, May 1883, pp. 311–14.
23 Hunt, The Frock-Coated Communist, p. 328.
24 Cited in Tsuzuki, The Life of Eleanor Marx, p. 78.
25 Brandon, The New Women and the Old Men, p. 20.
26 Cited from unpublished Aveling family papers in Kapp, Eleanor Marx, Vol. 1,p. 257
27 Henry Salt, in National Reformer, 20 February 1881.
28 The Secular Society still exists, see http://www.secularism.org.uk/history.html
29 Edward Aveling, in National Reformer, 6 July 1879.
30 Cited in Tsuzuki, The Life of Eleanor Marx, p. 82.
31 Ibid.
32 Edward Aveling, The Religious Views of Charles Darwin, Freethought Publishing Company, London, 1884.
33 Ibid., p. 83.
34 Edward Aveling, The Gospel of Evolution, Freethought Publishing Company, London, 1884, p. 48.
35 Tsuzuki, The Life of Eleanor Marx, pp. 89–90.
36 Ibid., p. 90.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
40 Edward Aveling, in Modern Thought, January 1882.
41 William Greenslade, ‘Revisiting Edward Aveling’, in Stokes (ed.), Eleanor Marx, p. 42.
42 Edward Aveling, ‘Charles Darwin and Karl Marx’, in New Century Review, April 1897.
43 Eleanor Marx, in Evans and Meier, The Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 52.
44 Eleanor Marx, ‘Karl Marx I’, in Progress, May 1883, pp. 288–94.
45 Eleanor Marx, ‘Karl Marx II’, in Progress, June 1883, pp. 362–6.
46 Ibid.
47 Hesketh Pearson, Bernard Shaw, His Life and Personality, Methuen, London, 1961, quoted in Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, p. 7.
48 GBS diary, 28 February 1885, cited in Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, p. 90.
49 See Hunt, The Frock-Coated Communist, p. 204.
50 JL to LL, 17 May 1882, IISH.
51 EM to LL, 26 July 1892, IISH.
52 Jonathan Beecher, Charles Fourier: The Visionary and His World, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1986, p. 208.
53 Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling, The Woman Question (Verlag für die Frau), p. 23.
54 EM to LL, 21 July 1884, IISH.
55 EM to LL, 21 July 1884, IISH, and Evans and Meier, The Daughters of Karl Marx, p. 180.
56 See Tsuzuki, Eleanor Marx, p. 112: ‘I can always “work” some of the Committee’, and ‘I “worked” Sheu who seconded Murray’s position’ – she’s a good strategist.
57 Margaret McMillan, The Life of Rachel McMillan, Dent, London, 1927, p. 34, quoted in Carolyn Steedman, ‘Fictions of Engagement: Eleanor Marx, Biographical Space’, pp. 23–39, in Stokes (ed.), Eleanor Marx, p. 28.
58 Edward Aveling, ‘A Notable Book’, in Progress, September 1883, p. 156.
59 Ibid., p. 163.
60 Ibid., p. 162.
61 Henry Havelock Ellis, My Life, William Heinemann, London, 1940, p. 183.
62 Cited in Ruth First and Ann Scott, Olive Schreiner, The Women’s Press, London, 1989, p. 131.
63 ‘The intimate Olive,’ wrote Arthur Calder-Marshall, ‘the woman who never needed to drink because she was always in the sort of state that other people get into after a bottle of champagne, a woman as violently over-demonstrative in her feelings as he [Ellis] was undemonstrative, who could react so quickly to her environment that half an hour in a place she did not like would lay her low with what she called “asthma”.’ Cited in Johannes Meintjes, Olive Schreiner: Portrait of a South African Woman, Hugh Keartland Pubishers, Johannesburg, 1965,p. 68.
64 Ellis, ‘Eleanor Marx’, in Adelphi, September 1935.
65 Ibid.
66 Cited in First and Scott, Olive Schreiner, p. 125.
67 Meintjes, Olive Schreiner, p. 64.
68 Cited in First and Scott, Olive Schreiner, p. 127.
69 Terry Eagleton, Why Marx Was Right, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2011, p. 239.
Chapter 12 – Peculiar Views on Love, etc.
1 Friedrich Engels, ‘The Book of Revelation’ (1883), in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, On Religion, Scholars Press, 1964, p. 206.
2 EM to LL, 18 June 1884, IISH.
3 Ibid.
4 Ellis, ‘Eleanor Marx’, in Adelphi, September 1935.
5 EM to Dollie Radford (formerly Maitland), 30 June 1884, Radford Archive, British Library.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 EM to Edith Nesbit (Bland), 25 July 1884, Edith Nesbit archive, McFarlin Library, University of Tulsa.
9 Webb, The Diary of Beatrice Webb, Vol. 1, pp. 87–8.
10 EM to John Lincoln Mahon, 1 August 1884, IISH.
11 FE to LL, 22 July 1884, MECW, Vol. 47, 1995, p. 166.
12 Cited in Tristram Hunt, introduction to Friedrich Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, Penguin, London, 2010, p. 3.
13 Beer, Fifty Years of International Socialism, p. 78.
14 Eduard Bernstein, My Years of Exile: Reminiscences of a Socialist, Leonard Parsons, London, 1921, p. 162.
15 Quoted in Brandon, The New Women and the Old Men, p. 23.
16 Annie Besant, in National Reformer, 23 December 1883.
17 EM to J. L. Mahon, 8 May 1884, IISH.
18 EM to LL, 13 February 1884, IISH. The reference is to Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing, Act IV, scene i.
19 EM to LL, 22 September 1884, IISH.
20 Olive Schreiner to Havelock Ellis, 16 July 1884, in S. C. Cronwright-Schreiner (ed.), The Letters of Olive Schreiner 1876–1920, T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1924, p. 19.
21 Ibid.
22 Ellis, ‘Eleanor Marx’, in Adelphi, September 1935.
23 Ellis, My Life, p. 186.
24 Olive Schreiner to Havelock Ellis, 16 July 1884, in Cronwright-Schreiner (ed.), Letters, pp. 51–2.
25 Ibid.
26 Olive Schreiner to Erilda Cawood, 24 April 1878, in Richard Rive (ed.), Olive Schreiner Letters 1871–99, David Philip, Cape Town & Johannesburg, 1987,p. 22.
27 Olive S
chreiner to Havelock Ellis, 29 July 1884, in Cronwright-Schreiner (ed.), Letters, p. 53.
28 Henrik Ibsen, cited in introduction to Ghosts, translated and with an introduction by William Archer, Kindle edition, Location Marker 27.
29 Ellis, ‘Eleanor Marx’, in Adelphi, September 1935.
30 Cited in Brandon, The New Women and the Old Men, p. 34.
Chapter 13 – Proof Against Illusions
1 Beer, Fifty Years of International Socialism, p. 71.
2 Ibid.
3 Cited in Hunt, The Frock-Coated Communist, p. 329.
4 William Greenslade, ‘Revisiting Edward Aveling’, in Stokes (ed.), Eleanor Marx, p. 41.
5 Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, p. 90.
6 EM to Karl Kautsky, 4 December 1883, IISH.
7 Hyndman, Further Reminiscences, pp. 140–2.
8 Ibid.
9 May Morris & Bernard Shaw, William Morris: Artist, Writer, Socialist, Vol. 2, Morris as Socialist, Russell & Russell, New York, 1966, p. 226.
10 Correspondence of Reverend Frederick William Aveling; Aveling family papers seen by Yvonne Kapp. See Yvonne Kapp, Eleanor Marx: Vol. 2, The Crowded Years, Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1976, p. 468n.
11 George Bernard Shaw, The Doctor’s Dilemma, Penguin, London, 1946, p. 18.
12 EM to Olive Schreiner, 15 June 1885, IISH.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, p. 90.
16 EM cited in Aaron Rosebury, ‘Eleanor, Daughter of Karl Marx’, Monthly Review, New York, January 1973, Vol. 24, No. 8, pp. 45–6.
17 Zadie Smith, NW, Penguin, London, 2012, p. 123 – inspired by and borrowed entirely from Smith’s novel.
18 Beer, Fifty Years of International Socialism, p. 74.
19 Ibid.
Chapter 14 – Educate, Agitate, Organise
1 EM to LL, 22 September 1884, IISH.
2 Ibid.
3 Edward Aveling in Justice, 27 September 1884.
4 GBS, cited in Kapp, Eleanor Marx, Vol. 2, p. 46.
5 GBS, 13 April 1885. See Sally Peters, Bernard Shaw: The Ascent of the Superman, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1998, p. 101.
6 George Bernard Shaw, cited in E. P. Thompson, William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary, Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1955, p. 402.
7 Ibid., p. 384.
8 William Morris, cited in Thompson, William Morris, 1955, p. 411.
9 EM to Wilhelm Liebknecht, 1 January 1885, IISH.
10 EM to LL, 31 December 1884, IISH.
11 FE to LL, 1 January 1885, IISH.
12 FE to Bernstein, 29 December 1884, in Labour Monthly, October 1933.
13 EM to LL, 31 December 1884, IISH.
14 EM to Peter (Pyotry Lavrovich) Lavrov, 31 December 1884, IISH.