Eleanor Marx
Page 57
6 Harley Granville-Barker, ed. Walter de la Mare, The Eighteen Eighties, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1913, p. 159.
7 Quoted by William Archer, ‘The Mausoleum of Ibsen’, Fortnightly Review, July 1893.
8 George Bernard Shaw, ‘What about the middle class?’, Daily Citizen, 19 October 1912.
9 GBS, quoted in Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, p. 214.
10 GBS in Saturday Review, quoted in Holroyd, Bernard Shaw, p. 214.
11 Cited in Errol Durbach, ‘A Century of Ibsen Criticism’, in (ed.) James McFarlane, The Cambridge Companion to Ibsen, CUP, 1994, p. 233.
12 Eleanor Marx and Israel Zangwill, ‘A Doll’s House Repaired’, Time, March 1891.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid. Eleanor and Israel rearrange Ibsen’s plot by giving Krogstad his job back at the bank by sacking his new wife, Christina, who is to be sent home to her proper domestic sphere. In a manly aside, Helmer warns Krogstad that she’ll need retraining: ‘a woman who has once tasted the forbidden fruit of independence is like a pet tiger who has once tasted blood.’
15 EM open letter to People’s Press, 31 August 1890.
16 Ibid.
17 Clementina Black, in People’s Press, 13 September 1890.
18 EM to People’s Press, 31 August 1890.
19 Der Sozialdemokrat, Neue Zeit, Time and Volksblatt!
20 EM to People’s Press, 13 September 1890.
21 EM to FE, 14 September 1890, IISH.
22 Ibid.
Chapter 20 – I Am a Jewess
1 Edward Aveling, ‘Frederick Engels at Home’, Labour Prophet, September 1895.
2 EM to LL, 19 December 1890, IISH.
3 Ibid.
4 August Bebel to Victor Adler, 20 December 1890, in Friedrich Adler (ed.), Victor Briefwechsel mit August Bebel und Kautsky, Wiener Volksbuchhandlung, Vienna, 1954, p. 66 (letter trans. Bettina Meyer).
5 EM to LL, 11 November 1893, IISH.
6 EM to LL, 12 August 1891, IISH.
7 EM to LL, 25 September 1891, IISH.
8 EM to LL, 19 December 1890, IISH.
9 EM to LL, 15 April 1892, IISH.
10 Eleanor Marx, National Union of Gas Workers and General Labourers’ Report to the Delegates of the Brussels International Congress, 1891, p. 16, IISH.
11 EM to LL, 7 January 1893, IISH.
12 EM to LL 30 May 1892, IISH.
13 EM to LL, 11 November 1893, IISH.
14 EM to LL, 6 July 1891, IISH.
15 Eleanor Marx & Edward Aveling, ‘Die Wahlen in Grossbritanien’, Neue Zeit (1891–1892), pp. 596–603.
16 Ibid.
17 EM to LL, 26 July 1892, IISH.
18 Workman’s Times, 21 March 1893.
19 EM to Anna Kuliscioff, 15 September 1892, IISH.
20 EM to LL, 30 May 1892, IISH.
21 EM to Dollie Radford, 25 January 1893, IISH.
22 William Diack, History of the Trades Council and the Trade Union Movement in Aberdeen, Aberdeen Trades Council, Aberdeen, 1939, p. 62.
23 Beer, Fifty Years of International Socialism, p. 72.
24 For an excellent critical account of Vengerova’s stature as an important modern intellectual, literary critic and pioneer Symbolist, see Rosina Neginsky, Zinaida Vengerova: In Search of Beauty – A Literary Ambassador Between East and West, Peter Lang, Canterbury, 2004.
25 Zinaida Vengerova, ‘On the Daughter of Karl Marx’, undated manuscript memoir, MML.
26 Ibid.
27 Founded in 1888 as the Federation of Minor Synagogues, it scrapped the diminutive shortly after in order to assert equivalence to the United Synagogue.
28 Vengerova, ‘On the Daughter of Karl Marx’, MML.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 EM to Karl Kautsky, 28 December 1896, IISH.
32 TUC Library Collections, London Metropolitan University.
33 As recorded by Commonweal, 4 January 1890, when it reported on the mass meeting of Jewish workers at the Great Assembly Hall.
34 EM to (unnamed) ‘Comrade’, 21 October 1890, IISH.
35 Jack Jacobs, On Socialists and the Jewish Question after Marx, New York University Press, New York, 1992, p. 184.
36 Ibid.
37 Report on the International Socialist Workers Congress, 1891, IISH.
38 EM, in Justice, November 1897.
39 The paper was originally launched as Der Poilisher Yidel (The Little Polish Jew), changing its name to Die Tsukunft shortly after. Vinchevsky emigrated to New York in 1894, where the journal was published as Tsukunft (Zukunft, Future).
40 Morris Vinchevsky (Benzion Novochovits), Collected Works, ed. Kalman Marmor, 10 Vols, Farlag Frayhayt, New York, 1927–8.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid.
44 See Beer, Fifty Years of International Socialism, p. 73.
45 Ibid.
46 EM to Nathalie Liebknecht, 14 January 1898, IISH.
47 EM, in Justice, 22 January 1898.
48 Beer, Fifty Years of International Socialism, p. 74.
49 See Wheen, Karl Marx, pp. 55–6.
Chapter 21 – ‘Oh! for a Balzac to paint it!’
1 EM to LL, 26 July 1892, IISH.
2 EM to LL, 22 February 1894, IISH.
3 FE to Friedrich Adolph Sorge, 21 March 1894, MECW, Vol. 50, 2004, p. 282.
4 Hunt, The Frock-Coated Communist, p. 352.
5 EM to LL, 7 September 1894, IISH. Tussy was amused that whilst the first and second ‘Louises’ got along very smoothly, ‘Karl seemed to be feeling he cd be happy with either were t’other dear charmer away.’
6 Proceedings of the International Socialist Workers’ Congress in Zurich Town Hall, 1894, IISH.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 EM to Ernest Radford, 16 September 1893, Radford Archive, British Museum.
10 Beer, Fifty Years of International Socialism, p. 74.
11 Ibid.
12 EM to LL, 11 November 1893, IISH.
13 Ibid.
14 EM to LL, 22 February 1894, IISH.
15 Ibid.
16 Louise Kautsky to EM, 22 February 1894, IISH.
17 EM to LL, 22 February 1894, IISH.
18 Ibid.
19 EM to LL, 2 March 1894, IISH.
20 EM to LL, 22 February 1894, IISH.
21 EM to LL, 2 March 1894, IISH.
22 EM to LL, 22 March 1894, IISH.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 Louise Kautsky to EM, 22 February 1894, IISH.
26 EM to LL, 5 November 1894, IISH.
27 FE to LL, 12 November 1894, IISH.
28 EM to LL, 5 November 1894, IISH.
29 Ibid.
30 Edward Aveling, in Clarion, 3 November 1894 and 10 November 1894.
31 EM to Karl Kautsky, 10 November 1894, IISH.
32 Interview between Eleanor’s biographer, Yvonne Kapp, and Henry Demuth, cited from transcript in Kapp, Eleanor Marx, Vol. 2, p. 437.
33 Ibid.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 EM to LL, 26 July 1892, IISH.
37 EA postscript to EM to LL, 22 November 1894, IISH.
38 Friedrich Engels to August Bebel and Paul Singer, 14 November 1894, MECW, Vol. 50, 2004, p. 362.
39 EM to LL, 22 November 1894, IISH.
40 Ibid.
41 EM to LL, 15 December 1894, IISH.
42 EM to LL, 25 December 1894, IISH.
43 Ibid.
44 EA to LL, 25 December 1894, IISH.
45 EM to LL, 25 December 1894, IISH.
46 Ibid.
47 EM to LL, 2 January 1895, IISH.
48 EM to LL, 25 December 1894, IISH.
49 Ibid.
50 FE to LL, 19 January 1895, MECW, Vol. 50, 2004, p. 424.
51 EM to Wilhelm Liebknecht, 7 March 1895, IISH.
52 EM to Wilhelm Liebknecht, 14 March 1895, IISH.
53 Friedrich Engels, last will and testament, 29 July 1893, codicil 26 July 1895, IISH.
54 FE to EM, 5 July 1895, IISH.
55 Eleanor Marx, Introduction to George Plekhanov, Anarchism & Socialism (1895), trans. Eleanor Marx Aveling, Dodo Press, Milton Keynes.
56 Sam Moore to EM, 21 July 1895, IISH (facsimile) and MML.
57 Louise Freyberger to EM, 5 July 1895, IISH.
58 EM to John Burns, 8 August 1895, IISH.
Chapter 22 – The Den
1 EM and LL, October 1895, MML.
2 Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital, p. 303.
3 EA letter to William Diack, cited in Diack, History of the Trades Council and the Trade Union Movement in Aberdeen, p. 63.
4 Diack, History of the Trades Council and the Trade Union Movement in Aberdeen, pp. 62–3.
5 Ibid.
6 EM to LL, 19 October 1895, IISH.
7 EM to Louise Freyberger, 15 September 1895, IISH.
8 Ludwig Freyberger to EM, 4 October 1895, IISH.
9 EM to LL, 24 October 1895, IISH.
10 EM to Karl Kautsky, 17 August 1895, IISH.
11 Ibid.
12 EM to LL, 24 October 1895, IISH.
13 Ibid.
14 EM to LL, 17 November 1895, IISH.
15 EM to LL, 24 November 1895, IISH.
16 One pound in 1895 corresponds to the buying power of about £55–60 today, so the absolute value of their legacy in today’s terms was about £275,000–300,000; however, in terms of purchasing power this fails to account for relative historical values in prices and the cost of living.
17 EM to LL, 24 October 1895, IISH.
18 EM to LL, 19 October 1895, IISH.
19 EM, 17 November 1895, IISH.
20 Ibid.
21 EM to LL, 10 December 1895, IISH.
22 LL to EM, 1 September 1896, IISH.
23 Eleanor Marx, ‘The Proletarian in the Home’, Justice, 21 November 1896, p. 6, http://www.marxists.org/archive/eleanor-marx/1896/11/proletarian-home.htm
24 Justice, 16 November 1895, p. 5.
25 Justice, 23 November 1895, p. 8.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 EM to LL, 10 December 1895, IISH.
30 EM to LL, 14 January 1896, IISH.
31 EM to LL, 17 January 1896, IISH.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid.
34 Ibid.
35 EM to to Karl Kautsky, 18 September 1895, IISH.
36 EM to LL, 19 October 1895, IISH.
37 KM to FE, 23 November 1850, MECW.
38 EM to LL, 2 January 1897, IISH.
39 EM to Karl Kautsky, 19 April 1896, IISH.
40 EM to LL, 5 March 1896, IISH. Tussy was relaxed about Edward’s amiable traction with the SDF and soft-soaping of the Fabians because it cleared their path to tackle head-on the anarchist tendencies threating to hijack the London congress. Social democrat to her DNA, Tussy scorned anarchism above all other muddle-headed, anti-democratic irrationalism. She was not fundamentally opposed to armed military resistance in a just cause. She opposed the anarchist use of violence because it was unrepresentative and ungrounded in a broad-based consensus. Individualistic action cut loose from a broadly debated and, however uncomfortably, shared democratic consensus was not only politically irresponsible, it was, in Tussy’s view, immoral and dictatorial.
41 Justice, 23 May 1896, MML.
42 Ibid.
43 Sylvia Pankhurst, The Suffragette Movement (1931), Virago, London, 1977,p. 128.
44 Ibid.
45 Wilhelm Liebknecht, in Reminiscences, p. 133.
46 Ibid.
47 EM to LL, 24 December 1896, IISH.
48 Wilhelm Liebknecht, in Reminiscences, p. 133.
49 EM, in Justice, 13 March 1897.
50 EM, in Justice, 22 January 1898.
51 EM to Karl Kautsky, 10 November 1896, IISH.
52 EM to LL, 23 December 1896, IISH.
53 EM to Karl Kautsky, 16 November 1896, IISH.
54 EM to Karl Kautsky, 28 December 1896, IISH.
55 EM to LL, 26 December 1896, and EM to Karl Kautsky, 28 December 1896, IISH.
56 EM to Karl Kautsky, 28 December 1896, IISH.
Chapter 23 – The Boldest Pause
1 Labour Leader, 10 April 1897.
2 EM, in Justice, 9 January 1897.
3 EM, in Justice, 23 January 1897.
4 Ibid.
5 EM to LL, 3 March 1896, IISH.
6 EM to Karl Kautsky, 15 March 1897, IISH.
7 EM to Karl Kautsky, 27 April 1897, IISH.
8 Ibid.
9 EM, in Justice, 6 February 1897 and 8 May 1897.
10 EM, in Justice, 6 February 1897.
11 Jeff Guy, The View Across the River: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu struggle against Imperialism, David Phillip, Cape Town, 2001, p. 416.
12 Ibid.
13 EM to Karl Kautsky, 8 February 1896, IISH.
14 Justice, 30 July 1898, IISH.
15 EM, in Justice, 26 June 1897.
16 For an excellent account of Edith Lanchester, see Karen Hunt: Equivocal Feminists: The Social Democratic Federation and the Woman Question, 1884–1911, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996.
17 EM to Karl Kautsky, 19 June 1897, IISH.
18 Thorne, My Life’s Battle, p. 148.
19 Vorwärts, 5 April 1898.
20 EM to Karl Kautsky, 19 June 1897.
21 EM to Wilhelm Liebknecht, 2 June 1897, IISH.
22 Ibid.
23 At twenty-two, Eva Frye was coincidentally exactly the same age as Aveling’s first wife, Isabel Campbell Frank, had been when she and Edward married twenty-five years previously in 1872.
24 EM to Karl Kautsky, 19 June 1897, IISH.
25 EM to Freddy Demuth, 30 August 1897, in article by Keir Hardie, Labour Leader, 30 July 1898; and article by Bernstein, Justice, 30 July 1898 and IISH.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 EM to Karl Kautsky, 21 September 1897, IISH.
33 Eleanor Marx, ‘Remarks on a letter by the young Marx’, in Reminiscences,pp. 256–7.
34 EM to Karl Kautsky, 21 September 1897, IISH.
35 EM to Karl Kautsky, 19 July 1897, IISH.
36 Ibid.
37 Cited from correspondence between Yvonne Kapp and the Aveling family in Kapp, Eleanor Marx, Vol. 1, p. 258.
38 EM to Karl Kautsky, 28 September 1897, IISH.
39 Ibid.
40 EM to Benno Karpeles, 1. January 1898, IISH.
41 EM to Freddy Demuth, 5 February 1898, in article by Keir Hardie, Labour Leader, 30 July 1898; and in article by Bernstein, Justice, 30 July 1898 and IISH.
42 EM to Karl Kautsky, 1 January 1898, IISH.
43 Ibid.
44 EM to Wilhelm Liebknecht, 24 December 1897, IISH.
45 Ibid.
46 EM to Nathalie Liebknecht, 1 January 1898, IISH.
47 EM to LL, 8 January 1898, IISH.
48 EM to Wilhelm Liebknecht, 24 December 1897, IISH.
Chapter 24 – White Dress in Winter
1 George Bernard Shaw to Ellen Terry, 5 January 1898, in Chistopher St John (ed.), Ellen Terry and Bernard Shaw, A Correspondence, Theatre Art Books, New York, 1949, pp. 262–3. Shaw exaggerated Eleanor’s legacy from Engels, but the point stood.
2 EM to LL, 8 January 1898, IISH.
3 EM to Nathalie Liebknecht, 1 January 1898, IISH.
4 Ibid.
5 EM to Karl Kautsky, 1 January 1898, IISH.
6 EM to LL, 8 January 1898, IISH.
7 EM to Nathalie Liebknecht, 14 January 1898, IISH.
8 EM to Freddy Demuth, 3 February 1898, in Labour Leader, 30 July 1898.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 EM to Freddy Demuth, 5 March 1898, in Labour Leader, 30 July 1898.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 EM to Freddy Demuth, 7 March 1898, in Labour Leader, 30 July 1898.
15 EM to Karl Kautsky, 10 February 1898, IIS
H.
16 EM to Wilhelm Liebknecht, 9 February 1898, IISH.
17 EM to Karl Kautsky, 20 February 1898, IISH.
18 Hyndman, Further Reminiscences, p. 144.
19 EM to Freddy Demuth, 20 February 1898, in Labour Leader, 30 July 1898.
20 EM to Wilhelm Liebknecht, 1 March 1898, IISH.
21 EM to Freddy Demuth, 1 March 1898, in Labour Leader, 30 July 1898.
22 EM to Karl Kautsky, 15 March 1898, IISH.
23 EM to Freddy Demuth, 1 March 1898, in Labour Leader, 30 July 1898.
24 Inquest report published in North Eastern Daily Gazette, 4 April 1898, p. 2; Forest Hill & Sydenham Examiner and Crystal Palace Intelligencer, 8 April 1898, p. 2; and The Manchester Weekly Times, Friday 8 April, 1898, p. 3. Eleanor’s death, inquest and funeral were also reported in the The Times of London, 4 April 1898, p. 14; Northampton Mercury, 8 April 1898, p. 2; The Lincoln, Rutland and Stanford Mercury, 8 April 1898, p. 3; Labour Leader, 9 April 1898; Justice, 9 April 1898; Daily Chronicle, 4 April 1898, p. 3; Reynolds Newspaper, 10 April 1898, p. 2; Daily News, 4 April 1898, p. 9; and the Evening Telegraph reprinted the story from the Daily Chronicle, 4 April 1898, p. 3.
25 Ibid.
26 EM, will, 16 October 1895, PRO; Reynolds Newspaper, 28 April 1898.
27 EM, codicil, 28 November 1896, PRO; Reynolds Newspaper, 28 April 1898.
28 Cited in Eduard Bernstein, Neue Zeit, April 1898.
29 Eduard Bernstein to Victor Adler, 5 April 1898, Victor Adler Papers, IISH.
30 Bernstein, in Justice, 30 July 1898.
31 The Communist, 21 May 1921.
32 Leah Roth to Eleanor and Edward Marx-Aveling, 19 January 1898, IISH.
33 Gertrude Gentry to Edith Lanchester, 1 May 1898, IISH.
34 Karl Kautsky to Victor Adler, 9 April 1898, IISH.
35 Eduard Bernstein to Victor Adler, 5 April 1898, Victor Adler Papers, IISH.
36 Olive Schreiner to Dollie Radford, Radford Collection, British Library Manuscripts, June 1898.
37 Ibid.
Afterword
1 Eduard Bernstein, ‘What Drove Eleanor Marx to Suicide?’, in Justice, 30 July 1898, pp. 2–3, http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bernstein/works/1898/07/ death-eleanor.htm – the translation of Bernstein’s title from the German ‘Was Eleanor Marx in den Tod trieb’ (from Neue Zeit, Vol. 16, No. 42) is debatable; it might equally be rendered ‘What Drove Eleanor Marx to Her Death?’
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 For the most thorough analysis refuting that Karl Marx was Frederick Demuth’s father, see Terrell Carver, ‘Gresham’s Law in the World of Scholarship’, written for Marx Myths and Legends, University of Bristol, February 2005, http://www.marxmyths.org/terrell-carver/article.htm; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives Licence 2.0.