The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World

by Paine, Lincoln

  73. ratio of capital ship tonnage: Ibid., 3:203.

  74. “wise administration”: Capt. William V. Pratt, memorandum for Charles Evans Hughes, Aug. 8, 1921, in Hagan, This People’s Navy, 264.

  75. “Not only should these submarines”: Benson to Wilson, Mar. 14, 1919, in Baker, Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement, 197.

  76. “steam navies”: Mahan, Influence of Sea Power, 2.

  77. “The minds of the men”: Beach, United States Navy, 443.

  78. “I’m afraid”: In Agawa, Reluctant Admiral, 93; “the world’s three great follies”: ibid. See also Yoshida, Requiem for Battleship Yamato, 77.

  79. “incendiary shotgun” projectiles: Skulski, Battleship Yamato, 18–19.

  80. nearly three hundred carrier planes: Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 538.

  81. Close study of the Taranto action: Evans and Peattie, Kaigun, 475.

  82. “damage Major Fleet Units”: Report of Joint Planning Committee, Apr. 21, 1939, in Major, “Navy Plans for War,” 245.

  83. Pearl Harbor: Murfett, Naval Warfare, 135–40.

  84. over two thousand Allied and neutral ships: For a comparison of figures arrived at by five different authorities, see American Merchant Marine at War, “Battle of the Atlantic Statistics.”

  85. twenty-two seagoing U-boats: Murfett, Naval Warfare, 34; Terraine, Business in Great Waters, 218.

  86. unreliability of German torpedoes: Murfett, Naval Warfare, 53; Terraine, Business in Great Waters, 231–41.

  87. submarine operations to Brest: Terraine, Business in Great Waters, 244–57, 354; Murfett, Naval Warfare, 86–87, 97n82.

  88. more than a thousand ships: Terraine, Business in Great Waters, 767–69.

  89. “Happy Time”: Ibid., 410; Lane, Ships for Victory, 138.

  90. “any country whose defense”: Lend-Lease Act, 3(1).

  91. “Execute unrestricted”: In Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 480.

  92. “a warship”: Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament, 1930, pt. 4, art. 22.

  93. “violating long-established”: Roosevelt, Fireside Chat 18 (Sept. 11, 1941), in Smith, Voyages, 2:242.

  94. failure of American torpedoes: Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 484–85.

  95. commerce warfare doctrine: U.S. War Dept., United States Strategic Bombing Survey, 12.

  96. slow to respond: Morison, Two-Ocean War, 496–97.

  97. thirteen hundred Japanese merchant ships lost: Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 487; United States Strategic Bombing Survey, 11.

  98. “All attempts”: In Miller, War at Sea, 320; Murfett, Naval Warfare, 226–27.

  99. “On general principles”: International Military Tribunal, Trial of the Major War Criminals, 17:380.

  100. landing craft: Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, 232–33.

  101. “did more to win the war”: In Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, 72.

  102. “the man who won the war”: In Ambrose, D-Day, 45.

  103. more than thirty types: Leighton and Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy, 2:826–28.

  104. “The only thing”: Churchill, Second World War, 2:529.

  105. first of four acts: Hagan, This People’s Navy, 284–90; Lane, Ships for Victory, 36–37.

  106. Liberty ships: Lane, Ships for Victory, 55, 68. Prewar standardized ship types included the C-1, C-2, and C-3 dry cargo ships and T-1, T-2, and T-3 tankers.

  107. figures were increased: Lane, Ships for Victory, 144, 202.

  108. sailing under the Soviet flag: Leighton and Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy, 1:113–14, 541, 564; 2:683, 731. A total of 1,332 ships sailed for the Soviet Far East, most of them to Vladivostok; 538 to north Russia; 541 to the Persian Gulf; 120 to the Soviet Arctic (via the Bering Strait); and, from January 1945, 76 to the Black Sea.

  109. “The former rights of Russia”: Protocol of Proceedings of Crimea Conference, Agreement Regarding Japan, para. 2; Heinzig, Soviet Union and Communist China, 65, 203–5.

  110. divide the peninsula: Hastings, Korean War, 15–16.

  111. landed thirteen thousand troops at Incheon: Ibid., 116–33.

  112. “an amphibious invasion in reverse”: “One for the Book: An Invasion in Reverse,” Life, Jan. 8, 1951, p. 18.

  113. “what created”: Bruce Cumings, in Hastings, Korean War, 15.

  20. The Maritime World Since the 1950s

  1. “The world maritime industry”: Gibson and Donovan, Abandoned Ocean, 239.

  2. 1.2 million seafarers: Round Table of International Shipping Associations, http://www.marisec.org/shippingfacts/worldtrade/world-seafarers.php.

  3. the freighter Warrior: Levinson, The Box, 32–34.

  4. Ideal-X: Ibid.; Broeze, Globalization of the Oceans, 32–33.

  5. Belgian researchers: Broeze, Globalization of the Oceans, 19.

  6. “McLean understood”: Levinson, The Box, 53.

  7. computer-generated loading plans: Ibid., 6, 247.

  8. container ports: Broeze, Globalization of the Oceans, 20–21, 172–74.

  9. freight forwarding, customs clearance, and insurance: Ibid., 23–25.

  10. Singapore handled: UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport, 95.

  11. busiest long-distance routes: Ibid., 85.

  12. oil tankers began to outgrow: Stopford, Maritime Economics, 22. Launched as Seawise Giant in 1979, the ship was renamed Jahre Viking (1991–2004) and Knock Nevis (2004–2009). She was scrapped in 2010.

  13. Louisiana Offshore Oil Port: Louisiana Department of Transportation, LOOP Program.

  14. brig Osceola: Havighurst, Long Ships Passing, 81.

  15. refrigerated ships: Greenway, “Cargo Ships,” 43–50.

  16. Miranda Guinness: Yenne, Guinness, 167.

  17. people employed: Broeze, Globalization of the Oceans, 231–38; National Research Council, Crew Size and Maritime Safety, 1–12.

  18. the right to grant nationality: Carlisle, Sovereignty for Sale, 154.

  19. “The chief advantage”: New York Herald, Oct. 1, 1922, in ibid., 10–11.

  20. “German stewards”: New York Times, Dec. 6, 1922, in Carlisle, Sovereignty for Sale, 17.

  21. political instability in Panama: Carlisle, Sovereignty for Sale, 111–14.

  22. Liberian-flagged ships: Ibid., 115–33.

  23. “legal restraints”: Ibid., 152.

  24. global labor market: Dimitrova, Seafarers’ Rights, 28, 128.

  25. conditions are often substandard: Ibid., 27–46.

  26. Torrey Canyon: Chelminski, Superwreck; Cowan, Oil and Water.

  27. Amoco Cadiz: Petrow, In the Wake of the Torrey Canyon.

  28. a raft of conventions: International Maritime Organization, “List of IMO Conventions.”

  29. Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) conventions: International Maritime Organization, SOLAS 1974: Brief History.

  30. odds of dying: IMO, International Shipping and World Trade, 20.

  31. “It’s no fish ye’re buying”: Scott, The Antiquary, 1:252.

  32. The principal tools: Smith, “Fishing Vessels”; Grescoe, Bottomfeeder, 199.

  33. “Up to the time”: In Donnellan, The Shoals of Herring, adapted by Philip Donnellan from the radio ballad “Singing the Fishing,” by Ewan McColl, Peggy Seeger, and Charles Parker. Birmingham BBC Colour, 1972. Available at http://www.youtube.com/user/RadioBalladsFilms.

  34. likened to clear-cutting: Grescoe, Bottomfeeder, 27.

  35. expansion of the fisheries: FAO, The State of World Fisheries, 4, 12.

  36. illegal, unreported, and unregulated: Ibid., 79–83.

  37. The Agreement on Conservation and Management: United Nations, “Agreement … Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks.”

  38. exclusive economic zone (EEZ): Under the Law of the Sea, the EEZ is an area of the sea over which “a coastal State has sovereign rights (a) for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources,
whether living or non-living, of the waters superjacent to the seabed and of the seabed and its subsoil, and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from the water, currents and winds; (b) jurisdiction … with regard to: (i) the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations and structures; (ii) marine scientific research; (iii) the protection and preservation of the marine environment.” All states have “the freedoms … associated with the operation of ships, aircraft and submarine cables and pipelines” in an EEZ. See United Nations, Law of the Sea, Part V, “Exclusive Economic Zone.”

  39. fundamentally democratic: Paine, Down East, 121; Kalland, Fishing Villages in Tokugawa Japan, 141–45.

  40. Canadian cod fishery: Paine, Down East, 132–33.

  41. local fishermen began seizing: Hansen, “Piracy in the Greater Gulf of Aden,” 8–13; Weir, “Fish, Family, and Profit,” 16–21.

  42. USS Triton: Beach, Around the World Submerged. In 2007–2008, Francis Joyon completed a solo circumnavigation under sail in the thirty-meter trimaran Idec II in fifty-seven days—four days less than the Triton.

  43. icebreaker Lenin: Paine, “Lenin,” in Hattendorf, ed., Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History, 2:354–55.

  44. “As we combine”: Mullen, “Remarks.”

  45. “global system”: U.S. Navy et al., “A Cooperative Strategy.”

  46. “challenges are too diverse”: Mullen, “Remarks.” See Ratcliff, “Building Partners’ Capacity,” 49–50.

  47. over eight billion tons: UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport, 6.

  48. “Sailing is a noble thing”: Pachymeres, Historia, in Browning, “The City and the Sea,” 110.

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  JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society

  JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

  JSEAS Journal of Southeast Asian Studies

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