Afonso V, King of Portugal, 14.1, 14.2
Africa, 1.1, 2.1, 10.1, 15.1n, 14.1, 15.2
in antiquity, 6.1, 6.2
and Asian trade, 6.1, 13.1, nts.1n
boats and ships of, 2.1, 6.1, 17.1
circumnavigation of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 6.2, 12.1, 14.1, 15.1
diseases from, 1.1, 1.2, 14.1
European trade and, 14.1, 15.1
geography of, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 14.1, 14.2n
Portuguese and, 12.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4
slave trade of, 1.1, 14.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 19.1
see also East Africa; North Africa; South Africa
Africa, Horn of, 2.1, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1, 15.1
Afzelia bipindensis
Agamemnon
Agatharchides of Cnidus, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n
Aghlabids, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
Agreement on Conservation and Management of . . . Fish Stocks
Agrippa, 5.1, 5.2
Agrippina
Ahmedabad
Ahmose
Ahwaz, al—
Aigues-Mortes, France, 12.1, 12.2
aircraft carriers, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 20.1
Airey, George
Ajanta ship, 6.1, 7.1
Akka, see Acre
Akkad, 3.1, 3.2, 10.1, nts.1n
Akrotiri (Santorini)
Aksum, 6.1, 10.1
Alabama
Alalia, battle of
Alashiya (Cyprus), 3.1, 3.2
Alaska, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 17.1, 17.2, 19.1
Alaska Peninsula, 17.1, 17.2
Albania, 5.1, 8.1, 12.1
Albany, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2
Albuquerque, Afonso de, 15.1, 16.1
Alcáçovas, Treaty of, 14.1, 14.2
Alcibiades
Alcuin
Aleutian Islands, 1.1, 17.1
Alexander VI, Pope
Alexander the Great, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1
conquests of, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1
and Indian Ocean, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 6.3
Alexandria, 10.1, 13.1, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1
facilities at, 8.1, 15.1
founding of, 5.1, 5.2
grain trade at, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1
Indian Ocean trade and, 6.1, 6.2
Mediterranean trade and, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Muslims and, 8.1, 8.2
spices at, 13.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
Venetians and, 8.1, 12.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
Alexandria
Alexius I, 12.1, 12.2
Alfonso VI
Alfred the Great, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Algeria, 5.1, 8.1n, 8.2, 12.1
Algiers
Ali ibn al-Husayn
Ali Pasha
Alkmaar
alla sensile rowing, 12.1, 15.1, nts.1n
Alliance, Treaty of
Almeida, Francisco de, 15.1, 20.1
Almería, 8.1, 12.1
Al-Mina (port), 4.1, 12.1
Almohads, 12.1, 12.2
Almoravids
Alps, 5.1, 9.1
Altmuhl River
alum, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2
Álvares, Pedro, 14.1, 14.2
Alvise da Cadamosto
Amalfi, Italy, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1
aman, 12.1, 15.1
Amasra, Turkey, 8.1, 15.1
Amazon River, 1.1, 1.2, 14.1, 16.1
Amazonia
Ambonese
American Revolution, 18.1, 18.2
causes of, 17.1, 19.1, 19.2
upshot of, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2
Amiens, Treaty of
Amity and Commerce, Treaty of
Ammurapi
Amoco Cadiz
Amon, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
Amon-Re, 3.1, 3.2
Amorites
Amoy (Xiamen, China), 17.1, 18.1, 19.1
amphibious campaigns, 3.1, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1
in 20th century, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3
Amr ibn al-As
Amphipolis, Greece, 4.1, 5.1
Amsterdam, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1
trade of, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 16.2
Amu Darya, 10.1, 11.1
amulets
Amundsen, Roald
Anaconda Plan
Analects of Confucius, The
Anatolia, 3.1, 4.1, 12.1, 15.1
in antiquity, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1
Hittites of, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2
Anaxicrates, 6.1, 6.2
anchors, 2.1, 3.1, 8.1, 9.1
Ancona
Andalus, al-, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 12.1
Muslims settle, 8.1, 8.2
naval power of, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
Andean civilization
Andaman Islands, 7.1, 10.1
Andes Mountains, 1.1, 1.2, 15.1
Andhra Pradesh, 6.1, 10.1
Andrew Jackson
Andronicus I
Angevin kingdom, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4
Angevin Naples
Angkor Thom, Cambodia, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2
Angles, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3
Anglo-Persian Oil Co.
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, 9.1, 9.2
Anglo-Saxons, 9.1, 19.1
in England, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
Angola, 1.1, 7.1
An Lushan, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4
annona, 9.1, 9.2, nts.1n
Ansgar, St.
Anson, George
Antarctica, 1.1, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
Antigonids, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Antigonus, 5.1, 5.2
Antigua Island, 16.1, 17.1
Antilia, 14.1, 14.2
Antilles Islands, 1.1n, 1.2, 16.1
Antioch, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2
Antiochus III, the Great, 5.1, 6.1
Antoninus Pius, 7.1, 7.2
Antium, Italy
Antony, 5.1, 6.1
Antwerp, Belgium, 12.1, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1
Aphrodite, 4.1, 5.1
Appalachian Mountains
Appian
Apulia
Aqaba, Gulf of, 4.1, 6.1, 13.1
Aquitaine
Arabian Gulf, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2
Arabian Nights, The, 3.1, 10.1
Arabian Peninsula, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1, 15.1
in antiquity, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
exports from, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 10.1, 15.1
trade with, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 13.1, 15.1
Arabian Sea, itr.1, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, 16.1
geography of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3n, 16.1
ships of, 3.1, 13.1
trade of, 6.1, 13.1, 14.1, 15.1
Arabic, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2
terms, itr.1, 6.1, 8.1n, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1, 13.1
texts, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2
Arabs, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 10.2
Mediterranean and, 8.1, 12.1
Monsoon Seas and, 6.1, 11.1, 13.1, 15.1, 16.1
seafaring, and 8.1, 8.2
see also Dar al-Islam; Dashi
Aragon, kingdom of, 12.1, 14.1
Aramaic
Arawaks, 1.1, 14.1
Archangel, Russia, 15.1, 17.1
Archimedes
Arctic, 1.1, 1.2, 18.1, 18.2
Arctic (steamer), 18.1, 18.2
Arctic Circle, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 17.1
Arctic Ocean, 9.1, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 19.1
Arctic Small Tool Tradition
Ardashir
Ardnamurchan peninsula, Scotland, n
Argentina, 1.1, 14.1, 18.1, 20.1
Argo
Arguin, Mauritania
Arica, Chile, 15.1, 15.2
Arikamedu, 6.1, 6.2
Aristagoras
Aristophanes
Aristotle, 4.1, 5.1
Arktika
Armada of Flanders, 16.1, 16.2
Armada del Mar Océano
Armenia, 4.1, 10.1
Armenians, 12.1, 17.1
Armory Show (1913)
Armstrong, Mitchell & Co.
Army Corps of Engineers, U.S.
A
rnarson, Ingólf
Arnold, Benedict
Arsenale
Arsenal of Philon
Arsinöe, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Artabanus
Artaxerxes
Art Deco “ocean liner” style
Artemisia, 4.1, 4.2
Artemisium, Cape, 4.1, 4.2
Arthasastra (Kautilya), 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n
Articles of War
Arvad (Aradus), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Ashkelon, Israel, 3.1, 12.1
Ashoka, 6.1, 6.2
Asia Minor, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1
in antiquity, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 5.2
Byzantines and, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1
exports, 5.1, 8.1, 12.1
Askold
Aspero, Peru
asphalt, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Aspinwall, W. H.
Assyria, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1
Astrakhan, Russia, 15.1, 18.1
astrolabe
Asturias
Aswan, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 6.1, 10.1
quarries near, 2.1, 2.2
Athena, 4.1, 4.2
Athens, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 8.1
classical, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1n
Athlit ram
Athos Peninsula
Atlantic, battle of the, 19.1, 19.2
Atlantic Neptune (Des Barres),
Atlantic Ocean, 1.1, 4.1, 6.1, 18.1, 20.1
claims to, 14.1, 16.1, 16.2
Columbus and, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 15.1
English and, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
environment of, 6.1, 9.1, 12.1, 18.1, nts.1n
Europeans and, itr.1, 1.1, 3.1, 8.1, 16.1, 17.1
fishing and whaling in, 1.1, 16.1, 18.1
maps of, 8.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1
navies and, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 17.2, 19.1
passengers on, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1
ports, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 15.1
Portuguese and, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4
rivers to, 1.1, 9.1, 9.2
routes on, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1, 15.1, 18.1
ships of, 9.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1, 20.1
slave trade of, itr.1, 8.1, 10.1, 17.1
Spanish and, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1
steamships on, itr.1, 5.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 18.5, 19.1
Vikings and, 1.1, 9.1, 9.2
in World War II, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3
atolls, 1.1, 1.2
Atomic Energy Commission
Attaleia
Attica, Greece, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1
Au Co
Augusta Victoria
Augustine, St.
Augustus, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1
Aunt Yu
Aurelius, Marcus, 7.1, 9.1
aurii
Australia, 1.1, 1.2, 18.1, 20.1
Europeans in, 17.1, 18.1
routes to, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1
Austria-Hungary, 18.1, 19.1
Austrians
Austrian Succession, War of, 17.1, 17.2
Austro-Asiatic
Austronesian, 1.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 10.1, 16.1
Avaris, 2.1, 3.1
Avars, 8.1, 9.1
Avery, Henry, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
Aydhab, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1
Ayutthaya, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 15.1, 17.1
Ayyubids, 12.1, 12.2
Azerbaijan, 9.1, 10.1
Azores, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2
Portuguese and, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4
Azov, Russia, 12.1, 17.1
Azov, Sea of, 4.1, 9.1, 17.1
Aztec Empire, 1.1, 1.2, 15.1, 18.1
Bab al-Mandeb, 1.1, 6.1, 8.1, 15.1
Babylonian Empire, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1
Baekje Kingdom, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2
Baffin, William
Baghdad, 3.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 13.1
rise and fall of, 10.1, 11.1, 13.1
Bahamas, 1.1, 1.2, 14.1, 17.1, 18.1, nts.1n
Bahia, Brazil, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1
Bahrain, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, nts.1n
Bahr al-Zulamat
Baiae
baidarka
Baku, 9.1, 18.1
Baladhuri, al-, 10.1, 10.2
Baldwin of Flanders
Balearic Islands, 8.1, 12.1
in antiquity, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1
Muslims in, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1, 12.1
Balhae (Parhae) kingdom (Korea)
Bali, itr.1, 6.1, 10.1, 16.1
Balkans, 3.1, 5.1, 15.1, 17.1, 19.1
Balkan Wars
Ballin, Albert, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
balsa
Baltic Sea, 9.1, 12.1, 13.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1
Dutch in, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
Hanseatic League and, 12.1, 15.1
navigation in, 9.1, 9.2, 15.1
rivers to, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 12.1, 12.2
Russia and, 17.1, 19.1, 19.2
ships in, 1.1, 9.1, 14.1
trade of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 12.1, 15.1, 16.1
Banbhore (ad-Daibul), 6.1, 10.1
Banda Islands, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, 13.1n, 16.1
Bangkok, Thailand, 7.1, 13.1
banias, 10.1, nts.1n
Banks, Joseph, 1.1, 17.1, 17.2
Banten (Java), 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
Bantu language, 6.1, 10.1
baochuan
Barbados, 16.1, 17.1
Barbarikon (Pakistan)
Barbarossa, see Frederick I; Hayreddin
Barcelona, Spain, 5.1, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2
maritime laws of, 8.1, 14.1
Bardi bank
Barents Sea, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2
Barentsz, Willem
Baret, Jeanne
barges, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1
Blackfriars, 9.1, 9.2
Egyptian, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, nts.1n
baris
Barkal Stela
Basil II, Byzantine emperor, 9.1, 12.1
Basilica of St. Mark, 8.1, 12.1
Basra, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 13.1
as port, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 15.1
Batavia
Batavia (Jakarta), 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 20.1
battlecruisers, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4
battleships, 16.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5
19th-century, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4
and world wars, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4
bayasira
Bayeux Tapestry
Bayonne, France, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Bayon temple, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Beach, Edward L.
Beachy Head (Bévéziers), battle of
Beagle, HMS,
Beaufort, Francis, 18.1, 18.2
Beaufort scale
Bede
Bedouins
Beechey, Frederick William
Beijing, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 15.1, 16.1
as capital, 7.1, 13.1, 13.2
Beirut, Lebanon, 3.1, 12.1
Beiyang Navy, 19.1, 19.2
Belisarius
Belitung wreck, 10.1, 11.1, nts.1n
Bellingshausen, Fabian Gottlieb von
Benavides, Don Juan de
Benevento, Duchy of
Bengal, 6.1, 10.1, 13.1, 15.1, 17.1
cotton of, 13.1, 17.1
East India Company and, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1
foreigners in, 10.1, 13.1
rulers of, 10.1, 13.1, 16.1
Bengal, Bay of, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1, 14.1
Buddhists on, 6.1, 7.1
Chinese in, 7.1, 13.1
environment of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
ports of, 6.1, 10.1
traders of, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1, 15.1
Benjamin of Tudela, 13.1, 13.2
Benson, William S., 19.1, 19.2
Benz, Karl
Beowulf
Berardi, Giannoto
Berbers, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 12.1, 14.1
Berenike (Egypt), 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Berezan, Ukraine
bergantin
Bergen, Norway, 12.1, 12.2
Beringia
Bering Strait, 1.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2
Bermuda, 17.1, 19.1
Best Divisions for Knowledge of the World, The (al-Muqaddasi), vii,
Bharuch, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
Bhatikabhaya
Bhujyu, 6.1, 6.2
Bible, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 14.1
Bienville, Sieur de
Bihar, 13.1, 17.1
Bindusara, 6.1, 6.2
birds, 1.1, 3.1, 9.1, 11.1, 12.1
and navigation, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1, 14.1, 14.2
bireme, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 9.1
Birka, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6
Birmingham, USS,
Biscay, Bay of, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1, 12.2, 16.1
Bismarck Archipelago
Bjarni Herjolfsson
Björn Ironside
Black Ball Line
Black Book of the Admiralty
Blackfriars barge, 9.1, 9.2
Black Sea, itr.1, 9.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 19.1n
in antiquity, 3.1, 9.1
Byzantines and, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
Genoese on, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Greeks in, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
Ottomans on, 15.1, 15.2, 17.1, 20.1
rivers to, 9.1, 18.1
Rome and, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5
Russians and, 17.1, 19.1
Venetians on, 12.1, 12.2
Blaeu, Willem
Bligh, William
blockades, 16.1, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2
in antiquity, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
early modern, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3
law and, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2
Blue Funnel Line
Board of Underwriters
Boccaccio, 12.1, 14.1, 14.2
Bodhisattva, 6.1, 6.2
Bogue Forts, battle of
Bo Hai, 7.1, 11.1, 13.1
bohra
Bojador, Cape, 14.1, nts.1n
Bolivia, 1.1, 1.2, 15.1
Bombay, 6.1, 16.1, 18.1
see also Mumbai
Bombay Marine
Book of Profitable Things in . . . Navigation (Ibn Majid),
Book of Settlements
Book of the Sea (Piri Reis),
Book of the Wonders of India (Buzurg),
Bordeaux, 9.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 19.1
Borneo, 1.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Chinese and, 13.1, 13.2, 17.1
Bornholm, battle of
Borobudur, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.1
Borodino-class battlecruisers,
Bosporus, 5.1, 15.1, 17.1, 19.1
Byzantines and, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
Boston, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
in colonial period, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 17.2
Boston Atlas
Boston Tea Party
Botany Bay
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, 1.1, 17.1, 18.1
Bougie, 12.1, 12.2
Boulogne
Boulton, Matthew
Bounty, HMS, 17.1, 17.2
Boxer Rebellion
Boyne River
Brahman, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1, nts.1n
Brahmanism
Brahmaputra River, 6.1, 6.2
Brantas River, 10.1, 13.1
Brassey, Lady, 18.1, 18.2
Braudel, Fernand
Brazil, 1.1, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 19.1
Portuguese in, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 16.1
The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World Page 103
