Bremen, 9.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 18.1, 18.2
Bremen
Bremerhaven
Brest, France, 17.1, 17.2, 19.1
Breton
Brett, Edwin, 18.1, 18.2
Bristol, 12.1, 14.1, 16.1, 18.1
Britain, battle of
Britannia
British & American Steam Navigation Co.
British Columbia, 1.1, 1.2, 17.1
British Empire, 3.1, 16.1, 18.1, 19.1
British Isles, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 17.1, 18.1
European trade with, 9.1, 12.1
Pytheas in, 4.1, 9.1
Romans and, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
in Viking age, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7
Brittany, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2, 14.1, 16.1, 16.2, 20.1
Broach, 6.1, 16.1
Broighter boat
Bronze Age, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2
Brooklyn, N.Y.
Brueys d’Aiguïlliers, François Paul
Bruges, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 15.1
Brunanburh, battle of, 9.1, 9.2
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, 18.1, 18.2
Bucintoro
Buddha, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1
Buddhism, 6.1, 10.1, 11.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2
in China, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 11.1, 11.2
in Japan, 11.1, 11.2, 15.1
monks, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 13.1, nts.1n
spread of, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 10.1
temples, 7.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2
trade and, 6.1, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, nts.1n
Budomel, Lord
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Buffalo, N.Y., 18.1, 20.1
Bugis, 16.1, 17.1
Bug River, 4.1, 9.1
buhar
Buka Island
bulbous bows
Bulgar Empire
Bulgarians
bulk cargoes, 2.1, 20.1, 20.2
bulkheads, watertight, 7.1, 18.1, 19.1
bullion, 6.1, 15.1, 16.1, 18.1
Burgundy, duke of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 15.1
Burma, 6.1, 10.1, 13.1, 15.1, 16.1, 16.2
Burmese, 10.1, 11.1
Busan, 7.1, 15.1, 19.1, 19.2
Buto, 2.1, 2.2
Buyids
Buzurg ibn Shahriyar, 10.1, 13.1
Byblos, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Bylot, Robert
Byng, John, 17.1, nts.1n
Byron, John
Byzantine Empire, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, nts.1n
Asian trade of, 7.1, 11.1
caliphates and, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 12.1, 12.2
Crete and, 8.1, 12.1
Cyprus and, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1
extent of, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1
Indian Ocean trade and, 6.1, 7.1
maritime law in, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2
naval power of, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1
schisms in, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1
in North Africa, 8.1, 8.2
trade of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Turks and, 12.1, 15.1
Varangian Rus and, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Venice and, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
Byzantium, 9.1, 9.2
in antiquity, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1
Cabot, John, 9.1, 16.1
Cabot, Matthew
Cabral, Pedro Álvares, 14.1, 14.2
Cadamosto, Alvise da, 14.1, nts.1n
Cádiz, 4.1, 4.2, 12.1, 17.1, 17.2
see also Gadir
Caesar, Julius, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1, 9.2
Caffa
Cairo, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 15.2, nts.1n
Cairo Geniza
Calabria, 4.1, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2
Calais, 12.1, 12.2, 15.1
Calcutta, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1
Calicut, 13.1, 15.1, 15.2
Portuguese in, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1
California, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 17.1, 18.1, 19.1
gold rush, 18.1, 18.2
Callao, 15.1, 15.2
Callias, Peace of
Callixtus III
Cambay, 3.1, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1
Cambodia, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 13.1
ships of, 7.1, 11.1–itr.1
see also Funan
Camões, Luis Vaz de
Campania, 5.1, 5.2
Cam Ranh Bay
Canaan, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1
Canada, itr.1n, 1.1, 1.2, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1, 20.1
infrastructure in, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
canals, itr.1, 15.1, 16.1, 18.1
Chinese, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 13.1
Egyptian, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1
European, 4.1, 4.2, 9.1, 16.1, 18.1
Grand, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 13.1
and internal growth, itr.1, 7.1, 18.1
irrigation, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2
navigation on, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 7.1, 11.1
Near East, 3.1, 6.1, 10.1
North American
Panama, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 20.1
Suez, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 20.1, 20.2
Tang, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6
Yuan
Canary Islands, 4.1, 12.1, 15.1
Columbus and, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4
and European expansion, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1
Candide (Voltaire), nts.1n
Cannanore (Kannur), 14.1, 15.1, 15.2
canoes, 1.1, 1.2, 16.1
canots de maître
Canterbury, 9.1, 14.1
Canterbury Tales (Chaucer),
Cantino map
Canton, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 18.1
see also Guangzhou
Canute
Cão, Diogo
Cao Cao
Cape Cod, 1.1, 16.1
Cape Colony, 17.1, nts.1n
Cape Gelidonya wreck
Cape Horn, 17.1, 17.2
passages via, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
Cape Town, 17.1, nts.1n, nts.2n
Cape Verde, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3
Cape Verde Islands, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1
Portuguese in, 14.1, 14.2
capitalism, 16.1, 18.1
capitana
Caral
caravel, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1
Carchemish
Caria, 3.1, 4.1
Cariba
Caribbean, 17.1, 18.1, 19.1, 20.1
Europeans in, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 17.1
migration to, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1
piracy in, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3
pre-Columbian, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5
Spanish in, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 19.1
United States and, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3
Caribs
Caroline Islands, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 19.1
Carolingian Dynasty, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2
carrack, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2
Carreira da India
Carron iron works
Cartagena, Colombia, 15.1, 15.2
Cartagena, Spain, 4.1, 5.1
cartaz
Carthage, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 8.1, 8.2
embrace of maritime trade, 8.1, 12.1
navy of, 4.1, 5.1
Punic Wars and, 5.1n, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
Rome and, 5.1, 5.2
ships of, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1
Carthago Nova
Cartier, Jacques, 16.1, 16.2
Carvajal, Gaspar de
Casa de la Contratacion
cash, copper, 7.1n, 11.1, 13.1
export of, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5
Caspian Sea, 9.1, 12.1, 15.1, 15.2, 18.1
Vikings on, 9.1, 9.2
Castile, 12.1, 14.1, 14.2
Spanish expansion and, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1
Castlereagh, Viscount
Catalan Atlas of 1375
Catalonia, 12.1, 12.2
catamarans
catapults, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 8.1, 9.1
Catherine the Great, 17.1, 17.2
Cato
Caucasus Mountains, 3.1, 10.1, 19.1, 19.2
Census of the Men of Alba
Central America, itr.1, 1.1, 14.1, 19.1, 19.2
Central
Asia, 3.1, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2
Buddhism in, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2
China and, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
Islam in, 6.1, 10.1
silk road of, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 10.1
Central Powers
Centurion, HMS, 17.1, 17.2
ceramics, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
and archaeology, 5.1, 5.2, 10.1, nts.1n
Chinese, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 13.1, 13.2
Ceuta, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1
Portugal and, 14.1, 14.2
Ceylon, see Sri Lanka
Ceylon (sailing ship),
Ceylon (steamship),
Chalcis
Challenger
Chalukya kingdom, 10.1, 13.1
Cham, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1
Champa, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 13.1
Champagne fairs
Champlain, Lake, 17.1, 18.1
Champlain, Samuel de
Chams, 7.1, 7.2
Chancellor, Richard
Chandragupta, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
Chang’an, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4
canals and, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 11.1, 11.2
as capital, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1, 11.2
Changjiang
Changsha, China
Channel Islands (California), 1.1, 1.2
Channel Islands (English Chan.), 9.1, 9.2
Chao Cuo
Chao Phraya River, 7.1, 7.2, 13.1
Charax Spasinou, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 10.1
Charlemagne, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
Charles I, duke of Anjou, 12.1, 12.2
Charles I, King of England, 16.1, 16.2
Charles II, King of England, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 18.1
Charles II, King of Spain
Charles I/V, Holy Roman Emperor, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 16.1
Charleston, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2
Charlotte Islands, 1.1, 1.2
Charter Oath
Charybdis
Chatham, England, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1
Châtillon, Reynald de
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 14.1, 14.2
Chaul, battle of
Chavín de Huantar
Chen Dynasty
Chera, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1
Chesapeake, USS,
Chesapeake Bay, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1
Chicago, Illinois, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1
Chilcheonryang, battle of
Childers, Erskine
Chile, 15.1, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1
pre-Columbian, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
China, itr.1, 1.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1
East Africa and, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
from 8th to 3rd centuries BCE
maritime geography of
maritime trade of, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2, 17.1
Song Dynasties in, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1n, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
Sui Dynasty in, 7.1, 7.2, 11.1
Tang Dynasty in, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4
from 3rd to 6th centuries ce
Yan Dynasty in, 13.1, 13.2
China clippers
Chincha Islands, 18.1, 18.2
Chinggis (Genghis) Khan, 13.1, 13.2
Chlocilaicus (Hygelac)
Chola Kingdom, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 13.1, 13.2
Christianity, itr.1, 3.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1n, nts.1n
conversion to, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1
Crusades and, 12.1, 12.2, 15.1
in East Asia, 11.1, 13.1, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1
in East Africa, 6.1, 14.1
European expansion and, 14.1, 16.1
fisheries and
Islam and, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 15.1, 15.2
in Mediterranean, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 13.1, 13.2
Muslim trade and, 12.1, 15.1
Nestorian, 6.1, 8.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 13.1
in northwest Europe, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
in Scandinavia, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
schisms, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1
and trade, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Chronicle of the Rasulid Dynasty
Chumash Indians
Churchill, Winston, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4
Cicero, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 12.1
Cilicia, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1
Cilician Armenia, 12.1, 12.2
Cilippatikaram, or The Epic of the Anklet (Ilanko), 6.1
Cinque Ports
Cipango
Civilis, Gaius Julius
Civil War, English, 16.1, 17.1
Civil War, Roman
Civil War, U.S., 19.1, 19.2
Civitavecchia, 5.1, 5.2
Clark, William
Classis Britannica
Classis Germanica, 9.1, 9.2
Claudia
Claudius, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 9.1
Clement VII
Cleopatra, 5.1, 6.1
climate, 1.1, 7.1, 16.1
climatic warming, 9.1, 20.1
health and, 16.1, 17.1
clipper age, 18.1, 18.2
Clos des Galées, 12.1, nts.1n
cloves, 10.1, nts.1n
European trade in, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2
medieval trade in, 6.1, 9.1, 13.1, 13.2
Clysma, 6.1, 10.1, 18.1
Cnidus, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1
coal, 12.1, 17.1, 18.1, 20.1
for ships, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4
coastal piloting
Cochin (Kochi), 10.1, 14.1, 15.1
Coen, Jan Pieterszoon
cog, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 14.1, 15.1
Cohong (gonghang)
Coke, Sir Edward
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 16.1, 17.1
Colchis
Cold War, 19.1, 20.1
Collins, Edward Knight, 18.1, 18.2
Collins Line, 18.1, 18.2
Cologne, Germany, 9.1, 12.1, 18.1
Colombia, 15.1, 15.2, 19.1
coloniae maritimae, 5.1, 5.2
Colonna, Marcantonio
Colossi of Memnon, 2.1, nts.1n
Columba, St.
Columbia Rediviva, 17.1, 17.2
Columbia River, 1.1, 1.2, 17.1
Columbus, Bartolomé
Columbus, Christopher, itr.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
associates, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3
background and voyages, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3
in Caribbean, 1.1, 14.1, nts.1n
ships of, 2.1, 14.1, 14.2, nts.1n
Columbus, Ferdinand, 1.1, 14.1
commenda, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 13.1
Commercial Revolution, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2
Commerson, Philibert
Comorin, Cape
Comorin, kingdom of
Comoros Islands, 10.1, 16.1
compass, 13.1, 17.1, 17.2, 18.1
development of, 13.1, 14.1, 17.1, nts.1n
Compasso de navigare, Lo, 14.1, 14.2
compound engine, 18.1, 19.1
Compton-Hall, Richard
Concepción, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1
Confederate States Navy, 19.1, 19.2
Confederate States of America, 19.1, 19.2
Confucianism, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3
and trade, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 13.1
Confucius, 7.1, 7.2
Congo, kingdom of, 14.1, 15.1
Congress, U.S., 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1, 20.1
Conqueror, HMS,
Constans II
Constantine I
Constantine VII, 8.1, 9.1
Constantinople, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 10.1, 12.1
attacks on, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 12.1
capture of, 12.1, 14.1, 15.1
Crusades and, 12.1, 12.2, 14.1
foreigners in, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 12.2
Italian merchants and, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2
Rus and, 8.1, 9.1
trade at, 8.1, 8.2
Venetians and, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
see also Byzantium; Istanbul
Constantinople, Latin empire of
Constitution, U.S.
containerization, 12.1, 20.1
Continental Army
Continental Congress
contracts, merchant, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 6.1
medieval, 8.1, 12.1
Cook, James, 1.1, 1.2, 17.1, 18.1
voyages of, 1.1, 17.1, 17.2
Cook Islands
coolies, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1
Copenhagen, 12.1, 12.2, 17.1
copper, 2.1, 11.1, 13.1, 15.1, 16.1, 17.1
in Americas, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 4.1
coins, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 11.1
in shipbuilding, 2.1, 5.1, 10.1
Mesopotamia, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 8.1
see also cash
Coptos, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Copts, 8.1, 8.2
Córdoba, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1, 12.1
Corinth, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1
Corinth, Gulf of, 4.1, 5.1, 15.1
Corinth, Isthmus of, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1
Corinth, League of
Corinthians, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Corinto
Cork, Ireland, 9.1, 18.1, 18.2
Cornwall, 9.1, 9.2, 20.1
corsairs, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1
Barbary, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 17.1
Cornwallis, Charles
Coromandel Coast, 6.1, 13.1, 14.1, 16.1
traders on, 6.1, 10.1
traders from, 13.1, 15.1
Corsica, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 12.2
Corte-Real brothers, 16.1, nts.1n
Cortés, Hernando
corvus, 5.1, 7.1, nts.1n
Cosmas Indicopleustes
Covilhã, Pêro da
cowries, 7.1, 15.1, 16.1
Crassus
Cresques, Abraham
Cretans, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2
Cretan War
Crete, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1
emirate of, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 12.1
Minoan, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2
Crimea, 5.1, 12.1, 15.1, 17.1, 19.1
Crimea, Khanate of
Crimean War, 19.1, 19.2
Cristofre
Croatia, 5.1, 8.1, 12.1, 12.2
Cromwell, Oliver, 16.1, 16.2
cruisers, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5
battlecruiser, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4
cruise ships
Crusades, 8.1, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1
First–Fourth, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4
zeal of, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1
Ctesiphon
Cuba, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1
pre-Columbian, 1.1, 1.2
Spanish in, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1
Cumae, battle of
Cunard, Samuel, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
Cunard Line, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4
Cuniberti, Vittorio, 19.1, 19.2
currents, oceanic, 1.1, 12.1, 14.1, 14.2, 18.1
Atlantic, 1.1, 4.1, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2, nts.1n
Indian Ocean, 2.1, 10.1, 10.2, 18.1
Mediterranean, 2.1, 12.1
Pacific, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 13.1, 18.1
Customs Service
cutter, 6.1, 17.1
Cyclades, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1
Cyclops, 4.1, 5.1
Cyprus, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 12.1, 15.1
in Bronze Age, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
condominium rule of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
copper and, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
Muslims and, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 12.1
navigation and, 5.1, 12.1
Phoenicians and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
timber of, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 8.1
see also Alashiya
The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World Page 104
