A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons
Page 46
Harald Hardrada, king of Norway xliii, 320, 335, 336
Harold I (Harefoot) 303, 315–17
Harold II, king of England xliii, 248, 310, 311, 320, 326, 327, 329, 330, 331–3, 334–9, 340, 343–4, 361–3
Harthacnut I, king of Denmark 183
Harthacnut (son of Cnut) 309, 310, 315, 316–18, 319–20, 321, 335
Hastings, battle of 331, 334, 337–9, 340, 344
Hatfield Chase, battle of 67
Hatfield, synod of 48
Heavenfield, battle of 67, 70
Hedda, abbot 97
Hengest 12, 13–15, 21
Henry I, king of England 349–51, 353
Henry II, king of England 351–2
Henry III, Emperor 232, 315, 324
Henry III, king of England 352
Henry of Huntingdon 351
Hereward the Wake 342–3
Herman the Lotharingian, bishop of Sherborne 321
Hertford, Synod of 106
hides and hidage 94, 197, 228
high kings xliii–xliv
Hild (Hilda), abbess of Whitby 61–2, 79–80, 143, 238
Hincmar, archbishop of Reims 208
Hingston Down, battle of 185
Historia Brittonum 20
Holme, battle of 200
Honorius, archbishop of Canterbury 43–5
Horsa 13, 14, 21
horses 70–1, 179
Hoxne, battle of 188, 189
Hrabanus see Rabanus
Hrothgar 19, 24, 25, 236, 274
Hrotswitha of Gandersheim 162, 272
Hugh the Great, Count of Paris 272, 273, 274
Huneberc 159–60
Hwicce 32, 94, 95, 99, 102
Hwita, ‘Candidus’ 167, 168
Hygeburgor see Huneberc
Hygelec, king of the Geats 24, 73, 94
Ine, king of Wessex 40, 41, 53–7, 99, 129, 190, 219
Iona 64, 68, 69, 74, 79, 80
Ireland, raids on 82, 181–2
Irish missionaries 68–9, 122
Irish raiders 9, 32, 202
Islam 46, 61, 67, 139, 140–1
Ivar the Boneless 186
Jænberht, archbishop of Canterbury 106
James the Deacon 65, 66–7
John, king of England 352
John the Old Saxon 215
John of Worcester 335, 336, 351
Judith of Flanders 161, 323, 330, 333
Judith, queen of Wessex 208–9, 289
‘Junius’ manuscript 242
Justus, bishop of Rochester, archbishop of Canterbury 34, 43, 65, 67
Jutes 13–15
Kent 13–15, 20, 31, 32–7, 205–6
Christianity in 32–7, 48
government 37–40
kingship 27–8, 31, 104–5
Kingston upon Thames 216, 263, 268, 291
land charters 251–3, 258, 283–4, 347
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury 346
Laurentius, archbishop of Canterbury 36, 37, 43
law, Anglo-Saxon 38–9, 51, 53–5, 144–5, 190, 212, 224–5, 251, 254–8, 269, 282–4, 304, 310, 311–12
Leafwine see Lebuin
learning and scholarship, Anglo-Saxon 89–91, 157, 170–5, 210–18
leases 259
Lebuin, St 158, 161
Leo III, Pope 167, 172
Leo IX, Pope 324, 325
Leofric, abbot of Peterborough 248, 331, 335, 337
Leofric, bishop of Exeter 239
Leofric, Earl of Mercia 248, 310, 316, 318, 322, 326, 329
Leofsige, abbot of Mettlach 273
Leofwine Godwinesson 311, 330, 339
Lichfield 93, 106, 107, 108
life expectancy 128
Lindisfarne 10, 68–9, 70, 71, 74, 77, 79, 278
sack of 86, 169, 176–8
Lindisfarne Gospels 68, 89–90, 235, 249
Lindsey, kingdom of 29, 31, 69, 97, 99
Lioba, abbess of Tauberbischofsheim xxxvii, 128, 143, 145–7
literature, Anglo-Saxon 210–18, 234–48, 245, 253–4, 260
Liudprand, king 61, 131
Lombards 61, 108, 131, 136, 166–7
London 55, 97, 100, 113–17, 178, 185, 225–6, 297, 303, 315
Longchamp, William 352
Louis IV (d’Outremer) of West Francia 272, 273
Louis the Pious 166, 183–4
Ludger, bishop of Münster 160–1
Lull, archbishop of Mainz 120, 157, 174
Lupus, bishop of Troyes 4–6
Macbeth, king of Scots 328
Magnus I, king of Norway 315, 317, 318, 320, 322
Magonsætan 32, 93, 118
Mainz 135, 157, 174, 330
Malcolm III, king of Scots 328, 331, 341
Malcolm, king of Scots 203, 315
Maldon, battle of 194, 235, 293–4, 295, 297
Malmesbury 56
Martin I, Pope 46–7
Maserfelth, battle of 70, 71, 72
Matilda, abbess of Essen 161
Matilda (wife of Emperor Henry V) 351
Matilda (wife of Henry I) 351
Medeshamstede 94, 96, 110, 112, 189, 247–8
Mellitus, bishop of London 18, 36, 43
Mercia 19, 32, 92–119
building projects 110–11
Christianity in 96–8
decline of 117–19
international affairs 108–9
the Mercian Church 105–8
minsters 111–12
origins of kingdom 93–6
trade 113–16
under Æthelflæd 265–7
under Vikings 187, 188, 195–6
Merovingian dynasty 33, 61, 121–2, 125, 128, 136–7, 154
Middle Angles 94
Middle Anglia 32
minsters, Anglo-Saxon 111–12, 178
mints, Anglo-Saxon 116, 198, 285–7, 313, 335
monasteries xxxv–xxxvi, 86, 89–91, 170, 295–6
monastic revival 280–2
Monkwearmouth-Jarrow xxxvi, xxxvii, 76, 78, 91, 176
Morcar, Earl of Mercia 334, 336, 340, 342
Mount Badon, battle of 7–8
Mull, king of Kent 49, 50, 53
navy, Anglo-Saxon 230–2, 300
Nechtansmer, battle of 82
Nennius 8, 20
nobility 75–6, 83, 219
Norman conquest 334–53
Normans and Normandy 181, 199, 260–1, 299
Northumbria 19–24, 32, 60–91
administrative structure 64
Christianity in 49, 65–7, 68–9, 74
expansionism 73, 82
formation of kingdom 62–7
learning and the arts 86–91
noble clerics 75–80
Synod of Whitby 80–1
under Oswald 69–71
under Vikings 187–8, 197, 199, 203–4
waning of 83–6
Nothelm, bishop of London 93
Oda, archbishop of Canterbury 280, 281
Odberht 103
Odilo, Duke 138
Offa, king of Mercia 13, 58, 92, 94, 100–5, 106, 107, 108–9, 185, 237
Offa’s Dyke 92, 101
Oisc 14
Olaf the Good (the Stout) 314, 315
Olaf Guthfrithsson 200, 202, 269, 275
Olaf Sihtricson, king of York 193, 200
Olaf Tryggvason 297–8
Ordlaf, ealdorman 284
Osburh 206, 219
Oslac ‘the Butler’ 219
Osred, king of Northumbria 83
Osred II, king of Northumbria 85
Osric, ealdorman 179
Osric, king of Deira 67, 72
Oswald, bishop of Worcester, archbishop of York 280, 281, 282, 295
Oswald, king of Northumbria 28, 44, 49, 61, 63–4, 67–72, 98, 118–19, 127, 153, 161–2, 273, 279
Oswine, king of Deira 72, 73, 76
Oswiu, king of Bernicia 61, 63–4, 71–4, 75, 77, 78–81, 82, 96
Otford 102, 307
Otto I, Emperor (Ot
to of Saxony) 162, 272
Owain of Strathclyde 203, 269
paganism 15, 35–6, 49, 122, 132–3, 137, 142
Papacy 32–6, 36–7, 80–1, 82, 106, 108–9, 123, 125, 130, 132, 135–6, 138–9, 148, 149, 151, 165, 172, 207, 294–5, 313, 324, 325
Paschal I, Pope 115
Pastoral Care (Gregory the Great) 215–16, 219, 220
Patrick, St 32
Paul the Deacon 166
Paulinus, bishop of York 65, 66–7, 68, 69, 79
Peada, king of Mercia 45, 72, 73–4, 96
Pelagius and Pelagianism 5–6
Penda, king of Mercia 45, 49, 67, 70, 72–3, 95–6, 253
Peter the Deacon 222
Peterborough 112
see also Medeshamstede
Picts xxxiii, 3, 5, 9–10, 13–14, 20–1, 32, 70, 73, 82, 100, 198
Pippin II of Heristal 124, 125, 126, 127
Pippin III ‘the Short’ 61, 127, 136–7, 148, 157
place names 23, 196, 202
Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury 96, 215–16, 217
poetry, Anglo-Saxon 235–42
polygamy 138, 142, 303, 315
Powys xxii, 3, 32, 101, 329
Prittlewell 18–19, 219
Procopius 2, 17
Rabanus, abbot of Fulda 157, 173–5
Radbod 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 145
Rædwald 18, 35, 36–7, 44, 49, 62, 63
Ragnald, ‘king’ of York 267, 270
Ragnar Lothbrok 187, 191
Ralph of Herefordshire (Mantes) 322, 326, 329, 330
reeves 54, 55, 220, 229, 284, 287, 298
relics 274, 296, 310
Repton 93, 195–6
Richard I, duke of Normandy 292, 299
Richard II, duke of Normandy 299
Richard II, king of England 353
Riddles 235, 240–1, 251
River Idle, battle of 37, 63
River Winwead, battle of 73, 76–7, 95
Robert I, duke of Normandy 316
Robert II, duke of Normandy 350–1
Robert of Jumièges 322, 325, 327
Romano-British xxxiv, xxxv, 3–4, 12, 21, 56, 73
Romescot 313
Rudolf of Fulda 145–6, 147
Runes 250, 251
Ruthwell Cross 88, 242, 250
Sæberht 18, 35, 36, 48
St Brice’s Day massacre 298–9
salt 114
Saxons 3, 5, 10, 11, 20
origin of name 15, 52, 152
scops 236–7
Scotti xxxiii, 3, 32, 63
Scyld Scefing 205
Seafarer 240
seals 255, 288
Seaxburgha, queen of Wessex 49
Seaxwulf, bishop-abbot 97
Sergius I, Pope 125, 126
Servatus Lupus 163, 164
Sexburga, St 144
sheriffs 311, 346
ships, Anglo-Saxon 29–30, 179, 230–2, 300
shire courts 53, 297, 311, 346–7
shires 53–4, 118, 197, 219, 278, 287, 346–7
Sigeberht, king of East Saxons 44–5, 57–8, 72, 74, 95
Sigeric, archbishop of Canterbury 294–5
Sigulf, abbot of Ferrières 152, 163
Sihtric 268, 271
silver 114, 117, 285, 297
Siward, Earl of Northumbria 310, 318, 322, 326, 329
slaves 22, 23, 40, 41–2, 116, 182, 307
social ranks, Anglo-Saxon 41–3, 75, 296–7
Southampton 115, 185, 194, 297, 307, 317
Stamford Bridge, battle of xliii, 161, 320, 336
Stephen (monk at Ripon) 62
Stigand, bishop of Winchester, archbishop of Canterbury 318, 322, 326, 330, 335, 346
Strathclyde 32, 187, 198, 203, 275
Sturmi (Sturm), abbot of Fulda 134–5, 155, 157
sub-kings/kingdoms 31, 95, 102
Suidbert, bishop 124, 126
Sussex 15–16, 26–7, 32
Sutton Hoo 14, 19, 26, 29, 36, 114, 178, 219
Swein II, king of Denmark 341, 342
Swein, king of Norway 303, 314–15
Swein Forkbeard 297, 298–9, 303–4, 305, 307, 320
Swein Godwineson 311, 322–3, 327, 328
Symeon of Durham 271, 336
Tacitus 27, 236
Tamworth 93, 105, 107
taxation 296, 302, 309, 312, 313, 346
Tetta, abbess of Wimborne 146
thegns 75, 220, 228, 229, 314
Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury 45–8, 77–8, 81, 82, 98, 106, 123, 253, 278
Theodoric the Ostrogoth 210
Thored, earl of Northumbria 292
Thorkell the Tall 300, 301, 302–3, 305, 308
Thurbrand ‘the Hold’ 306
Thuringia 133–5
Thuroldus of Fécamp 248
tolls 114–15
Tostig, Earl of Northumbria 161, 311, 322, 327, 329, 330, 331, 333–4, 335, 336
Tours 172–3
trade, Anglo-Saxon 109, 113–16, 178, 201–2, 232–3
travellers 158–60
tribute 294, 297, 298, 300, 301, 302
Turold of Fécamp 342
Uhtred of Northumbria 306
Ulf, bishop of Dorchester 241–2, 325
Utrecht 124, 126, 156
Vercelli Book 241–2, 325
Vikings
First Viking Age 58–9, 86, 91, 117, 118, 176–204, 208, 226–33, 264–5, 279
origin of term 180
Second Viking Age 292–4, 296–320
Vita Alfredi Regis Angul Saxonum (Asser) 210–12
Vitalian, Pope 47
Vitalis, Orderic 323, 331, 332, 336, 337, 339, 347
Vortigern 13–14, 15, 20
Wace 338
Wærferth, bishop of Worcester 215, 226, 266
Walburga, abbess of Heidenheim 160
Wales 329, 331, 335
weapons, Anglo-Saxon 50–2, 218, 311
Welf I of Bavaria 161
wergild 41–2, 98, 197 219, 224
Wessex 16–18, 27, 32
8th-century 53–9
first Christian kings 48–50
government 53–5
under Alfred the Great 205–33
and the Vikings 182, 185–6, 189–95
Whitby, Synod of 45, 62, 79, 80–1
Widsith 235, 237, 239, 240
Widukind 155
Wigbert, abbot of Fritzlar 134
Wigheard, archbishop of Canterbury 47, 295
Wight, Isle of 97, 99, 298, 299, 300
Wiglaf, king of Mercia 114, 118, 185
Wihtred, king of Kent 40, 99
Wilfrid, bishop of York and Ripon xli, 48, 50, 62, 68, 69, 74, 75, 77, 78–83, 97, 121–2, 124, 127, 128, 161
Willehad, bishop of Bremen 130, 150–1, 155
William of Jumièges 316
William of Malmesbury 231, 265, 268, 287, 337, 339, 351
William of Normandy (the Conqueror) xliii, xliv, 112, 248, 320, 323, 325, 332–3, 334, 335–9, 340–3, 344–9, 350
William of Poitiers 332, 335, 338–9, 346
Willibald, bishop of Eichstätt 87–8, 128, 131, 133, 139, 140–1, 148, 159–60
Willibrord, bishop of Utrecht 61, 68, 70, 122, 124–8, 131, 137, 148, 150, 155–6, 161
wills 259
Wimborne 56
Winchcombe 94
Winchester 179, 186, 213, 233, 292
witan 220
Woden 15, 18, 28, 35
women
rights of 144–5
saints 143–7
Worcester 94, 239, 243, 266, 282, 352
writs 288, 346
Wulfhere, archbishop of York 200
Wulfhere, king of Mercia 82, 96, 97
Wulfnoth 300, 311
Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury 223
Wulfric, abbot of St Augustine’s, Canterbury 324
Wulfsige, bishop of Sherborne 207, 214
Wulfstan, bishop of London, archbishop of York 255–7, 304, 307
Wynfrith, archbishop of Mainz xxxii, 55, 61, 75–6, 83, 100, 106, 120, 128–39, 141–3, 145, 148–9, 154–7, 162, 163, 170, 241
Wynnebald, abbot of Heidenheim 128, 139, 140, 159, 160
Yeavering 64, 66
York 20, 21, 22, 48, 62, 73, 82, 86, 152–3, 178, 269, 341
Viking Kingdom of 187–8, 197, 198–202, 264, 275
Zacharias, Pope 136–7, 139
Frankish ship’s figurehead, dredged from the Scheldt, near Antwerp. It is possible that Britain’s Anglo-Saxon invaders used similar figureheads.
The Castor hanging bowl: bronze, probably seventh century and possibly British work. Castor was the site of a Roman palace-villa and a seventh-century abbey.
A reconstruction of the princely burial chamber (early 600s), excavated at Prittlewell, Southend-on-Sea, Essex, 2003–4. Once timber lined and floored, it was sunk some 5 feet (1.5m) deep.
Disc brooch, c.600, from the burial site excavated at Alwalton near Peterborough.
The golden belt buckle from the Sutton Hoo ship burial, c.620. An outstanding example of a high-status ornament.
The portrait page of St Mark from the Lindisfarne Gospels, 715–20. Agius is a form of the Greek word agios meaning holy and the Lion is St. Mark’s emblem.
The Coppergate Helm (c. early eighth century) before its full restoration. The helmet bears a Latin dedication to ‘All Saints’.
The Bewcastle Cross, Cumbria, 725–50. It now stands some 14 feet, 6 inches (4.3m). The carvings include figures of Christ and St John the Baptist. Such monuments (see page 88), originating in Northumbria, are found elsewhere, such as Sandbach.
Detail from the front panel of the Franks casket, (now at the British Museum) depicting the pagan legend of Weland the Smith (left) and the Magi paying homage to the Christ Child (see pages 86–7).
The annual Whitsuntide Dancing Procession of Echternach, Luxembourg, for centuries held to honour the Northumbrian St Willibrord (d. 739) buried here in the church that bears his name.
The Hedda stone, Peterborough Cathedral, dates from probably the late 700s. The sarcophagus-like block with figures of Christ, his Mother and certain disciples, is some 5 feet long (1.5m).
The gold mancus of Coenwulf of Mercia (d. 821) was found by metal detector in 2003 and is now in the British Museum.
All Saints’ Church, Brixworth. The church was completed by 800 and, at 150 feet (about 50m) in length, it is England’s largest surviving pre-Viking church. Italian influences have been traced. Originally the arches gave onto side chapels.