A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror
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60. Tindall and Shi, America, 2:1513.
61. D. L. Lewis, King: A Critical Biography (New York: Praeger, 1970); Michael W. Miles, The Radical Probe: The Logic of Student Rebellion (New York: Atheneum, 1971).
62. Daniel Pipes, “How Elijah Muhammad Won,” online at http://www.danielpipes.org/article/341.
63. Jordan and Litwack, United States, 724.
64. Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
65. Stephen F. Lawson, Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America Since 1941 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 191).
66. Goldfield, American Journey, 951.
67. Ibid., 961.
68. Jonathan J. Bean, “‘Burn, Baby, Burn’: Small Business in the Urban Riots of the 1960s,” Independent Review, 5, Fall 2000, 165–88.
69. Spencer Crump, Black Riot in Los Angeles: The Story of the Watts Tragedy (Los Angeles: Trans-Anglo Books, 1966), 21.
70. Martin Luther King, Strength to Love (New York: Harper and Row, 1963); the “Mountaintop” sermon appears in American Sermons: The Pilgrims to Martin Luther King Jr. (New York: Library of America, 1999).
71. Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1984), 24.
72. Wittner, Cold War America, 239.
73. Ibid.
74. Murray, Losing Ground, 129.
75. See Murray’s figures 9.2 and 9.3, Losing Ground, 130–31.
76. Patrick F. Fagan and Robert Rector, “The Effects of Divorce on America,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, #1373, June 5, 2000, chart 3, “Divorces per 100 Marriages,” 3; George Gilder, Sexual Suicide (New York: Quadrangle, 1973).
77. Murray, Losing Ground, passim.
78. Irwin Garfinkle and Robert Haveman, with the assistance of David Betson, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, “Earnings Capacity, Poverty, and Inequality,” Institute for Research on Poverty Monograph Series (New York: Academic Press, 1977); George Gilder, Wealth and Poverty (New York: Basic Books, 1981).
79. Mary E. Corcoran and Ajay Chaudry, “The Dynamics of Childhood Poverty,” The Future of Children, 7, no. 2, 1997, 40–54; Fagan and Rector, “Effects of Divorce,” chart 9, “Median Income of Families with Children by Family Structure,” 11.
80. Alan C. Acock and K. Hill Kiecolt, “Is It Family Structure or Socioeconomic Status? Family Structure During Adolescence and Adult Adjustment,” Social Forces, 68, 1989, 553–71.
81. Judith Wallerstein, “The Long-Term Effects of Divorce on Children: A Review,” Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 1991, 349–60; Michael Workman and John Beer, “Aggression, Alcohol Dependency, and Self-Consciousness Among High School Students of Divorced and Non-Divorced Parents,” Psychological Reports, 71, 1992, 279–86; David Popenoe, Life Without Father (New York: Martin Kessler Books, 1995).
82. John P. Hoffman and Robert A. Johnson, “A National Portrait of Family Structure and Adolescent Drug Use,” Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 1998, 633–45; Robert L. Flewing and K. E. Baumann, “Family Structure as a Predictor of Initial Substance Use and Sexual Intercourse in Early Adolescence,” ibid., 52, 1990, 171–81.
83. David Blankenhorn, Fatherless America: Confronting Our Most Urgent Social Problem (New York: HarperPerennial, 1996).
84. Norman Podhoretz, Why We Were in Vietnam (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982), 80.
85. Richard H. Shultz Jr, The Secret War Against Hanoi (New York: HarperCollins, 1999), 205.
86. A. L. Gropman, “The Air War in Vietnam, 1961–73,” in R. A. Mason, ed., War in the Third Dimension (London: Brassey’s, 1986), 33–58, quotation on 34.
87. Kocher, “John Kennedy, Playing in the Sandbox,” in his zolatimes Web article, “Viet Nam.”
88. James and Sybil Stockdale, In Love and War: The Story of a Family’s Ordeal and Sacrifice During the Vietnam Years (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990), see the appendix.
89. Jordan and Litwack, United States, 812.
90. “Gulf of Tonkin Resolution,” in McClellan, Historical Moments, 2:434.
91. Jordan and Litwack, United States, 812.
92. Benjamin S. Lambeth, The Transformation of American Air Power (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000).
93. Robert Leckie, The Wars of America, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1981 [1968]), 987.
94. Lambeth, Transformation, 17.
95. Ibid.
96. U.S. Air Force, Air War—Vietnam (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1978), 214.
97. Lambeth, Transformation, 18.
98. Ho quoted in Tindall and Shi, America, 2:1540.
99. Tindall and Shi, America, 2:1539.
100. Hanson, Carnage and Culture, 400.
101. Phillip B. Davidson, Vietnam at War: The History, 1946–1975 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 552.
102. Lambeth, Transformation, 23.
103. Leckie, Wars of America, 1006–7.
104. R. F. Ford, Tet 1968: Understanding the Surprise (Essex, England: Cass, 1990), 139, quoted in Hanson, Carnage and Culture, 404.
105. William Lunch and Peter Sperlich, “American Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam,” Western Political Quarterly, March 1979, 21–24; John Mueller, War, Presidents and Public Opinion (New York: John Wiley, 1973); Leslie H. Gelb and Richard K. Betts, The Irony of Vietnam: The System Worked (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1979).
106. Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (New York: Free Press, 1994), 32.
107. William Strauss and Neil Howe, Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584–2069 (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1991), 199–316.
108. Ibid., 305.
109. Lewis B. Mayhew, ed., Higher Education in the Revolutionary Decades (Berkeley, CA: McCutchan Publishing, 1967).
110. Chester E. Finn Jr., Scholars, Dollars, and Bureaucrats (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1978), 21.
111. Fritz Machlup, The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962), 374.
112. Edward F. Denison, Sources of Economic Growth and the Alternatives Before Us (New York: Committee for Economic Development, 1962); C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1959); and Clark Kerr, The Uses of the University, 3rd ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), 88.
113. Rex Jackson, Appendix to On Further Examination, “ Comparison of SAT Score Trends in Selected Schools Judged to Have Traditional or Experimental Orientations” (Princeton, NJ: College Entrance Examination Board, 1977).
114. Elchanan Cohn, The Economics of Education, rev. ed. (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1979), 49, tables 3–4; Herrnstein and Murray, Bell Curve, 95; L. F. Katz and K. M. Murphy, Changes in Relative Wages, 1963–198 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990), table 1.
115. Johnson, Modern Times, 641.
116. David Krech, Robert S. Crutchfield, and Edgerton L. Bellachey, Individual in Society: A Textbook of Social Psychology (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962).
117. Richard Gid Powers, Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism (New York: Free Press, 1995), 306.
118. Roger Kimball, Tenured Radicals: How Politics Has Corrupted Our Higher Education (New York: Harper & Row, 1990).
119. Ellen Schrecker, No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities (New York: Oxford, 1986).
120. Tindall and Shi, America 2:1551.
121. David Steigerwald, The Sixties and the End of Modern America (New York: St. Martin’s, 1995), 127–28, quotation on 127.
122. Harvey Klehr and John Earl Haynes, The American Communist Movement: Storming Heaven Itself (New York: Twayne, 1992), 151.
123. Klehr and Haynes, American Communist Movement, 159; Dohrn quoted in Peter Collier and David Horowitz, Destructive Generation (New York: Summit, 1989),
74; Thomas S. Powers, The War at Home: Vietnam and the American People, 1964–1968 (New York: Grossman, 1973), 75–76.
124. Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS (New York: Random House, 1973), 466.
125. Guenter Lewy, The Cause That Failed: Communism in American Political Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 250–76.
126. Bruce J. Schulman, “Out of the Streets and into the Classroom? The New Left and the Counterculture in United States History Textbooks,” Journal of American History, 85 (March 1999), 1527–34, quotation on 1529. See also Allan Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York: Harper & Row, 1984); William O’Neill, Coming Apart: An Informal History of America in the 1960s (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1971).
127. Paul Hollander, Political Pilgrims: Travels of Western Intellectuals to the Soviet Union, China, and Cuba, 1928–1978 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 181.
128. Jerry Rubin, Do It: Scenarios of the Revolution (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1970), 57.
129. Susan Stern, With the Weathermen: The Personal Journal of a Revolutionary Woman (New York: Doubleday, 1975), 142–45, 201.
130. Rubin, Do It, 169.
131. Ibid., 125.
132. Collier and Horowitz, Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties, 264.
133. Christopher P. Anderson, Citizen Jane: The Turbulent Life of Jane Fonda (New York: Holt, 1990).
134. Martin Lee and Bruce Shlain, Acid Dreams (New York: Grove Press, 1992 [1985]), 29.
135. Ginsburg quoted in Lee and Shlain, Acid Dreams, 111.
136. Lee and Shlain, Acid Dreams, 129.
137. Ibid.
138. Steigerwald, The Sixties, 169.
139. Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, “On the Pill: Changing the Course of Women’s Education,” Milken Institute Review, Second Quarter, 2001, 12–21.
140. Beverly Gordon, “American Denim: Blue Jeans and Their Multiple Layers of Meaning,” in George O. Carney, ed., Fast Food, Stock Cars, and Rock ‘n’ Roll: Place and Space in American Pop Culture (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1995), 77–117.
141. David Dalton, “Finally, the Shocking Truth about Woodstock Can Be Told, or Kill It Before It Clones Itself,” The Gadfly, August 1999, taken from The Gadfly online, http://gadfly.org/ 1999–08/toc. asp. Other comments and quotations are from the author’s conversations with Dalton.
142. Dalton, “Finally, the Shocking Truth,” author’s conversations with Dalton.
143. Ibid.
144. Ibid.
145. Rubin and Dorn quoted in Lee and Schlain, Acid Dreams, 257.
146. Lewy, The Cause That Failed, 270.
147. Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor, American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard Daley: His Battle for Chicago and the Nation (Boston: Little, Brown 2000), 462–63.
148. Ibid., 473.
149. The commission’s report is quoted in Joseph C. Keeley, The Left-Leaning Antenna: Political Bias in Television (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1971), 109.
150. Cohen and Taylor, American Pharaoh, 474, 478.
151. Jordan and Litwack, United States, 816.
152. Wittner, Cold War America, 300–301.
153. William Safire, Before the Fall: An Insider’s View of the Pre-Watergate House (Garden City, NY:Doubleday, 1975), 171.
154. Ibid., 70, 75.
155. Kevin Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (New York: Arlington House, 1969).
156. Wittner, Cold War America, 338.
157. Brookes, Economy in Mind, 150, and table 1.3.
158. Thomas C. Reeves, Twentieth-Century America: A Brief History (New York: Oxford, 2000), 215.
159. James Bovard, Lost Rights: The Destruction of American Liberty (New York: St. Martin’s, 1994), 33–43 passim.
160. Paul Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (New York: Ballantine, 1968).
161. Ehrlich’s 1971 edition of The Population Bomb, xi, quoted by Brian Carnell, “Paul Ehrlich,” at www. overpopulation.com/faq/People/paulehrlich. html.
162. Thomas Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population (London: Reeves and Turner, 1878).
163. Julian Simon and Herman Kahn, The Resourceful Earth: A Response to Global 2000 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1984).
164. Greg Easterbrook, “The Forgotten Benefactor of Humanity,” reprinted in Larry Schweikart, ed., Readings in Western Civilization, 2nd ed. (Boston: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2000), 23–30.
165. “The Development of the White House Staff,” Congressional Record, June 20, 1972; Arthur Schlesinger Jr, The Imperial Presidency (Boston: Hougton Mifflin, 1973).
166. Podhoretz, Why We Were in Vietnam, 156; Martin F. Herz, The Prestige Press and the Christmas Bombing, 1972 (Washington, DC: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1980).
167. Leckie, Wars of America, 1018.
168. New York Times, May 5, 1970, and June 21, 1970.
169. Major A.J.C. Lavalle, ed., Air Power and the 1972 Spring Invasion (Washington, D.C.: USAF Southeast Asia Monograph Series, 1985), 57.
170. Lambeth, Transformation, 29.
171. Colonel Alan Gropman, USAF, “The Air War in Vietnam, 1961–73,” in Air Vice Marshal R. A. Mason, RAF, ed., War in the Third Dimension: Essays in Contemporary Air Power (London: Brassey’s, 1986), 57.
172. Wittner, Cold War America, 283.
173. John Mack Faragher, et al, Out of Many: A History of the American People, combined ed., brief 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1999), 567.
174. Douglas Dalgleish and Larry Schweikart, Trident (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1984).
175. Johnson, Modern Times, 649.
176. Bernard Goldberg, Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2002), 24. 177. Len Colodny and Robert Getlin, Silent Coup: The Removal of a President (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991); Joan Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
178. “Liddy Gains Mistrial in Defame Suit,” New York Post, February 2, 2001.
179. Wittner, Cold War America, 380.
180. Jordan and Litwack, United States, 844.
181. David Frum, How We Got Here: The 70’s: The Decade That Brought You Modern Life (for Better or Worse) (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 26.
182. Barbara Olson, Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton (Washington: Regnery, 1999), 122.
183. Ibid., 124.
184. “Articles of Impeachment of Richard M. Nixon,” August 20, 1974.
185. Stanley J. Kutler, The Wars of Watergate: The Last Crisis of Richard Nixon (New York: Knopf, 1990); Maurice Stans, The Terrors of Justice: The Untold Side of Watergate (New York: Everest House, 1978); H. R. Haldeman, The Ends of Power (New York: Times Books, 1978); Charles W. Colson, Born Again Old Tappan, NJ: Chosen Books, 1976); John Dean, Blind Ambition: The White House Years (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976).
186. Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon: Ruin and Recovery (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991).
Chapter 20. Retreat and Resurrection, 1974–88
1. Richard Reeves, A Ford, Not a Lincoln (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1975); Edward L. Schapsmeier and Frederick H. Schapsmeier, Gerald R. Ford’s Date with Destiny: A Political Biography (New York: P. Lang, 1989); Gerald Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Reader’s Digest, 1979).
2. Johnson, History of the American People, 906.
3. Anthony Lukas, Nightmare: The Underside of the Nixon Years (New York: Viking, 1976).
4. Tindall and Shi, America, 2:1593.
5. John Barron and Anthony Paul, Peace with Horror (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1977), 136–49.
6. Yehuda Bauer, From Diplomacy to Resistance: A History of Jewish Palestine, 1939–1945 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1970); Nicholas Bethell, The Palestine Triangle: The Struggle Between the British, the Jews and the Arabs (London: Andre Deutsch, 1979).
7. Joseph Schechtman, The United States and the Jewish State Movement (New York:
Herzl Press, 1966).
8. Oil Weekly, March 6, 1944.
9. Paul Johnson, Modern Times: A History of the World from the Twenties to the Nineties (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 666.
10. Scott Derks, The Value of a Dollar: Prices and Incomes in the United States, 1860–1899 (Lakeville, CT: Grey House, 1999), 381.