One Righteous Man : Samuel Battle and the Shattering of the Color Line in New York (9780807012611)

by Browne, Arthur

  Cotton Club, 152, 174, 210–11

  covenanted buildings, 57, 99

  Crater, Joseph Force, 213

  Crawford, Joan, 175

  Creegan, Richard, 102

  Croker, Richard, 65, 144

  Crouch, Stanley, 172

  Crowley, Francis “Two-Gun,” 214

  Cullen, Countee, 96, 155, 241

  Cullen, Frederick Asbury, 96, 155, 189–90

  Daly, Richard, 194–96

  Davies, Graham, 14

  Davis, Benjamin J., 277

  Dawson, Dick, 279–80

  Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls, 251

  De Carlo, Peter, 216

  Delamar, Killis and William, 4–5, 15, 22

  Delehanty, Michael J., 66, 109

  Delehanty Institute, 109, 124, 134, 137, 218

  Delmonico Hotel, 281

  Delmonico’s Restaurant, 148

  De Martino, John, 240, 241–43, 245–46

  Dempsey, Jack, 163–64, 170–71, 249

  Dent, Herbert, 167–70

  De Priest, Oscar Stanton, 202, 206–7, 213, 220–21, 225, 237

  Detroit, white-on-black rioting in, 265–66

  Devery, William “Big Bill,” 141–45, 146, 158

  Divine, Major J., 244

  Dixon, John, 233

  “Don’t Buy Where You Can’t Work” campaign, 220, 255

  Doolittle, Jimmy, 264

  Dorman, John, 197–98

  Dorsey, Charles A., 31

  Douglass, Frederick, 10, 27, 30, 129, 200

  Dowling, James, 72–73

  Doyle’s Saloon, 59

  Drew, Charles, 263

  Du Bois, W. E. B.: on blacks in military, 129, 130; and Frederick Douglass, 30; on Jack Johnson, 62; on lynchings, 105, 110; and National Afro-American League, 61; and Harry Pace, 162; and racism, 235–36; and Needham Roberts, 287; and Woodrow Wilson, 98

  Duryea, Etta Terry, 70

  Edmond’s (nightclub), 40

  Elias, Hannah, 84

  Elks, black. See Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World

  Ellington, Edward Kennedy “Duke,” 175–76, 281

  Ellison, Ralph, 136

  Enoch, May, 24–25

  Enright, Richard E., 140, 145–49, 156, 158, 160–61, 170–71, 176–78, 182–84

  Equitable Life Assurance Society, 161, 162

  Equity Congress, 60, 75, 89–91, 98–99, 109, 120, 123

  Europe, James Reese, 39, 113, 114, 119, 120, 122, 128

  Ewen, David, 172

  Exclusive Club, 152, 172–78, 179–80, 181–82

  Fair Play Club, 201–2

  Farley, Thomas, 214

  Farrell, Frank, 144, 145

  Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 211

  Fifteenth Regiment, 111–14, 115–16, 118–20, 121–22

  Fillmore, Charles W., 90, 99, 111

  Firpo, Luis, 171

  Flegenheimer, Arthur “Dutch Schultz,” 205, 214, 215, 218–20

  Foley, Tom, 148

  Forbes, Arthur Holland, 42

  Ford, Margaret Russell, 101, 103, 106, 120

  Fortune, Emmanuel, 29–30, 31

  Fortune, Timothy Thomas, 29–31, 38, 41, 49, 50, 61, 64, 90

  Foster, Dude, 69

  “Freedom Church.” See African American Methodist Episcopal (AME) Zion Church (“Freedom Church”)

  Freeman (newspaper), 30

  The Front Page (play), 175

  Fumville, Tempy, 34–37

  gambling, 144, 146, 171–78, 201–7, 218–20

  gangsters: at city penitentiaries, 271; and Jimmy Hines, 174, 219; and Fiorello La Guardia, 238; “Paddy, the Priest,” 93; and Special Service Division, 148; and Jimmy Walker, 210, 213, 215; at Wilkins’s Exclusive Club, 175, 181–82

  Garvey, Helen, 109, 207, 225–26

  Garvey, Jimmy, 93, 96, 109, 207, 225–27, 237

  Garvey, Marcus, 114, 151–52, 203

  Garvey, Pauline, 109, 226

  Gaynor, William, 67, 73, 74

  Gehrig, Lou, 259–60, 272

  Gerhard, George, 216

  Gershwin, George, 172

  Gethers, Ephram, 133–34

  Gibbs, Harriet, 119–20

  Gleeson, Francis, 226

  Gordon, Harry, 239, 242

  Grand Central Depot, 43–47

  “Great Black Way,” 151

  Great Depression, 209–11

  Great Migration, 4, 103, 129, 151, 218

  Greenwood Forest Farms, 76, 264, 279, 286

  Griffith, D. W., 104

  Guardians Society, 161, 166, 168, 178, 255

  Hadley, Philip W., 34–37, 67, 74

  Hammerstein, Oscar, 55

  Hammerstein’s Victoria Theatre, 70

  Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, 26

  Handy, W. C., 162–63, 286

  Harlem: in 1920s, 151–53, 192–93; Battle as police officer in, 95–97; Battle’s first apartment in, 54–57; employment of blacks at stores in, 229–31; gambling in, 171–78, 202–4, 218–20; during Great Depression, 209, 210–11; music and nightclubs in, 39–41; nightstick justice in, 237–39; population growth in 1930s of, 261–62; restrictive covenants in, 99; riots in, 239–44, 266–71; Strivers Row in, 161–65; transition to black population, 55–57

  Harlem Citizens League for Fair Play, 230

  Harlem Civic Union, 225

  Harlem Hospital, 165

  Harlem Opera House, 55

  Harlem Renaissance, 77, 152, 185, 204

  Harris, Arthur, 24–25, 47

  Hart, Dan, 39, 52, 82

  Hatfield, John, 130

  Havens, John, 234

  Hayden, Henry I., 32, 34, 35

  Hayes, Amanda, 133–34

  Hayes, Patrick Cardinal, 45, 198

  Hayes, Roland, 265

  Haynes, George Edmund, 288

  Hays, Arthur Garfield, 241–44

  Hayward, William, 111, 112, 113, 119, 122, 128

  Hearst, William Randolph, 83, 89, 128

  Height, Dorothy, 251–53

  “Hellfighters of Harlem,” 125

  Hell’s Hundred Acres, 126–27

  Hell’s Kitchen, 93

  Henderson, Fletcher, 163

  Henry, Dominic, 157–58

  Hill, Constance Valis, 197

  Hines, Ike, 40

  Hines, James Joseph “Jimmy”: background of, 173–74; at funeral of Baron Deware Wilkins, 182; and gambling, 171, 177, 219; humanitarian efforts of, 245; and paroles, 271–72

  Hobbs, Lloyd, 240, 243

  Hobbs, Russell, 240

  Holmes, Ella, 95, 117

  Holmes, Henry, 95, 117

  Holmes, Robert, 95–97, 100, 116–17

  Holstein, Casper, 201–7, 210, 218, 220, 245, 278

  Holt, John, 256

  Honeymoon Express (play), 52–53

  Horton, Floyd, 146

  Hotel Palm, 52

  House of Flowers, 44–45, 155

  Houston riot, 118–19

  Hughes, James, 153

  Hughes, Langston, 2–4, 76–78, 135–37, 153–55, 185–87, 200–201, 209–10, 236

  Hugo, Francis, 128

  Hylan, Mike “Red,” 146, 149, 150, 165, 184

  Imes, William Lloyd, 199, 225, 230

  Impellitieri, Vincent, 283

  Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World: Battle joining, 57; Detroit convention, 58; formation of, 42; and funeral of Baron Deware Wilkins, 181; Robert Holmes in, 95; Casper Holstein in, 206; Monarch Lodge of, 181, 188, 193, 201; New York convention of, 197; testimonial dinner for Battle by, 188; J. Frank Wheaton in, 59

  International Police Association, 184

  Invisible Man (Ellison), 136

  Irvin, Monte, 229

  Jackson, Edward, 147

  Jeanette, Jeremiah “Joe,” 125

  Jeffries, Jim, 67–69, 171

  Jim Crow segregation: and The Birth of a Nation, 104; and Thornton Cherot, 217; Frederick Douglass on, 30; and
Harlem race riot, 268; in military, 112; in New York, 98–99; in New York Fire Department, 255, 275–77; and Jesse Owens, 249; and rail travel in South, 273; on trip with Tony to South, 236; in Virginia, 16, 74; Alexander Walters on, 41

  Jitter Bug Club, 238

  Joaquin, Lawrence, 115

  Joe, Lovie, 68

  Johnson, Arthur John (Jack), 61–63, 67–70, 125, 171, 181

  Johnson, Charles Spurgeon, 185, 192

  Johnson, Henry, 121–23, 128, 129, 261, 287

  Johnson, James P., 41, 172

  Johnson, James Weldon: and blacks in military, 112; on churches, 151; on contribution of blacks to American culture, 187; on education of Charline, 207; on future of Harlem, 153, 193, 209; at Marshall Hotel, 39, 52

  Johnson, John H., 229–30, 255, 267, 281

  Johnson, J. Rosamond, 39, 52

  Just Around the Corner (musical), 136

  Keene, Olive, 191, 194

  Kelly, Margaret, 261

  King, David, 161–62

  Kline, Emmanuel, 147, 267

  Ku Klux Klan, 29, 98, 104

  La Guardia, Achille, 221–22

  La Guardia, Fiorello H.: background of, 221–25; in Congress, 206, 213, 222–23; election as mayor, 216, 220, 223; and Harlem riots, 240, 241–43, 266–72; and integration of Baltimore Police Department, 254; and NAACP, 256; and New York Fire Department, 275–78; and nightstick justice, 237–38; and NYPD, 224–25; and William O’Dwyer, 282; and Jesse Owens, 249; and Parole Commission, 260, 264

  La Guardia, Irene Luzzatto-Coen, 221

  Lahey, William (Bill), 170–71, 177

  Langford, Sam (“Boston Tar Baby”), 125, 163, 179, 181, 247, 249

  Langston, Carrie, 153

  Las Estrellas Club, 212

  Laurie, Edward, 238

  Leary, Lewis Sheridan, 153–54, 200, 201

  Lee, Edward E. “Chief,” 65, 72

  Lee, John W., 34–37, 67, 74, 75

  Leeks, Leroy, 195–96

  Lieutenants Benevolent Association, 146, 158

  Little, Arthur, 123, 126

  Little Savoy (nightclub), 40, 41, 63, 69, 70

  Locke, Alain, 185, 243

  Lopez, Vincent, 213

  Lord, James Brown, 161

  Los Angeles, white-on-black rioting in, 265

  Louis, Joe “The Brown Bomber,” 247, 257, 281

  Luciano, Lucky, 157, 171, 208, 241

  lynchings, 99, 105, 110, 129–30, 252

  Maceo Hotel, 39

  Madden, Owney “The Killer,” 210–11

  Majestic Hotel, 83

  Manley, Effa, 229–30

  march on Washington (1940), 262–63

  Marshall, Napoleon Bonaparte, 111–12, 119–20, 128

  Marshall, Thurgood, 273, 288

  Marshall Hotel, 39, 52, 69, 82, 113

  Martin, Charles, 96

  Mason, Charlotte, 187, 209

  Mason, John, 52–53

  Mayhew, James, 38

  Mayor’s Commission on Conditions in Harlem, 241–44

  McAdoo, William, 50

  McBride’s Saloon, 46–47, 69

  McGowan, Patrick, 64

  McHugh, Patrick, 168

  McInerny, John, 240

  McKay, Claude, 155

  McLaughlin, George V., 187, 191

  Messenger (magazine), 152

  Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 266–67

  Miles, Nelson, 103

  military: black regiment in, 90–91, 110–14, 118–20, 121–23, 125–26, 127–29; segregation in, 103–4, 262–63

  military bases, violence around, 263

  Miller, Conery (Mrs.), 264

  Miller, Dorie, 263, 264

  Miller, William “Yellow Charleston,” 167, 180–81

  Mitchell, John Puroy, 67, 107

  Monarch Lodge (Elks), 181, 188, 193, 201

  Mooney, William, 140

  Moore, Frederick Randolph: on black military regiment, 115–16; on blacks in NYPD, 64–65, 72–74, 75; death of, 287; on death of Herbert Dent, 169; as editor of New York Age, 64; and Harlem Citizens League for Fair Play, 230; and Fiorello La Guardia, 225; and promotion of Wesley Williams, 183; on saloons in Harlem, 172–73; on white-on-black violence, 266; and Baron Deware Wilkins, 176, 181

  Moore, Paul, 205

  Morton, Ferdinand Q., 181

  Morton, Jelly Roll, 41, 172

  Moses, Robert, 224

  Moskowitz, Henry, 60–61

  Motz, Otto, 167–168

  Mulrooney, Edward, 214

  Murphy, Charles Francis, 148

  Murphy, Michael, 145

  music, 152, 162–63, 172

  Nail, John B., 40, 96

  National Afro-American League, 30–31, 41, 61

  National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 60–61, 225, 256

  National Council of Negro Women, 251, 252, 253

  National Football League, 258

  National Guard regiment, 90, 99

  National Youth Administration, 251

  Native Son (Wright), 136

  “Negro Bohemia,” 39

  Negro League baseball, 176, 229, 249–50

  Nelson, John, 36

  Newark Eagles, 229

  New Bern, North Carolina, 4, 9–14, 166, 232–33

  Newcombe, Don, 190

  New Deal programs, 211

  New Negro, 129, 147, 210, 261

  New York: Samuel Battle’s arrival in, 15–19; after Civil War, 19–21; and lure to blacks, 4–5; slavery in, 18–19; white-on-black racial violence in, 49, 91, 115, 132–34, 266–71

  New York Age (newspaper), 30–31, 38, 40, 42, 49–50, 56, 64–65, 68, 71, 72, 99, 112, 115, 152–153, 169, 172, 176, 180, 181, 219, 221, 225, 230, 267, 286

  New York Clearing House, 202–3

  New York Fire Department, 99, 120–21, 123–25, 126–27, 130–31, 255, 275–78

  New York Globe (newspaper), 30, 133

  New York Police Department (NYPD): in 1900, 21; Battle’s efforts to join, 50–51, 65–67, 71–75; brutalization by, 167–70; calls to integrate, 63–65; early attempts to integrate, 31–36; graft in, 142–43, 146, 148; in parades, 105; Radio Gun Squad of, 214–15; Special Service Division of, 147–50, 156, 158–60, 171–78; structure of, 141; and Tammany Hall, 141–45; Twenty-Eighth Precinct, 80–89, 91–94; violence by, 49–51; women in, 147–48

  Nice, Harry, 254

  Nicholson, William, 124

  nightclubs, 40–41, 152, 172–78

  Ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry Battalion, 90

  Norris, Charles, 169

  North American Aviation, 262

  numbers game, 202–4, 218–20. See also gambling

  NYPD. See New York Police Department (NYPD)

  Oden, Curtis, 166

  Oden, Mary Elizabeth Battle, 37–38, 166, 188, 208, 235

  O’Dwyer, William, 279, 280, 281, 282

  O’Neill, Cosmo, 165

  O’Ryan, John, 224

  O’Toole, John, 131, 198, 254–55

  Overton, Wiley Grenada, 31–36, 67, 74

  Ovington, Mary White, 42–43, 48–49, 56, 59, 60–61, 101

  Owens, Emma, 248

  Owens, Henry, 248

  Owens, Jesse, 248–50

  Owens, Ruth, 248, 249

  Pabst, Fred, 55

  Pabst Harlem, 55

  Pace, Ethylene, 162

  Pace, Harry, 162–63

  Packard Motor Car Company, 266

  Palmer, Thomas, 85

  parades: Easter, 244; Elks, 197; NYPD, 105, 215; for return of 369th Infantry, 128–29

  Parchmont, Cora, 147–48

  Parole Commission, 260–61, 271–72, 281, 282

  pawnbrokers, 191, 194

  Payton, Philip A., Jr., 56

  Pearl Button Gang, 69

  Pearl Harbor, 261, 263

  People’s Advocate (newspaper), 30

  Peyton, Thomas Henry, 71–72

  Pioneer Sporting Club, 247

  Pitt, Albert, 176–77

  Pitts
burgh Crawfords, 249–50

  Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 13, 41, 61, 288

  Pohndorf, Henry, 168

  polio, 108–9

  Powell, Adam Clayton, 181

  Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 230–31, 277, 281–82

  Powell, Isabelle, 231

  Powell, Sarah, 44, 54

  Price, Bruce, 161

  Price, Joseph C., 11–12

  Prohibition, 156–60, 174

  Radio Gun Squad, 214–15, 240

  railway workers strike, 107–8

  Rampersad, Arnold, viii, 136, 153, 186

  Ramsey, C. A., 71, 125

  Randolph, A. Philip, 152, 225, 241, 262

  Ransom, Reverdy, 63–64, 67, 90

  Rao, Joseph, 271

  redcaps, 43–47, 52–54, 63, 70, 79, 102–3

  Redding, Wesley, 147, 160–61, 168–69

  Red Shirts, 13, 234

  Red Summer, 131–34

  Rhodes, Jasper, 100, 105, 167

  Rivera, Lino, 239–41, 242

  Roaring Twenties, 152–53, 156–58

  Roberts, Emma, 113, 119

  Roberts, E. P.: and appointment of Battle to NYPD, 72–73; and birth of Carroll, 106; death of, 286–87; delivery of Charline, 94; delivery of Florence, 57–58; delivery of Jesse, 47–48, 51; and Fiorello La Guardia, 225, 241

  Roberts, Iola, 287

  Roberts, Needham, 113–14, 119, 121–23, 129, 287

  Roberts, Norman, 113, 119

  Robeson, Benjamin, 190

  Robeson, Paul, 151, 190

  Robinson, Bill “Bojangles,” 196–97, 206, 248–49, 250, 280–82

  Robinson, Fannie, 217, 250

  Robinson, Jackie, 3, 190, 258, 281, 286

  Robinson, Sugar Ray, 189–90, 283

  Rockefeller, John D., 17, 26, 52, 250

  Roosevelt, Edith, 27

  Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1, 250–53, 259, 264–65, 270, 288–89

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano: and antilynching bill, 252; and Mary McLeod Bethune, 251; and black soldiers, 274; as governor, 213, 215; and Fiorello La Guardia, 223; and march on Washington (1940), 262; New Deal programs of, 211; and Jesse Owens, 249

  Roosevelt, Theodore (Teddy): and Charles Anderson, 72; on birth of Theodore Battle, 117; and black soldiers, 111; dining with Booker T. Washington at White House, 25–26, 27–28; endorsement of Wesley Williams, 124; greeted by redcaps, 53–54; and E. P. Roberts, 287; in Spanish-American War, 14; and Tammany Hall, 143–45; at Yale University, 28, 74–75

  Rose, Garfield, 116–17

  Roth, Herbert, 191–92, 194

  Roth, Joseph, 191–92, 194

  Rothstein, Arnold, 148, 157–58, 175, 213

  Rowe, Billy, 283

  Royal Café, 172

  Royall, John M., 55–56

  Ruffin, Joe, 130

  San Juan Hill (New York), 38, 54, 80, 92; Siege of, 49–50

  Savoy Ballroom, 266

  Scheff, William, 34

  Schmeling, Max, 247–48, 257