Empires of the Dead

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Empires of the Dead Page 24

by David Crane


  Cold must be the heart … Ibid., quoted, p. 95

  I am here to speak to you … CWGC Add1/1/21, 10 November 1930

  The one real … Ibid.

  Yes, here is heard … CWGC Add1/1/141, 10 November 1927

  tired of this gush … E. T. Linenthal, Sacred Ground: Americans and Their Battlefields, Chicago, 1991, quoted, p. 97

  It was like trying … Longworth, p. 159

  one day ‘of any holiness’ … K. S. Inglis, J. Brazier, Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape, Melbourne, 1998, quoted, p. 4

  [footnote] If they had any shame … Ibid., quoted, p. 268

  He was called Legion … Immortal Heritage, p. 20

  At the head of the grave … Blythe, quoted, p. 13

  I attended a large … B. Janes, The Unknown Warrior and the Cavell Van, Tenterden, nd, quoted, p. 19

  ‘11.17’ reads the ship’s log … National Archives Adm53/869766

  The train thundered through the dark … B. Janes, The Unknown Warrior and the Cavell Van, Tenterden, nd, quoted, p. 24

  Admirals Meux … Blythe, p. 10

  The reckless destruction … Ibid.

  some horror in Church circles … Stamp, p. 42

  Very Rev. Sir … Blythe, quoted, p. 12

  On a gravestone … Ibid.

  The symbolic significance … Longworth, quoted, p. 174

  SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

  Archives

  The main source for this book is the archive of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) at Maidenhead. The other major archives used are the National Archives at Kew, and the Milner Papers in the Bodleian Library, Oxford

  Primary and Secondary Sources

  Aslet, C., War Memorial: The Story of One Village’s Sacrifice from 1914 to 2003, London, 2012

  Baker, H., Architecture and Personalities, London, 1944

  Beveridge, Lord, Power and Influence, London, 1953

  Birkenhead, Lord, Rudyard Kipling, New York, 1978

  Blomfield, R., Memoirs of an Architect, London, 1932

  Blunden, E., Undertones of War, London, 1928

  Blythe, R., The Age of Illusion, London, 1963

  Brittain, V., Testament of Youth, London, 1933

  Carrington, C., Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work, London, 1955

  Earle, L., Turn Over the Page, London, 1935

  Fussell, P., The Great War and Modern Memory, Oxford, 1975

  Garfield, J., The Fallen, Stroud, 2008

  Gibson, E., and Ward, J. K., Courage Remembered: The Story Behind the Construction and Maintenance of the Commonwealth’s Military Cemeteries and Memorials of the Wars of 1914–1918 and 1939–1945, London, 1989

  Gladstone, Viscount, W. G. C. Gladstone: A Memoir, London, 1918

  Gollin, A. M., Proconsul in Politics: A Study of Lord Milner in Opposition and in Power, London, 1964

  Holmes, R., Tommy: The British Soldier on the Western Front 1914–1918, London, 2004

  —Shots from the Front: The British Soldier 1914–1918, London, 2008

  Hurst, S., The Silent Cities, London, 1929

  Hussey, C., The Life of Sir Edwin Lutyens, London, 1950

  Inglis, K. S., and Brazier, J., Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape, Melbourne, 1998

  Janes, B., The Unknown Warrior and the Cavell Van, Tenterden, no date

  Karol, E., Charles Holden Architect 1875–1960, Donington, 2007

  Kenyon, F., War Graves: How the Cemeteries Abroad Will Be Designed, HMSO, London, 1918

  Linenthal, E. T., Sacred Ground: Americans and Their Battlefields, Chicago, 1991

  Longworth, P., The Unending Vigil, London, 1967

  Macready, N., Annals of an Active Life, London, 1924

  Masefield, J., The Old Front Line, London, 1917

  Nimocks, W., Milner’s Young Men: The ‘Kindergarten’ in Edwardian Imperial Affairs, London, 1970

  Percy, C., and Ridley, J., eds., The Letters of Edwin Lutyens to his Wife Lady Emily, London, 1985

  Quinlan, M., British War Memorials, Hertford, 2005.

  Remarque, E. M., All Quiet on the Western Front, translated by B. Murdoch, London, 1996

  Sassoon, S., The Complete Memoirs of George Sherston, London, 1937

  Stamp, G., The Memorial to the Missing of the Somme, London, 2007

  Stevenson, D., 1914–1918: The History of the First World War, London, 2004

  —With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918, London, 2011

  Strachan, H., The First World War, London, 2003

  Summers, J., Remembered: The History of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, London, 2007

  Vaughan, E., Some Desperate Glory, London, 1917

  Ware, F., Educational Reform, London, 1900

  —Educational Foundations of Trade and Industry, London, 1901

  —The Worker and His Country, London, 1912

  —The Immortal Heritage: An Account of the Work and Policy of the Imperial War Graves Commission during Twenty Years, 1917–1937, London, 1937

  Wilson, K. M., A Study in the History and Politics of the Morning Post 1905–1926, Lampeter, 1990

  Winter, D., Death’s Men, London, 1978

  Winter, J., Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge, 1996

  INDEX

  The page numbers in this index relate to the printed version of this book; they do not match the pages of your ebook. You can use your ebook reader’s search tool to find a specific word or passage.

  1st Cameronians 200

  1st Canadian Division 63n

  3rd Flotilla, Royal Navy 250

  6th Chasseurs of Lille 250

  10th Battalion, Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders 185

  Admiralty 195–8

  Aisne 42, 54, 249

  Aitken, Charles 103

  Albert 88, 122, 249

  Albuera 3

  All Souls, Oxford 3

  Allen, Sir James 100, 210–11

  Alma 2

  American Civil War cemeteries 239–40

  Amery, Leo 102, 233, 241

  Amiens 136

  Anglo-Belgian agreement (1919) 191

  Anglo-French Mixed Committee 243

  Anzac Day 234 and note, 244

  ANZACs 140, 193

  Armenian Massacres 61

  Armentières 248, 257

  Armistice Day 9–10, 124, 202, 216, 234, 237, 245, 251

  Arras 122, 249

  Arts and Crafts Movement 108, 121, 143

  Ashmead-Bartlett, Ellis 152–3

  Aslet, Clive 205n

  Asquith, H. H. 18, 101, 152, 156, 161

  Asquith, Raymond 162–3 and note

  Aubers Ridge 61

  Auden, W. H. 225, 246

  Australia, Australians 28, 81, 90n, 95, 99, 140, 190, 192, 210, 234n, 244–5 and notes

  Baker, Sir Herbert

  agrees to memorial compromise 144

  architectural buildings in South Africa 105, 107

  belief in British Imperialism 228

  Cross of Lorraine 114

  Delville Wood 220, 222–3

  memorials built for IWGC 121

  Neuve-Chapelle 220–2

  relationship with Lutyens 105, 106–8, 116

  South Africa House 116

  tours French cemeteries 103, 108–9, 110

  Tyne Cot 169, 211, 218–20

  Balfour, Arthur 115, 150n

  Bapaume 122

  Barrie, James 111, 115, 127

  Bathurst, Lilias Borthwick, Lady 25, 26, 178

  battlefield visits 5, 103, 108, 109–10, 130, 190

  Battles Nomenclature Committee 186

  Bayonne 2

  Bazalgette, Sir Joseph 198

  Beatty, Admiral 252

  Beaumont-Hamel 81, 95, 98, 193, 247

  Beechey, Sir William 51

  Bell, Gertrude 38, 99

  Bethune Cemetery 41, 42, 54

  Beveridge, William 23

  Biarritz 2

&
nbsp; Bickersteth, Rev Julian 134

  Black Watch 248, 257

  Blankenberg, Reginald 150n

  Blomfield, Reginald

  character and description 116, 139

  comment on the cemeteries 121, 144

  Cross of Sacrifice 155, 169, 172, 182, 187, 223 and note

  and debate concerning memorials 115, 150n

  design of experimental cemeteries 168–9, 171–2, 232

  involvement with IWGC 120, 121, 139

  Lutyens’s comment on 116–17

  Menin Gate memorial 205–11, 212, 217

  Blunden, Edmund 90–2, 131, 246, 257

  Undertones of War 212, 215

  Blythe, Ronald 252, 253

  Boer War 20, 49, 51, 214

  Bolsheviks 135

  Botha, Mrs Louis 222

  Boulogne 39, 122, 250, 251

  Brand, Robert 102

  B.R.C.S. (Base Recovery Communication Systems) 42

  British Army 3

  changing attitude towards 6–8

  commemoration of individual unit exploits 190

  in the Crimea 9

  effect of First World War on 45–6, 57–8

  and graves of executed men 88–9

  opening attack at Passchendaele 213

  Pals’ battalions 48

  policing role 51–2

  politics of 4

  recruitment to 4–5

  suspicion of 4

  territorial battalions 47–8

  British Empire 81–9, 137, 165, 178, 193, 202, 203, 205n, 222, 234 and note, 236, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244, 256

  British Expeditionary Force (BEF) 30, 49, 57, 68, 137

  Brittain, Edward 132

  Brittain, Vera 61, 62, 132

  Broadley (volunteer searcher) 43, 45, 74

  Brussels 2, 191

  Waterloo Monument 3n

  Buchan, John 20, 102, 115

  Buchanan, Gray 46

  Burdett-Coutts, Angela 152

  Burdett-Coutts, William (formerly William Ashmead-Bartlett) 151–8, 181, 203

  Burn, Colonel 162, 163–4

  Buttes New British Cemetery 211, 223

  Byng, General Sir Julian 252

  Byron, Lord George 5, 7

  Byron, Robert 106

  Calais Southern Cemetery 172

  Cameron Highlanders 46

  Canada, Canadians 28, 81, 82, 89, 99, 190, 192, 205n, 247

  Caporetto 102

  Cavell, Edith 251

  Cecil, Lady Florence 149, 198

  Cecil, Lieutenant G. E. 164n

  Cecil, Lord Robert 38, 41, 42, 72, 151, 153, 164–5

  Cecil, Lady Violet 164n, 201

  Cerisy-Gailly Military Cemetery 257

  Champagne region 135

  Chanter, Captain 230–2

  Chemin des Dames 135, 194

  Chettle, Lieutenant Colonel 192, 209–10

  Chicago Tribune 119

  Churchill, Winston 99, 155, 156, 164, 169, 174, 190

  Clark, Champ 239

  Clark, Mancel 205n

  Clarke, Kenneth 120

  Clayton, P. B. 218

  Clemesha, Frederick Chapman 63n

  Commonwealth War Graves Commission 60, 86, 96

  see also Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries; Graves Registration Commission; Imperial War Graves Commission

  Comrades of the Great War 151

  Connaught Rangers 251

  Cooper, Duff 46

  Corunna 3n

  Council for the Preservation of Rural England 258

  Courtrai 39

  Cox, General Sir H. V. 150n

  Crawford, Lord 116, 191

  crematoria 66–7

  Crimean War 6, 7–8, 9, 80, 97

  Cromer, Lord 19

  Curtis, Lionel 20

  Curzon, Lord 107, 248

  Daily Mail 251

  Davidson, Randall, Archbishop of Canterbury 111–12, 113

  Dawson, Geoffrey 20, 241

  Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) 101

  Delcassé incident (1905) 24

  Delville Wood 81, 95, 98, 176, 193, 220, 222–3

  Dick, Sir William Reid 217

  Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries (DGR&E) 80–1

  army sensibilities 88–9

  challenges 89–95

  General Routine Orders for 84–5

  and the home front 95

  imperial status of 83–4

  increased workload 95

  membership of 81–3

  national and cultural sympathies 82, 83–4, 85–7, 89–90

  see also Commonwealth War Graves Commission; Graves Registration Commission; Imperial War Graves Commission

  Dix, Otto 223n

  Dominions

  advisory role in IWGC 98, 100, 123

  concerned about particularising graves 76

  participation in all theatres of war 81

  proactive role of 189, 190

  reaction to joint imperial monument 210

  represented on DGR&E 81, 82, 85

  sense of pride and self-reliance 193

  use of native plants in cemeteries 89

  visiting graves of 235

  Ware’s view of 241

  wish for separate memorials 186, 211n

  Douaumont 257

  Doullens Cemeteries 172

  Dove, John 218

  Durham, Lieutenant Colonel 183

  Earle, Sir Lionel 39–40, 45, 88 and note, 94n, 113, 115, 253

  East Africa 9, 139

  Easter Rising, Dublin (1916) 244n

  Eastern Front 95, 135

  Eaton, Charlotte 3

  Edward, Prince of Wales 81, 83, 96, 97, 99, 149, 198, 215

  Egypt 89, 99, 148

  Elvas, Portugal 2

  Elwood, Mary 175

  Etaples 122, 218

  Etaples Cemetery 169, 170, 172

  Facey, Albert 134

  Festubert 61, 122, 133

  Florence, Duomo 1–2

  Foch, Marshal 63n, 230–1, 250

  Forceville Cemetery 171

  Forster, E. M. 257

  A Passage to India 225–6

  Fothergill, Jack 181

  French, Field Marshal Sir John 68, 252

  Fry, Wilfie 204

  Fryatt, Captain C. A. 251

  Fulstow, Lincolnshire 204

  Gallipoli 81, 82, 89, 98, 132, 134, 139, 140, 152, 181, 193, 199, 244

  cemeteries 140, 170, 235, 236, 247

  Garstin, Sir William 99

  gas attacks 63 and note, 81

  George V, King 71, 74, 81, 103, 195, 219, 220, 238–9, 252, 253

  German Spring Offensive 93, 122, 190

  Germany, Germans 14, 24–5, 30, 31, 33, 34, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 74–5, 88, 91, 133, 135–6, 162, 167, 173–4, 213, 218, 223, 230, 240, 241, 242, 243–4

  Gettysburg, Battle of 8, 11, 239

  Gill, Colonel 249

  Gill, MacDonald 150n

  Gillespie, Douglas 75

  Gillespie, Thomas 75

  Giotto di Bondone 228

  Gladstone, William Glynne Charles 69–74, 148, 199

  Glenesk, Algernon Borthwick, Lord 22, 24, 25

  Gommecourt 95

  Gordon, Patrick 20

  Gosling, Harry 99, 151, 154

  Gotto, Captain Basil 247

  Gouy-en-Artois Communal Cemetery Extension to Ecoivres 172

  Grave Concentration Units 142–3

  Graves Registration Commission (GRC) 52–7, 59–60, 73, 80, 131

  see also Commonwealth War Graves Commission; Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries; Imperial War Graves Commission

  Graves Registration Units 84, 85

  Graves, Robert 72n

  Greece 9

  Grenfell, Captain the Hon. Julian 133

  Groote Schuure 107

  Grünewald, Matthias 223n

  Guillemont Cemetery 163n

  Haeffner, Lieutenant F. W. 257

  Haig, Field Marshal Sir Douglas 12, 48–9, 103, 122, 212, 2
48, 252

  Hardy, Thomas, Drummer Hodge 1, 104

  Havelock, Major General Sir Henry 6

  Hawkwood, Sir John 1–2

  Hawthorn Ridge 95

  Hertzog, General J. B. M. 222

  Hesdin 167

  Hill, Arthur 89, 103–4, 130, 217

  Hindenburg Line 136, 191

  Hitler, Adolf 230, 241, 242

  HMS Verdun 250

  Holden, Charles 169, 223, 228

  Hooge Crater Cemetery 200

  Horne, General Sir Henry 252

  Hundred Years War 3

  Hunter, Lena 182

  Hunter, N. D. D. 182

  Hussey, Christopher 108

  Imperial War Conference (1917) 139

  Imperial War Graves Commission (IWGC)

  and abortive attempt at compromise on headstone design 150n

  appoints Kenyon to decide on treatment and lay-out of cemeteries 117–18, 120–1

  building of cemeteries and erection of memorials 167–77, 181–8

  and care of the dead 97–8

  demarcation between commemoration and military celebration 189

  difficulties of collecting information/finding graves 42–4

  first official meeting of 120

  funding per grave 139, 193

  future treatment of war graves 103–5

  generosity of French State and people 44, 64, 67

  granted a Royal Charter 96–7, 154

  inter-war challenges 231–3

  membership of 99–100

  obsession with equality 201–2

  origins and development of 41–50, 81

  Parliamentary debates on 151–65

  post-war challenges and opposition 139–51

  powers and remit of 100–3, 139

  problems choosing an architect 105–18, 120–1

  and public need for memorials and graves 199–201

  and question of finance 138–9

  and the Royal Navy 195–8

  siting and design of monuments 189–226

  and the Unknown Warrior 253–4, 256

  Ware’s involvement with 60, 78, 96–102, 117, 136, 191–2, 242

  see also Commonwealth War Graves Commission; Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries; Graves Registration Commission

  India, Indians 81, 82, 106, 107, 108, 123, 140, 190, 220

  Indian Mutiny 6, 8

  Innes, Ian 46

  International Red Cross 50, 52

  International War Graves Committee 88

  Inverness Copse 200

  Ireland 27, 51

  Irish Guards 134, 177, 179

  Italy 9, 89, 181, 242

  Jackson, Admiral Sir Thomas 252

  Jagger, Charles 132

  James, Henry 116

  Jameson Raid 19

  Jardine, D. R. 234n

  Joffre, General Joseph 68, 231

  Johnson, Dr Samuel 4

  Joint War Committee 33–4

 

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