The Quiet World: Saving Alaska's Wilderness Kingdom, 1879-1960

by Douglas Brinkley

  53. Michael J. Robinson, Predatory Bureaucracy: The Extermination of Wolves and the Transformation of the West (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005), p. 292.

  54. David Brower, Wilderness: America’s Living Heritage (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club, 1961), pp. 102–103.

  55. Murphy, Wild Bill, p. 455.

  56. Ibid., pp. 454–457.

  1. Ansel Adams, An Autobiography (New York: Little, Brown, 1996), p. 236.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Kristin G. Congdon and Kara Kelley Hallmark, Twentieth Century United States Photographers (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2008), p. 10.

  4. Jonathan Spaulding, Ansel Adams and the American Landscape: A Biography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), p. 236.

  5. Mary Street Alinder and Andrea Gray Stillman (eds.), Ansel Adams: Letters 1916–1984 (New York: Bulfinch, 2001), p. 402.

  6. Ibid., p. 33.

  7. Robert Turnage, “Ansel Adams: The Role of the Artist in the Environmental Movement,” Living Wilderness (March 1980).

  8. Dayton Duncan and Ken Burns, The National Parks (New York: Random House, 2009), p. 303.

  9. Richard J. Orsi, Alfred Runte, and Marlene Smith-Baranzini, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993); see also Mike White, Kings Canyon National Park: A Complete Hiker’s Guide (Berkeley, CA: Wilderness, 2004).

  10. Duncan and Burns, The National Parks, pp. 304–305.

  11. Mary Street Alinder, Ansel Adams: A Biography (New York: Holt, 1996), pp. 213–214.

  12. Author interview with Michael Adams, June 8, 2010 (Carmel, CA).

  13. Douglas Brinkley and Patricia Nelson Limerick (eds.), The Western Paradox: A Bernard De Voto Conservation Reader (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 196–197.

  14. Ansel Adams to Ted Spencer, February 8, 1947, in Alinder and Stillman, Ansel Adams, p. 190.

  15. Adams, An Autobiography, p. 236.

  16. Ibid.

  17. Ibid., p. 238.

  18. Alinder and Stillman, Ansel Adams, p. 217.

  19. Adams, An Autobiography.

  20. Ibid.

  21. Spaulding, Ansel Adams and the American Landscape, pp. 235–236.

  22. Author interview with Michael Adams, June 2, 2010 (Carmel, CA).

  23. Robert Hirsch, Seizing the Light: A History of Photography (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000), pp. 246–248.

  24. Ibid.

  25. Ansel Adams, Examples: The Making of 40 Photographs (New York: Little, Brown, 1983).

  26. Susanne Lomatch, Black and White Luminaries: Insights into Adams and Garrett (Boise, ID: Idaho Photographic Workshop, February 21, 2010).

  27. Spaulding, Ansel Adams and the American Landscape, p. 236.

  28. Author interview with Michael Adams, June 2, 2010 (Carmel, CA).

  29. Adams, An Autobiography, p. 241.

  30. Julie Dunlap and Kerry Maguire, Eye on the Wild: A Story About Ansel Adams (Minneapolis, MN: Millbrook, 1995), p. 50.

  31. Ansel Adams to Beaumont Newhall, July 11, 1949, in Mary Street Alinder and Andrea Gray Stillman (eds.), Ansel Adams: Letters and Images 1916–1984 (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1988), p. 209.

  32. Ibid., pp. 208–209.

  33. Roderick Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 291.

  34. Author interview with Virginia Wood, June 2010.

  35. Ibid.

  36. Virginia Wood to Mom, February 19, 1943, Wood Personal Papers, Fairbanks, AK.

  37. Virginia Wood scrapbooks, private collection, Fairbanks, AK.

  38. Author interview with Virginia Wood.

  39. Ibid.

  40. Ibid.

  41. Christine Barnes, Great Lodges of the National Parks, Vol. 2 (Portland, OR: Graphic Arts, 2008), p. 150.

  42. Dayton Duncan, The National Parks: America’s Best Idea (New York: Knopf, 2010), p. 307.

  1. Neal Gabler, Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination (New York: Random House, 2006), p. 388.

  2. Robert A. Henning (ed.), Island of the Seals: The Pribilofs (Anchorage: Alaska Geographic Society, 1982), p. 55.

  3. Dave Ostlund, interview with Rachel Sibley, Kodiak Military History Museum at Miller Point, Fort Abercrombie, Kodiak, July 13, 2010.

  4. Francis E. Caldwell, Beyond the Trails: With Herb and Lois Crisler in Olympic National Park (Port Angeles, CA: Anchor, 1998), pp. 152–189.

  5. Richard Schickel, The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art, and Commerce of Walt Disney (Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee, 1997), p. 278.

  6. David Starr Jordan, Leonhard Hess Stejneger, Frederic A. Lucas, et al., The Fur Seals and Fur-Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean: Special Papers Relating to the Fur Seal and to the Natural History of the Pribilof Islands (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1899).

  7. Ira N. Gabrielson, Wildlife Refuges (New York: Macmillan, 1943), p. 77.

  8. Schickel, The Disney Version, pp. 270–280.

  9. Craig A. Hansen, “Seals and Sealing,” in Islands of the Seals: The Pribilofs (Anchorage: Alaska Geographic Society, 1982), p. 55.

  10. Gabler, Walt Disney, p. 446.

  11. Ibid.

  12. Ibid., p. 447.

  13. Schickel, The Disney Version, p. 290.

  14. Ralph H. Lutts, “The Trouble with Bambi: Walt Disney’s Bambi and the American Vision of Nature,” Forest and Conservation History, Vol. 36 (October 1992), pp. 160–171.

  15. Susan Killon, Nature’s State: Imagining Alaska as the Last Frontier (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), p. 96.

  16. “Forest and Conservation History,” Forest History Society, Vols. 36–37 (1992), p. 162.

  17. Lutts, “The Trouble with Bambi.”

  18. Ibid.

  19. Lois Crisler, “Santayana’s Definition of Beauty,” MA thesis (1925), University of Washington, Seattle, Manuscripts and University Archives, University of Washington Libraries, Seattle.

  20. Caldwell, Beyond the Trails, p. 191.

  21. Ibid., p. 189.

  22. Lois Crisler Papers, University of Washington Archives, Seattle.

  23. Lois Crisler, “The True Mountaineer,” Natural History (November 1950), pp. 422–428.

  24. Sally Patrick Johnson, Everyman’s Ark: A Collection of True First-Person Accounts of Relationships Between Animals and Men (New York: Harper, 1962), p. 178.

  25. William O. Douglas, jacket copy for Lois Crisler, Arctic Wild (New York: Lyons, 1999).

  26. Caldwell, Beyond the Trails, p. 207.

  27. David Mech, “Foreword,” in Crisler, Arctic Wild, p. x.

  28. Rachel Carson to Lois Crisler, March 4, 1959, Rachel Carson Papers, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT.

  29. Crisler, Arctic Wild, p. 22.

  30. Ibid., p. 290.

  31. Jon T. Coleman, Vicious: Wolves and Men in America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 160.

  32. Lois Crisler, Captive Wild (New York: Lyons Press, 2000).

  33. William O. Douglas, Go East, Young Man (New York: Random House, 1974), p. 207.

  34. Jim Rearden, Alaska’s Wolf Man: The 1915–1955 Wilderness Adventures of Frank Glaser (Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories, 1998), pp. 323–324.

  35. William O. Douglas, “For Every Man and Woman Who Loves the Wilderness,” Living Wilderness, No. 58 (Fall and Winter 1956–1957).

  36. Ibid.

  37. J. Louis Giddings, Ancient Men of the Arctic Wild (New York: Knopf, 1967).

  38. Gabler, Walt Disney, pp. 611–612.

  1. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 70.

  2. Ibid., p. 111.

  3. Stephen Brown (ed.), Arctic Wings: Birds of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Seattle, WA: Mountaineers, 2006), p. 74.

  4. Margaret E. Murie, Two in the Far North (New York: Knopf, 1962), p. i.

 
5. Ibid., p. 254.

  6. Peter A. Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 1991), p. 185.

  7. George L. Collins to Louis Giddings Jr., Appendix B, “Genesis of the Arctic International Wildlife Range Idea, 1952,” in George L. Collins, The Art of Politics and of Park Planning and Preservation, 1920–1929 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), p. 345.

  8. Benton MacKaye, “Dam Site vs. Norm Site,” Scientific Monthly (October 1950), pp. 241–247.

  9. Hank Lentfer and Carolyn Servid, Arctic Refuge: A Circle of Testimony (Minneapolis, MN: Milkwood, 2001), p. 1.

  10. Roger Kaye, Last Great Wilderness: The Campaign to Establish the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2006), pp. 36–39.

  11. Speaking to the U.S. Armed Forces Committee, 1952. Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations, 15th ed. (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1980), p. 817.

  12. Bosley Crowther, “The Legend of Lobo,” New York Times, June 8, 2010.

  13. Kaye, Last Great Wilderness, pp. 14–17. I couldn’t have written this chapter without this pioneering work; it is far and away the most comprehensive book on the history of the Arctic Refuge.

  14. Author interview with Virginia Wood, June 18, 2010.

  15. Martha Sonntag Bradley, “Glen Canyon Dam Controversy” Utah History to Go, State of Utah online database, May 2010.

  16. Ibid.

  17. David Brower, For Earth’s Sake: The Life and Times of David Brower (Salt Lake City, UT: Peregrine Smith, 1990), p. 347; Kevin Wehr, America’s Fight over Water: The Environmental and Political Effects of Large-Scale Water Surplus (New York: Routledge, 2004), p. 212.

  18. Brower, For Earth’s Sake, p. 369.

  19. “George Leroy Collins for 1959,” Biological File, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Fairbanks, AK. See also A. Frank Willis, Do Things Right the First Time: Administrative History of the National Park Service and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 (Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1985).

  20. John M. Kauffmann, Alaska’s Brooks Range: The Ultimate Mountains (Mountaineers Books: 1992), p. 97.

  21. George Collins and Lowell Sumner, “Background Information for Use in Connection with a Proposal for an Arctic International Wildlife Refuge,” University of British Columbia Law Review, Vol. 6, No. 1 (June 1971), pp. 3–11.

  22. Roderick Nash, quoted in Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy, p. 34.

  23. Kauffmann, Alaska’s Brooks Range, pp. 100–101.

  24. Kaye, The Last Great Wilderness, p. 24.

  25. George L. Collins Diaries, April 20 and 24, 1952, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, George L. Collins Papers, File No. 207–10, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.

  26. Barry H. Lopez, Of Wolves and Men (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978), p. 144.

  27. Larry Meyers, “He Wrestled a Wolf,” Alaska Sportsman, No. 6 (June 1952), pp. 14–17, 40–45.

  28. “Protect the Sacred Place Where Life Begins” (Fairbanks, AK: Gwich’in Steering Committee, 2010).

  29. Kauffmann, Alaska’s Brooks Range, p. 103.

  30. Ibid., p. 81.

  31. Charles Craighead and Bonnie Kreps, Arctic Dance: The Mardy Murie Story (Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Center, 2006).

  1. Olaus Murie, “Alaska with O. J. Murie,” Living Wilderness, No. 58 (Winter 1956–1957), pp. 28–30.

  2. “National Wildlife Refuges in Region 6,” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Report (Shepherdstown, WV: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1960).

  3. Margaret Murie Diary, June 3, 1956, in Margaret E. Murie, Two in the Far North (Anchorage, AK: Northwest, 1962), p. 272.

  4. Robert Krear, “The Olaus Murie Brooks Range Expedition,” Roger Kaye Papers, Fairbanks, AK. (Unpublished manuscript.) Quoted in Roger Kaye, Last Great Wilderness: The Campaign to Establish the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2006).

  5. Charles Craighead and Bonnie Kreps, Arctic Dance: The Mardy Murie Story (Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Center, 2006), p. 6.

  6. William H. Rodgers Jr., “The Fox and the Chickens: Mr. Justice Douglas and Environment Law,” in He Shall Not Pass This Way Again: The Legacy of William O. Douglas (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990), pp. 215–223. Also William O. Douglas, “The C&O Canal . . . 1959,” Living Wilderness, Vol. 24, No. 68 (Spring 1959), pp. 1–2.

  7. Author interview, George McGovern, June 16, 2010.

  8. Murie, Two in the Far North.

  9. William O. Douglas, “The Black Silence of Fear,” New York Times Magazine, January 13, 1952, sec. 6, p. 7.

  10. William O. Douglas, “People vs. Trout: A Majority Opinion,” New York Times Magazine, April 2, 1950.

  11. John F. Simon, Independent Journey: The Life of William O. Douglas (New York: Harper and Row, 1980).

  12. William O. Douglas, My Wilderness: The Pacific West (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960), p. 18.

  13. James O’Fallon, Nature’s Justice: Writings of William O. Douglas (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2000), pp. 290–292.

  14. Douglas, My Wilderness, pp. 65–74.

  15. William O. Douglas, Go East, Young Man (New York: Random House, 1974), p. 207.

  16. Ibid., pp. 206–207.

  17. Bruce Allen Murphy, Wild Bill: The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas (New York: Random House, 2003).

  18. Douglas, Go East, Young Man, pp. 469–470.

  19. Douglas, My Wilderness, p. 23.

  20. Murie, Two in the Far North, p. 335.

  21. Douglas, My Wilderness, p. 15.

  22. Stephen Fox, The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), p. 244.

  23. “Wilderness System Bill Urged,” Living Wilderness, No. 58 (Winter 1956–1957), p. 30.

  24. David Brower, quoted in Sierra Club Bulletin (June 1954).

  25. John M. Kauffmann, Alaska’s Brooks Range: The Ultimate Mountains (Seattle, WA: Mountaineers, 1992), p. 33.

  26. Olaus J. Murie, “Wilderness Philosophy,” quoted in Roger Kaye, Last Great Wilderness: The Campaign to Establish the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2006), chap. 4.