27. Kaye, Last Great Wilderness, p. 84.
28. Murie, “Alaska with O. J. Murie,” pp. 28–30.
29. Douglas, My Wilderness, p. 30.
30. George L. Collins, The Art and Politics of Park Planning and Preservation, 1920–1979 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), p. 190.
31. Douglas, My Wilderness, p. 9.
1. James I. McClintock, “Gary Snyder’s Poetry and Ecological Science,” American Biology Teacher, Vol. 54, No. 2 (February 1992), pp. 80–84.
2. John Halper (ed.), Gary Snyder: Dimensions of a Life (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club, 1991), p. 340.
3. Jerry Crandall, “Mountaineers Are Always Free,” in John Halper, Snyder: Dimensions of a Life (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club, 1991), p. 4.
4. John Suiter, Poets on the Peaks: Gary Snyder, Phillip Whalen, and Jack Kerouac (Washington, DC: Counterpoint, 2007), p. 54.
5. J. Michael Mahar, “Scenes from the Sidelines,” in John Halper, Gary Snyder: Dimensions of a Life (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club, 1991), p. 9.
6. Author interview with Gary Snyder, April 17, 2010.
7. Lauren Danner, “Ice Peaks National Park,” Columbia (Fall 2009).
8. Roger Tory Peterson, A Field Guide to Western Birds (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1961).
9. Mahan, “Scenes from the Sidelines,” p. 11.
10. Suiter, Poets on the Peaks, p. 34.
11. Ibid., p. 3.
12. Rod Phillips, “Forest Beatnicks” and “Urban Thoreaus”: Gary Snyder, Jack Kerouac, Lew Welch, and Michael McClure (New York: Peter Lang, 2000), p. 14.
13. Gary Snyder, A Place in Space (Washington, DC: Counterpoint, 1996), p. 57.
14. Suiter, Poets on the Peaks, pp. 12–13.
15. Gary Snyder, Earth House Hold: Technical Notes and Queries to Fellow Dharma Revolutionaries (New York: New Directions, 1969), p. 12.
16. Ibid.
17. Gary Snyder, “A Berry Feast,” in The Back Country (New York: New Directions, 1971), p. 3.
18. Suiter, Poets on the Peaks, p. 14.
19. Jeanne Abbot, “Gary Snyder,” Anchorage Daily News, October 7, 1976.
20. Suiter, Poets on the Peaks, pp. 15–38.
21. Crandall, “Mountaineers Are Always Free,” p. 3.
22. Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, Essays in Zen Buddhism (New York: Grove, 1961), p. 262.
23. Jeremy Anderson, “My First Encounter with a Real Poet,” in John Halper (ed.), Snyder: Dimensions of a Life (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club, 1991), p. 30.
24. Suiter, Poets on the Peaks, p. 45.
25. John Suiter, “Rolling Toward the Mountain: Jack Kerouac’s Last Great Adventure,” Sierra (March–April 1958).
26. Ed Zahniser (ed.), Where Wilderness Preservation Began: Adirondack Writings of Howard Zahniser (Utica, NY: North Country, 1992), p. 1.
27. Han Shan, Cold Mountain Poems (Boston, MA: Shambhala, 2009), p. 30.
28. Quoted in Carol Baker, “1414 SE Lambert Street,” in John Halper (ed.), Snyder: Dimensions of a Life (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club, 1991).
29. Edward Abbey (ed.), The Best of Edward Abbey (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club, 1984), p. 243.
30. Jack Kerouac, The Dharma Bums (New York: Penguin, 1976), p. 12.
31. Suiter, Poets on the Peaks, p. 66.
32. William Blake, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (New York: Trianon, 1975), p. xxii.
33. Suiter, Poets on the Peaks, p. 71. It is impossible to write about Snyder at Sourdough without drawing on Suiter’s book. All of my understanding of Snyder in the North Cascades emanates from Poets on the Peaks.
34. Travis Nicholas, “ ‘How Do You Like Your World?’ The Zen of Philip Whalen,” Poetry Foundation, March 25, 2008. (At Web site.)
35. Henry David Thoreau, Walden (London: J.M. Dent, 1955), p. viii.
36. Howard Zahniser, “The Need for Wilderness Areas,” Living Wilderness, No. 59 (Winter–Spring 1956–1957), pp. 37–43.
37. Roger Kaye, Last Great Wilderness: The Campaign to Establish the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2006), p. 93.
38. Margaret E. Murie, Two in the Far North (New York: Knopf, 1962), p. 371.
39. Trevor Carolan, “The Wild Mind of Gary Snyder,” Shambhala Sun Online (April 29, 2010).
40. Allen Ginsberg, Howl and Other Poems (San Francisco, CA: City Lights, 1956), p. 17.
41. Rod Phillips, “Forest Beatnicks” and “Urban Thoreaus,” pp. 1–2.
42. Allen Ginsberg to John Allen Ryan (mid-September 1955), quoted in Bill Morgan and Nancy J. Peters (eds.), Howl on Trial: The Battle for Free Expression (San Francisco, CA: City Lights, 2006), p. 36.
43. Author interview with Michael McClure, July 7, 2010.
44. Michael McClure, Humans to St. Geryon and Other Poems (San Francisco, CA: Auerhahn, 1959), pp. 7–8.
45. Jonah Raskin, American Scream: Allen Ginsberg, Howl, and the Making of the Beat Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), pp. 18–21.
46. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac: With Essays on Conservation from Round River (New York: Ballantine, Random House, Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 137.
47. Ginsberg, Howl and Other Poems.
48. Kerouac, The Dharma Bums, p. 14.
49. Michael McClure, Scratching the Beat Surface: Essays on New Vision from Blake to Kerouac (New York: Penguin, 1994), p. 13.
50. Norman Chance, “Project Chariot: The Nuclear Legacy of Cape Thompson, Alaska,” Arctic Circle, Resource Database. Accessed July 7, 2010.
51. Roderick Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 291.
52. Paul Brooks, The Pursuit of Wilderness (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 67.
53. Dan O’Neill, The Firecracker Boys: H-Bombs, Eskimos, and the Roots of the Environmental Movement (New York: Basic Books, 1994), pp. 36–37.
54. Author interview with Virginia Wood, June 18, 2010.
55. Chance, “Project Chariot.”
56. Ibid.
57. Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: The President, Vol. 2 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), pp. 479–480.
58. Gary Snyder, The Back Country (New York: New Directions, 1971), pp. 4–6.
59. Lawrence Ferlinghetti, “ ‘Howl’ at the Frontiers,” in Bill Morgan and Nancy J. Peters (eds.), Howl on Trial (San Francisco, CA: City Lights, 2006), p. xiv.
60. Snyder, The Back Country, p. 7.
61. Author interview with Ed Sanders, May 6, 2010.
62. Grace Glueck, “Cast into the Wilderness by Choice, He Found a Friend in the Landscape,” New York Times, August 18, 2000.
63. Author interview with Lawrence Ferlinghetti, July 4, 2010.
64. Crick is quoted in Tom Montag (ed.), Margins: A Review of Little Magazines and Small Press Books, Issues 16–17 (1975), p. 24.
65. Gary Snyder, The Back Country (New York: New Directions, 1968), p. 20.
66. Gary Snyder, Turtle Island (New York: New Directions, 1974), p. 77.
1. Allen Ginsberg to Robert LaVigne, August 3, 1956, in Bill Morgan (ed.), The Letters of Allen Ginsberg (New York: Da Capo, 2008), p. 139.
2. Stephen Haycox and Alexandra McClanahan, Alaska Scrapbook: Moments in Alaska History (Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Center, 2008), pp. 31–32.
3. Ginsberg to LaVigne, August 3, 1956.
4. Allen Ginsberg to Rebecca Ginsberg, August 11, 1956, in Morgan, The Letters of Allen Ginsberg, pp. 140–141.
5. Allen Ginsberg to Jack Kerouac, August 12–18, 1956, ibid., pp. 327–328.
6. Jack Kerouac, The Scripture of the Golden Eternity (New York: Corinth, 1960).
7. Allen Ginsberg to Carolyn Kizer, September 10, 1956, in Bill Morgan, The Letters of Allen Ginsberg (New York: Da Capo, 2008), pp. 141–143.
8. Jack Kerouac, Lonesome Traveler (New York: Grove, 1989), p. 182.
9. Steven Watson, The Birth of the Beat Generation: Visionaries, Rebels, and Hipsters 1944–1960 (New York: Pantheon
, 1995), p. 214.
10. Lindianne “Lady Greensleeves” Sarno-Glasgow (writer) and Mike “Spoonguy” Glasgow (proposal co-drafter), “Proposal to Sourdough Express” (Homer, AK: 2010). (Unpublished.)
11. Linnie Marsh Wolfe, John of the Mountains: The Unpublished Journals of John Muir (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979), p. 67.
12. Dolly Garza, Common Edible Seaweeds in the Gulf of Alaska (Fairbanks: Alaska Sea Grant College Program, 2005), pp. 3–4.
13. Janet R. Klein, The Homer Spit: Coal, Gold, and Con Men (Homer, AK: Kachemak Country, 1996), p. 55.
14. John Burroughs, Far and Near (Cambridge, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1904), p. 80.
15. Thomas Locker, John Muir: America’s Naturalist (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2003), p. 12.
16. Steve Turner, Jack Kerouac: Angel-Headed Hipster (New York: Viking, 1996), p. 161.
17. Martha Ellen Anderson, Brother Asaiah (Parker, CO: Thornton, 2006), p. 63.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., p. 322.
20. Author interview with Martha Ellen Anderson, July 3, 2010 (Homer, AK).
21. Jay Hammond, “Preface,” in Anderson, Brother Asaiah, pp. 4–5.
22. Frederic Laugrand and Jarich Oosten, The Sea Woman: Sedna in Inuit Shamanism and Art in the Eastern Arctic (Anchorage: University of Alaska Press, 2009), pp. 34–108.
23. Gerald Nicosia, Memory Babe: A Critical Biography of Jack Kerouac (New York: Grove, 1983), p. 563.
24. Jack Kerouac, The Dharma Bums (New York: Penguin, 1976), p. 154.
25. Michael McClure, Lighting the Corners: On Art, Nature, and the Visionary (Albuquerque, NM: An American Poetry Book, 1993), p. 320.
26. Kerouac, Lonesome Traveler, p. 183.
27. Norman Podhoretz, “The Know Nothing Bohemians,” Partisan Review, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Spring 1958).
28. Kerouac, The Dharma Bums, p. 77.
29. Ibid., p. 225.
30. Jack Kerouac, Big Sur (New York: Penguin, 1992), p. 45.
31. Kerouac, Lonesome Traveler, p. 175.
32. Ibid., p. 173.
1. Peter Matthiessen, Wildlife in America (New York: Viking, 1959), pp. 104–105.
2. Matthew J. Dufala, “Piece of History Finds Its Way to the 910th,” Airstream, Vol. 17, Issue 8 (August 2001), p. 2.
3. Author interview with Dorothy Jones, August 26, 2010.
4. Richard P. Emanuel, “Robert ‘Sea Otter’ Jones, Alaska Geographic, Vol. 22, No. 2 (1995), p. 38.
5. Ibid., p. 32.
6. John Muir, The Cruise of the Corwin (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1917), pp. 6–7.
7. L. J. Campbell, Penny Rennick, and Alaska Geographic Society, The Aleutian Islands, Vol. 22 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995), p. 41.
8. Kenneth F. Wilson and Jeff Richardson, The Aleutian Islands of Alaska: Living on the Edge (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2008), p. 130.
9. James B. Trefethen, An American Crusade for Wildlife (Missoula, MT: Boone and Crockett Club, 1975), p. 335.
10. Robert Jones Reports, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Federation (Homer, AK, 1959).
11. Emanuel, “Robert ‘Sea Otter’ Jones,” p. 42.
12. C. M. Mobly interview, Robert D. Jones, February 7, 1998, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Archive, Shepherdstown, WV.
13. Author interview with Dorothy Jones, August 26, 2010.
14. Alan Anderson, After the Ice: Life, Death, and Geopolitics in the New Arctic (New York: Smithsonian Books, 2009), p. 4.
15. Roderick Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 291.
16. Author interview with Peter Matthiessen, June 17, 2010.
17. “A Conversation with Author Peter Matthiessen,” Charlie Rose (PBS), May 27, 2008.
18. Author interview with Peter Matthiessen, June 18, 2010.
19. Ibid.
20. Matthiessen, Wildlife in America, p. 77.
21. Quoted in Diane Stupay, “Peter Matthiessen” (February 7, 2006). (Unpublished essay.)
22. Author interview with Peter Matthiessen, June 18, 2010.
23. Matthiessen, Wildlife in America, p. 233.
24. Author interview with Peter Matthiessen, June 18, 2010.
25. Peter Matthiessen, “In the Great Country,” in Subhankar Banerjee (ed.), Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Seasons of Life and Land (Seattle, WA: Mountaineers, 2003), pp. 40–57.
26. Matthiessen, Wildlife in America, p. 249.
27. Author interview with Peter Matthiessen, June 18, 2010.
28. Peter Matthiessen, Oomingmak: The Expedition of the Musk-Ox in the Bering Sea (New York: Hastings House, 1967), p. 28.
29. Author interview with Peter Matthiessen, November 15, 2010.
30. Peter Matthiessen, “Inside the Endangered Arctic Refuge,” New York Review of Books (October 19, 2006); “Alaska: Big Oil and the Inupiat-Americans,” New York Review of Books (November 22, 2007).
31. Matthiessen, “In the Great Country,” p. 57.
1. Robert C. Harris, Johnny Appleseed: Source Book (privately published, 1945), pp. 17–18.
2. Neal Gabler, Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination (New York: Random House, 2006), pp. 514–516.
3. Science News Letter (November 8, 1958).
4. Gregg Mitman, Reel Nature: America’s Romance with Wildlife on Film (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 115.
5. “Cruelty to Animals in the Entertainment Business,” Canada Broadcasting Corporation, April 1982.
6. Lois Crisler, Arctic Wild (New York: Lyons, 1999), p. 151.
7. David Mech, “Introduction,” in Lois Crisler, Arctic Wild (New York: Lyons, 1999), pp. ix–xi. (Reprint.)
8. Walt Disney to Olaus Murie, December 4, 1953, Box 264, Olaus Murie Papers, Denver Public Library, Denver, Colorado.
9. Olaus Murie to Walt Disney, September 18, 1950, ibid.
10. Olaus Murie, “Wilderness Is for Those Who Appreciate,” Living Wilderness, Vol. 5 (1940), p. 5.
11. Mitman, Reel Nature, p. 123.
12. Frank Graham Jr., Since Silent Spring (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), p. 198.
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